Biology II Exam 4

Why is osmoregulation an issue for animals living in fresh water?

it expends energy

The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.

three; four

Within more complex animals, cells are organized into _______

Tissues

What is the most unique derived character of echinoderms?

a water vascular system

Paired, jointed appendages denote which group of animals?

arthropods

What is one of the most significant primate features that allowed early primates to live in trees?

five flexible digits on each limb

Evidence shows that humans began to cultivate crops from approximately ____ years ago.

10,000 years ago

Neanderthals appeared how many years ago?

250,000

There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.

50,000

Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?

Amphibia

An animal's zygote undergoes ________, a series of mitotic cell division

Cleavage

What is the main structural component of animal cell's extracellular matrix?

Collagen

Based upon today's molecular evidence, Homo sapiens appear to have originated from

East Africa

Which species do paleontologists believe were the first to use primitive tools?

Homo habilis

What derived character defines all chordates?

They have a notochord at some point in their life cycles

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the

Urochordates

Which chordate group has the most species?

bony fishes

What protein makes up a reptilian's scaly skin?

keratin

Mammals evolved from mammal-like ____ known as therapsids more than 200 mya.

reptiles

Australopithecus was the first hominin to feature which distinguishing characteristic?

sexual dimorphism

What is the most difficult problem animals face living on land?

Dessication

Within a bilateral body plan, which surface is the back structure of the animal?

Dorsal surface

Which groups of organisms display radial cleavage during development?

Echinoderms

The epidermis of an animal is derived from which germ layer?

Ectoderm

To include your nose and eyes in the same section, you would need to cut your body on which plane?

Frontal

_______ is an anticoagulant used by leeches

Hirudin

What regulatory gene group has been identified in all the bilateral animal groups, can this provide insight about evolutionary relationships among the bilateral animal groups?

Hox genes

What key characteristic of vertebrates allowed them to complete their life cycle on land?

an amniotic egg

The head end of the animal is known as the

anterior

What are the organs of chemoreception in flatworms?

auricles

One major adaptive advantage of the lophotrochozoans is the development of a head region, otherwise known as _______.

cephalization

Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and ___________, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and ________

cnetophores; endoderm

What key characteristic of mammals gives them an excellent sense of hearing?

cochlea

Which skeletal feature did NOT enhance hominin bipedal locomotion?

foreman magnum at the center rear of skull

Extant vertebrates are assigned to six classes of fishes and three classes of tetrapods. A distinct characteristic of all tetrapods is ________.

four limbs

Cells of the blastula undergo ____, a process that forms and segregates the three germ layers

gastrulation

Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics

larva

A true body cavity completely surrounded by ________ is called a coelom

mesoderm

Complete ____ reduces competition among insects within the same species; larval forms do not compete with adults for food or habitats.

metamorphosis

A lobster has been classified as a member of the Ecdysozoa for its ability to ____

molt

In most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the _____

mouth

Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.

oviparous; internal

What bony feature do apes have that modern humans do not?

supraorbital ridges

In the modern ray-finned fishes, the lungs became modified as a _________ to help regulate buoyancy

swim bladder

Birds are thought to have evolved from group of bipedal, saurischian dinosaurs called ________.

theropods

How many chambers are there in an amphibian's heart?

three

The diverse body plans seen in Animalia apparently developed during the

Cambrian Period

The earliest mammals resembled small

dogs

Determinate cleavage takes place in ______ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ______.

protostomes; fixed early in the developmental process

The fossils of what genus found in Kenya may represent the earliest of hominins?

Orrorin

Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon.

Proterozoic

All Cnidarians have what type of body plan?

Radial

Which framework supports a sponge's mesohyl?

Spicules

What is the pattern of cleavage for protostomes?

Spiral

What type of vision allowed primates to gauge distance and depth?

Stereoscopic

Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.

Testudines

Molecular systematics suggests that complex molecules are unlikely to have evolved multiple times, thus animals only evolved once. This means that animals are a ____________ group

monophyletic

The earliest fossils of anatomically modern H. sapiens in Europe and most parts of Asia date to

40,000

The first land animals likely moved onto land when?

450 million years ago

What is the suborder for monkeys, apes, and humans?

Anthropoidea

Members of the phylum ______ are the simplest organisms that have a separate mouth and anus

Cnetophora

Where are lemurs found?

Madagascar

A sea nettle has what type of body form?

Medusa

The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are

Myxini and Petromyzontida

What is a challenge for animals living in the ocean?

coping with water movement

A nauplius larva is a characteristic of

crustaceans

Indeterminate cleavage takes place in _____________ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ________

deuterostomes; not fixed until late in the developmental process

Forest-dwelling, chimpanzee-sized apes, which lived about 15 mya during the Miocene epoch and may have given rise to modern apes as well as to humans, are called ________.

dryopitchecines

Reptiles lack metabolic mechanisms for regulating body temperature and their body temperature fluctuates with the environment's temperature. Thus, reptiles are ________.

ectotherms

The lining of the digestive tube is formed from

endoderm

Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage.

radial; indeterminate

The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral

sacropterygian fishes

What organ coordinates beating of the cilia in the combs of the ctenophore?

statocyst