biology lecture assignments
The geologist who suggested that natural processes are slow and steady and that the Earth is much older than 6,000 years was
Charles Lyell
Which of the following is not a characteristic for an organism with an opportunistic life history?
Each offspring receives extensive parental care
Which ecosystem would have the highest net primary production?
(tropical; rain) forest
Immunological memory results from the production of
B memory cells only
A skeleton has a foramen magnum tucked beneath the skull; this indicates that the skeletal remains are of a
human
The two groups of angiosperms are
monocots and eudicots
The observable properties of genes is an organism's
phenotype
In areas of the world where malaria is endemic, people have a relatively high incidence of the allele for
sickle cell
Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are
spores
Which protists produce much of the Earth's oxygen?
algae
If you gave N2 to a culture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, you would expect to detect
ammonium ions
A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)
antigen
All protists
are eukaryotes
Cycads are
trees that produce large cones.
T/F: When a baby receives antibodies in breast milk, this is an example of passive immunity.
true
Which level includes all the other levels?
biosphere
T/F: The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell
false
Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?
They would be immunocompromised.
T/F: Streams lead to rivers that carry water and sediment toward the ocean or an interior basin.
True
Hydra, a type of cnidarian, have equal survival rates through life because they are equally fit at all stages. Hydra are an example of an organism with a type ______ survivorship curve.
Type 2
Oysters and many other mollusks produce many offspring of which only a few survive to adulthood and then have little risk of predation with their strong adult shells. Oysters are an example of an organism with a type ______ survivorship curve.
Type 3
Which is an example of passive immunity?
a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
A prokaryote that occupies a habitat consisting of a low pH is a(n)
acidophile
An organism that can use solar energy and inorganic substances to produce all the organic material it requires is a(n)
an autotroph and a primary producer
Which is an example of humoral immunity?
antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen
According to the hypothesis in the "Investigating Life" section, compared to a person in a developed country, a person in a developing country is less likely to have
asthma
Mosses are an example of which of the following?
autotrophs
"Net primary productivity" is the amount of energy
available for consumers
The three most common shapes of bacteria are
bacillus, spirillum, and coccus
The first life on Earth was probably most similar to modern-day
bacteria
Every year the flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?
because the viruses can mutate into new strains
If you were looking at a model of a sphere of animal cells with a hollow, fluid-filled center, you would identify it as a
blastula
The fruits of plants function in
both protecting and dispersing seeds
How do scientists believe that an asteroid impact in the Yucatán peninsula of Central America caused a worldwide mass extinction?
by blocking the sun and inhibiting photosynthesis
Coral obtains energy
by capturing and digesting small animals and through symbiosis with photosynthetic algae.
What part of plant cells contains chlorophyll a and carries out photosynthesis?
chloroplasts
Which item helps compose a living thing rather then being a major component of soil?
chloroplasts
In a process called _____, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from stimulated B cells.
clonal selection
A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with no effect on the other is
commensalism
All of the organisms in a given location or area are termed a
community
Many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis. Which would be effective in killing parasites?
complement protein
Trees that lose only a few leaves at a time are
coniferous trees
The taiga
consists mostly of coniferous trees
In the ecosystems of the world, fungi act primarily as
decomposers
Predation of deer by wolves is an example of a
density-dependent limit.
Darwin referred to a gradual change from an ancestral type as
descent with modification
Silica walls are a characteristic of
diatoms
The diversity in a kelp forest community can be measured by the number of
different species of living organisms in the community
The fusion of two haploid hyphae whereby the nuclei remain separate in the cell creates a(n) ______ cell.
dikaryotic
Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. This led to _____ for giraffes with longer necks.
directional selection
The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is
directional selection
The three types of natural selection are
directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection
Ancestors of the Galápagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands. Some seeds were very small and required small beaks to handle. Other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack. This led to _____ among the Galápagos finches.
disruptive selection
The study of the relationships among organisms and the environment is
ecology
The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the skin and nervous system is the
ectoderm
The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the digestive tract and organs derived from the digestive tract is the
endoderm
Which theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
endosymbiont theory
A phagocyte is a cell that
engulfs other cells and debris.
Changes in heritable traits in a population through multiple generations is called
evolution
If an environment changes rapidly, organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.
existing beneficial mutations
T/F: All angiosperms have their pollen and seeds moved by animals.
false
T/F: Conditions whose growth-limiting effects increase as a population grows are density-independent factors.
false
T/F: Energy can be depleted within an ecosystem.
false
T/F: Examples of terrestrial biomes are grasslands, forests, lakes, and deserts.
false
T/F: Flatworms have complete digestive tracts.
false
T/F: If a scientist sees 20 finches in 3 trees where they nest at 5 p.m., the population density is 4.
false
T/F: Scientists have fossils of the first life on Earth
false
T/F: Segmentation is easy to observe in the cuticle of a nematode.
false
T/F: Since the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations, this principle has no importance in population studies.
false
T/F: The overall human population growth rate is steadily increasing each year.
false
T/F: The purpose of fruit is to provide nourishment for the growing plant after the seed germinates.
false
T/F: The type of cell that is primarily responsible for initiating and coordinating the adaptive immune response is the B cell.
false
T/F: Water accounts for about half of the ecological footprint.
false
Which is not a member of the gymnosperms?
ferns
Which is an example of an aquatic ecosystem?
fishes, snails, crabs, water, and salinity
Which of the following does not have a true coelom?
flatworm
Platyhelminthes include which of the following organisms?
flukes
The entire collection of genes and alleles is a population's
gene pool
Chlamydomonas is unicellular and photosynthetic. Chlamydomonas is which of the following?
green alga
Based upon the age structure diagram, you expect the Indian population to
grow because a large proportion of the population will be entering the reproductive years.
Bryophytes lack vascular tissue and lignin and therefore cannot
grow tall
After a haploid spore germinates, it then completes mitosis, forming hyphae. The resulting hyphae are
haploid
In alternation of generations, a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis to form _____ spores.
haploid
You have discovered a new worm-like animal. You are convinced it is not a nematode because it
has a coelom
Ferns have advantage over bryophytes in that ferns
have a vascular system, which allow them to grow taller.
In regards to a species' life history, equilibrium species
have only a few offspring.
What are the three major body regions of many arthropods?
head, thorax, abdomen
Individuals, who have one normal allele and one sickle cell allele, are able to resist malaria. This gives them a better chance of reaching reproductive age. This is known as
heterozygote advantage
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, 2pq represents the frequency of
heterozygous individuals
If, for a study, you wanted to cause blood vessel dilation and swelling to mimic effects of innate immunity, you would want to inject
histamine
If you were taken to the beach and asked to stand near a sample of the largest kind of algae, you would search for a piece of
kelp
You are hiking in the Colorado Rockies in the summer. You start hiking at 6,000 feet in a warm grassland full of elk. As you climb the mountain, you pass through forests from 8,000-10,000 feet with lots of deer. Above 10,000 feet, you are in an alpine tundra with furry marmots. What types of plants would you expect to find in an alpine tundra?
lichens and mosses
Which of the following is a lobe-finned fish?
lungfish
Which group of plants have phloem and xylem, seeds, flowers, and fruit and in many cases require animals for reproduction?
monocots and eudicots
In flowering plants, the gametophyte is ______ the sporophyte.
much smaller than
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots of soybeans help provide a source of nitrogen to the plants, and in exchange, the bacteria obtain food from the plants. Which type of interaction is this?
mutualism
In fungi, a mass of aggregated hyphae is called a(n)
mycelium
Associations of fungi and plant roots are called
mycorrhizae
Based upon the age structure diagram, you expect the American population to
no answer is correct
Tropical rain forest soils are usually
nutrient-poor and low in organic matter.
What is NOT an ecological role of plants?
occupy top level of food webs
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p + q = 1, p and q represent the frequency of alleles in a population of diploid organisms if
only two alleles exist for that gene
A circulatory system in which the heart pumps blood to tissues throughout the body cavity is a(n)
open circulatory system
Evolution occurs:
over generations
Species that are the first to colonize an area are termed _____ species.
pioneer
Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are
plasma cells
What reproductive adaptation did plants evolve on dry land?
pollen
Gymnosperms and angiosperms evolved ______ allowing them to live and reproduce in drier habitats than bryophytes and seedless vascular plants.
pollen grains and seeds
Cnidarian bodies are one of two forms. A(n) ______ consists of a sessile stalk with tentacles on one end. A(n) ______ is a free-swimming, bell-shaped, "tentacles-down" body form with a single opening forming the mouth.
polyp and medusa
A group of organisms of one species occupying a geographical location at the same time is a
population
Which of the following is not a type of symbiosis?
predation
If you were going to apply the principles of Darwin to business, you would allow employees to submit a wide range of ideas and then test many, keeping the winners because in evolution, natural selection
preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population.
Seedless vascular plants can ______ without water, but cannot ______ without water.
reproduce asexually; reproduce sexually
Sharp slivers, called _____, are made of silica or calcium carbonate and provide sponges with support.
spicules
The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is
stabilizing selection
A population age structure diagram depicting an equal number of individuals in each age group suggests that the population is
stable
The parts of the plant that allow for gas exchange are the
stomata
What evolved in terrestrial plants to allow the exchange of gases with air?
stomata
In 2010, India had a population of 1,170,000,000, a birth rate of 0.027, and a death rate of 0.013. What was the growth rate of India's population?
0.014
Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?
0.64
In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood. Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?
the antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney
The first multicellular organisms probably arose about
1.2 billion years ago
Based on the 10% rule, if there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in an ecosystem, how much energy will be generally available to a secondary consumer?
100 calories
The Mesozoic era lasted from
250 million years ago to 65 million years ago
Fever is considered a defense mechanism because it
All of the answers are correct
Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because
All of the answers are correct.
Evidence that green algae are the closest relatives to plants is that they both
All of the answers are correct.
How have plants transformed the world?
All of the answers are correct.
Plants are
All of the answers are correct.
What would occur if the lymphatic system was absent?
All of the answers are correct.
Though animals are very diverse, some features are only found in nonanimals. Which of the following is not a feature of animals?
Animals are unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.
Which of the following is not a major terrestrial biome of Earth?
Antarctic
Photosynthesis probably originated during the _____ eon and most likely used _____ as an electron donor.
Archean; hydrogen sulfide
The most successful phylum with regards to diversity and numbers is
Arthropoda
In plants,
the diploid zygote develops into the sporophyte
In a survivorship curve, a type I species, like a human or elephant, is a species that has
the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span
In a survivorship curve, a type III species, like most insects and plants, is a species that has
the highest probability of dying at a very young age
In 1749, __________, a French naturalist, became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely related species arose from a common ancestor.
Georges Buffon
The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are
Helper T cells
Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?
Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens.
Darwin obtained which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?
More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.
The Russian chemist Oparin suggested that for organic molecules to form on Earth, the atmosphere was probably rich in all of these except
Oxygen
The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is _____, while the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is _____.
to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack marked cells in cell-mediated immunity
T/F: A flowering plant and a bird which occasionally perches on its branches are not likely to coevolve.
true
T/F: A mushroom is a dikaryotic structure of Basidiomycota.
true
T/F: A very rapid response to a pathogen, involving antibodies, is a secondary immune reaction.
true
T/F: Arthropoda means "jointed foot."
true
T/F: At the beach, you find an animal with a two-part shell, a muscular foot, and a radula. You conclude that you have found a mollusk.
true
T/F: If a species of fruit fly needs a minimum amount of leaf surface area for mating, once there are enough fruit flies to occupy all mating spaces, the population is at carrying capacity.
true
T/F: If asked to put an arrow in a diagram showing energy flow through an ecosystem, you would use a single-headed arrow.
true
T/F: If you had found a flattened worm with bilateral symmmetry, you would know that you had found a flatworm.
true
T/F: If you see B cells, you know that a humoral response is underway.
true
T/F: If you were eating sea urchin and starfish soup, you would be eating echinoderms.
true
T/F: In an evolutionary sense, "fitness" refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.
true
T/F: Nematodes are protected from environmental hazards in part by their cuticle.
true
T/F: Raw sewage affects nutrient flow through an ecosystem more than energy flow.
true
T/F: Some sponges have spicules made of calcium carbonate.
true
T/F: Species evenness is an important measure of diversity in an ecosystem.
true
T/F: The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.
true
T/F: The maximum number of individuals of a population that a habitat can support indefinitely is its carrying capacity.
true
T/F: The term abiotic means nonliving.
true
T/F: When exponential growth is plotted over time a J-shaped curve emerges.
true
T:/F: The frequency of the sickle cell allele is kept up by the heterozygote advantage under natural selection
true
What evolved in terrestrial plants to provide support and transport for water and minerals?
vascular tissues
First life on earth was
Prokaryotic
DNA sequence evidence suggests that plants, fungi, and animals arose from different lineages of unicellular protists. This suggests which of the following?
Protists evolved before the other three kingdoms.
Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?
Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies leads to variability.
Segmentation occurs in annelids, arthropods, and chordates. What can therefore be concluded about segmentation?
Segmentation evolved multiple times.
The Irish potato famine in the mid-1840s was caused by which heterotrophic protist decomposer that secreted digestive enzymes onto potatoes?
water mold
Based on the information provided, which of these would not be considered a species with an equilibrium life history?
Spiders lay egg sacks and do not return to care for their young.
A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females. While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating, what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?
The feathers require a lot of energy to produce.
In the section "Investigating Life: Genetic Messages from Ancient Ecosystems," what was the advantage of looking for DNA samples in permafrost?
The freezing temperatures preserve the DNA.
Researchers studying guppies in Trinidad found that guppies in streams with high predation reproduced earlier and more frequently. Which of the following is most important in driving the guppies to change their life history in face of predation?
The guppies are an opportunistic species.
A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV. Which is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS?
The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat.
Why are lichens a good indicator of environmental quality?
They cannot excrete absorbed toxins.
