Biology Final Exam

What is a diploid?

2 sets of chromosomes

Which of the following is the equation for photosynthesis?

6 H2O + 6 CO2 ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is a zygote and how is it formed?

A zygote is the single cell that forms after sperm fertilizes an egg cell. A zygote is a diploid cell, formed from the union of two haploid cells.

Define active transport.

Against concentration gradient, protein carrier, requires ATP (low to high)

What is true about the Calvin Cycle?

All the above

Chemiosmosis involves what to produce ATP?

An electromagnetic hydrogen gradient and Kinetic energy with ATP synthase

What is a lysosome?

Are membranous enclosed sacs of digestive enzymes that animal cells use to digest and are made by the Rough ER.

What is an isotope?

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

What are the three domains of biological science?

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

Which of the following is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP

What are the 4 most common elements in living things?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

What occurs in Meiosis Prophase 1?

Crossing over

What makes up a nucleosome?

DNA and histones

What is cytokenisis in plant cells?

Division of the cytoplasm and it creates a cell plate due to the cell wall

What is cytokinesis in animal cells?

Division of the cytoplasm and it creates a cleavage furrow

What is the order of classification for living things?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Species

Define Passive Transport.

Down the concentration gradient, protein carrier, no ATP involved (High to low)

Which domain has a membrane bound nucleus?

Eukarya

Describe glycolysis in cellular respiration.

First step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cell metabolism, occurs in the cytoplasm, the input is glucose and the outputs are 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP, 2 NADH; produces 2 ATP

What makes up fat?

Glycerol and three fatty acids.

What is the protein associated with DNA?

Histones

____________ is the maintenance of internal conditions, within certain boundaries.

Homeostasis

Where in the Calvin cycle does the light independent photosynthesis reactions take place?

In the chloroplast stroma

Describe the electron transport system in cellular respiration.

Is the final stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria and with the inputs being 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and output is the most ATP; producing 34 ATP

What is a photosystem?

It is a light gathering pigment that focuses light energy onto a reaction center

_____________ is the sum of all the energy transformations that occur in a cell

Metabolism

What is the atomic mass number?

Number of protons and neutrons

Describe the Krebs cycle or the citric acid in cellular respiration.

Occurs in the Mitochondria matrix, the input is Acetyl CoA while the outputs are 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2; produces 2 ATP

What produces 1 function egg?

Oogenesis

What is the final electron receptor?

Oxygen

What moves food down the esophagus and the intestine by alternating waves of contraction?

Peristals

What produces 4 functional sperms?

Spermatogenesis

DNA is synthesized in what phase of the cell cycle?

The S phase

What senses higher co2 levels and sends signals to increase breathing rate?

The brain and chemoreceptors

The mitotic spindle attaches onto what of a chromosome?

The centromere

In a blood pressure 120/80, what is the 80?

The diastolic number

What does the left ventricle do?

The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.

In a blood pressure 120/80, what is the 120?

The systolic number

Where do light dependent reactions occur in chlorophyll?

The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

What is true about the human respiratory system?

There are two lungs in the human body- a right and left lung. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration.

How are the colors of fall leaves reflected?

They are due to the yellow/orange light reflected from the carotenoids

How are gametes haploid in Meiosis?

They are haploid because there is no interphase before meiosis II

How does Meiosis produce 4 haploid gametes?

Through genetic variability resulting from crossing over, independent assortment and genetic recombination.

Cholesterol is a lipid.

True

The reactant is the substrate.

True

What has a peptide bond of amino acids?

a protein

What is formed after fertilization in gametes?

a zygote

What is another name for the digestive tract?

alimentary canal

What is matter?

anything that occupies space and has mass

What do deposits of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries cause?

atherosclerosis

What is the correct order of biological organization?

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

How do prokaryotes-bacteria reproduce?

binary fission

What is an enzyme?

catalyst that speeds up metabolic reactions by forming an enzyme substrate complex that lowers the energy of activation to produce the product

A photosystem is a light gathering pigment that focuses light energy onto a reaction center, does this happen in chlorophyll a or b?

chlorophyll a

What are the properties of water?

cohesion, universal solvant, polar, stabilizes temperature. slighly electro negative O- and slightly electro positive H+

What makes something organic?

contains carbon and hydrogen

Define Osmosis.

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

What is mitosis?

division of the nucleus in somatic cells and turns into two genetically identical offsprings

Define Isotonic.

equal concentration inside and outside the cell (both sides)

Define hypertonic.

higher concentration of solutes (more salt); water flows out of the cell; Plasmolysis (plants); Crenation (animal)

What is the gastric juice in your stomach?

hydrochloric acid, pepsin enzyme, molecules and mucus

What happens when an enzyme denatures for too high temp. or of a too low/high pH?

loses its shape con no longer binds with a substrate to produce the product

Define hypotonic.

lower concentration of solutes (more water); water flowes into the cell, turgid (plants)

What is the pH scale?

measures how acidic or basic a substance is

Define diffusion.

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

What is the path of air?

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphram

What is a haploid?

one set of chromosomes

What are the cellular components of blood?

plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets

What does the right ventricle do?

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

What does the Right atrium do?

receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the inferior and superior vena cava

What does the left atrium do?

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

What is a covalent bond?

sharing of electrons between atoms; completes outermost shell

Define energy.

the ability to do work

What is the atomic number?

the number of protons in an atom

What is the meaning of the numbers of the pH scale?

the scale ranges form 1-14 with acids releasing H+ being anything less than 7 and basic (OH-) anything greater than 7

What is an ionic bond?

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

What is pollination?

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels.

true

Humans have a double loop system: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

true

Define Hydrophobic.

water hating

Define Hydrophilic.

water loving