Biology module 1 study guide
Which of the following terms is associated with polychaetes?
parapodia
Gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through:
the use of tracheae
Mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as:
therapsids
Members of phylum Ctenophora are diploblastic but lack cnidocytes.
true
The wood of conifers consists mostly of tracheids.
true
The fourth phylum is a collection of which unusual plants that share certain traits not found in other gymnosperms?
Gnetophyta
Which of the following are exclusively terrestrial?
chilopods and diplopods
The common ancestor of all animals is/are the:
choanoflagellates
Integuments develop into the megasporangium.
false
Microphylls evolved from stem branches.
false
Mosses have stems, roots, and leaves.
false
The chordate nerve cord is hollow and located ventrally.
false
The lowermost and outermost whorl on a floral shoot consists of petals.
false
The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions.
false
Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:
feathers
Which of the following is NOT an adaption that contributes to the biological success of insects?
high infraspecific competition
Where does digestion in a sponge takes place?
individual cells
The body wall of cnidarians and ctenophores consist of:
inner and outer cell layers separated by a jelly-like mesoglea
Seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ___________.
integuments
Arthropods with mandibles, a single pair of antennae, and two legs on most body segments are:
millipedes
Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the function of the structure labeled as 8?
movement
The structure in the accompanying figure labeled ____ is characteristic of the phylum to which this organism belongs.
notochord
Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:
ascospores
The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?
Flatworms
To include your eyes and ears in the same section, you would need to cut your body in which plane?
Frontal
Which generation is significantly reduced in size and entirely dependent on the sporophyte generation?
Gametophyte
The first land animals likely moved onto land how long ago?
450 million years ago
How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom?
A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm
A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:
Chondrichthyes
Which of the following correctly describes fungal spores?
They are nonmotile and reproduce either sexually or asexually.
Which statement about basal angiosperms is FALSE?
They evolved after the core angiosperms
Why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?
They lack vascular tissues
What is the function of the phloem in plants?
To transport dissolved sugars
Microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals.
True
How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?
Wind
Which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?
Xylem
Which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?
Yeast
Gametophytes also produce female gametangia known as:
archegonia
The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:
basidia
An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is known as a(n):
centipede
Fungi that lack septa are called:
coenocytic
The main structural protein in the extracellular matrix and an important shared derived characteristic of animals is:
collagen
Cycads may be characterized as being:
dioecious and having motile sperm
A polyp is a type of stinging cell.
false
A radula is characteristic of certain members of phylum Platyhelminthes.
false
A true coelom develops within the ectoderm.
false
After a moss spore germinates, it forms a prothallus.
false
If a plant produces microspores and megaspores, then by definition, it is homosporous.
false
In the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with a spore.
false
In zygomycetes such as Rhizopus, the zygospore is haploid.
false
Snakes are most closely related to:
lizards
Segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in:
locomotion
Annelids are segmented worms
true
Convergent evolution resulted in placental and marsupial mammals with similar structural features.
true
The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:
water vascular system
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding fungal infections of plants?
Damage is always systemic and spread throughout the plant
What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?
Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation
Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?
Horsetails and club mosses
After fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?
Seed
Which of the following protostomes does NOT have a coelom?
Tapeworms
The first animals to show cephalization have several characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
These animals had a proboscis.
Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?
They are acoelomates.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of cnidarians?
They have one body shape, known as medusa.
Which statement about whisk ferns is FALSE?
They lack true stems
Gnetophytes are different from other gymnosperms in that gnetophytes have vessel elements.
True
Which of the following has vertebrae that are concave at both ends?
Tuataras
Adult tunicates develop which of the following?
Tunic
'Which of the following are the largest living vertebrates?
Whales
What is the process occurring at point 3 in the accompanying figure?
Zygote germination
One true characteristic of all animals is that they:
are heterotrophs
The first air-breathing land animals were:
arthropods
The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:
asci
Sea stars are primarily:
carnivores
Which pair of words is incorrectly matched?
coelom—nο body cavity
Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?
crustaceans
Which arthropods have mandibles, gills, excretory glands, and statocysts?
crustaceans
Chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum.
false
Deuterostomes are split into the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa.
false
Each archegonium produces many eggs.
false
In plants, sporogenous cells divide by mitosis to form spores.
false
The cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose.
false
The nervous system develops from the endoderm.
false
The rapid appearance of animals in the fossil record occurred during the Ediacaran radiation.
false
Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a dorsal heart and blood containing hemoglobin.
false
Xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts dissolved sugars.
false
Which of the following is a vascular plant?
fern
Lancelets are:
filter feeders
The Portuguese man-of-war is a colony of hundreds to thousands of:
hydrozoans
A flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lacks carpels, is known as:
incomplete and imperfect
A plant with parallel veins and floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a:
monocot
Segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because arthropod segments are:
more specialized
Marsupials include the:
opossum
Extinct jawless fish include the:
ostracoderms
The oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as:
possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots
Heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of:
seeds
Flowering plants have efficient sugar-conducting cells called _____________ in their phloem.
sieve tube elements
The intermediate host for a blood fluke is a:
snail
Which of the following produces a silken dragline that can be used to determine the sex and maturity level of the spinner?
spiders
Which of the following is NOT an example of a cnidarian?
sponges
Which is a characteristic of all annelids?
they have a segmented body
The endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically:
triploid (3n)
An archegoniophore is found in certain liverworts.
true
In mushrooms, karyogamy occurs within the basidium.
true
One member of subphylum Chelicerata is a spider.
true
The genus Pinus, by far the largest genus in the conifers, consists of about how many species?
100
Which of the following is true of hemichordates?
Acorn worms are a well-known example in this group
Which group of plants were the most recent to evolve?
Angiosperms
Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?
Black bread mold
From an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum:
Cnidaria
The accompanying figures are representative of which of the following?
Coniferophyta
Lichens are currently thought to be an example of which of the following?
Controlled parasitism
Which of the following phyla is a deuterostome?
Echinoderms
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land?
External respiratory surfaces
Which of the following are interesting research plants for studies in genetics because they are polyploids and have multiple sets of chromosomes?
Ferns
The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?
Fronds
What is a fungal chemical that shows promise as an anticancer agent because of its ability to inhibit the formation of new blood vessels?
Fumigallin
Which of the following phyla is unusual because it is composed of a single species?
Ginkgophyta
Which plant has a jointed hollow stem with reduced megaphylls?
Horsetail
Which of the following genes were similar in the last common ancestor of all bilateral animals?
Hox genes
'Which of the following correctly describes basidiomycetes?
Hyphae of a primary mycelium consist of monokaryotic cells
Which of the following is NOT a derived characteristic of mammals?
Incompletely divided ventricles
Which statement best describes a lophophore?
It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding segmentation?
It is an example of heteroplasy
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement about label 1 is FALSE?
It is part of the sporophyte generation
Flowering plants appeared in the fossil record in the:
Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods
Of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate?
Lichens
The inner germ layer, or ectoderm, forms which of the following structures?
Lining of digestive structures
What is the most ancient group of plants alive today?
Liverworts
What are the two clades of the protostomes?
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
What type of leaf venation do eudicots possess?
Netted
The hypha, a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi, serves which of the following functions?
Nutrient absorption
Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity?
Ophiuroidea
In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?
Septa
Which is the most economically important bryophyte?
Sphagnum
Which of the following is heterosporous?
Spike moss
What does each male cone's leaflike scales that bear sporangia on the underside consist of?
Sporophylls
Allomyces has an unusual life cycle in that it spends part of its life as a multicellular haploid thallus and part as a multicellular diploid thallus. This life cycle is known as which of the following?
Alternation of generations
Each individual gametophyte plant has tiny, hair like absorptive structures known as:
rhizoids
In the accompanying figure, which label designates the structures largely responsible for attracting potential pollinators?
8
Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?
Amphibia
A bryophyte having a single large chloroplast in each cell belongs to which phylum?
Anthocerophyta
The fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?
Basidiomycetes
Which statement about gymnosperms and angiosperms is FALSE?
Both groups have free-living gametophytes.
Which of the following is characteristic to most protostomes?
Cell division tends to be via spiral cleavage
As bilateral symmetry evolved, natural selection led to which of the following?
Cephalization
Like fungi, chytrid cell walls contain which of the following?
Chitin
Which phylum's very few surviving species are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?
Cycadophyta
Extracts from the ginkgo tree are sold in over-the-counter (OTC) medicines purported to increase memory. Extracts from what other gymnosperm were once sold in OTC weight loss supplements?
Ephedra
Chytrids produce which of the following cells at some point during their life cycle, which is an indicator of fungal evolution?
Flagellate
Which of the following is a difference between flatworms and nemerteans?
Flatworm larvae burrow into the skin, whereas nemertean larvae are ingested.
Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean?
Internal fluid and salt balance were easy to maintain.
The gametophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle for which of the following plant groups?
Liverworts
_______ are small leaves with a single vascular strand.
Microphylls
Which of the following are NOT protostomes?
Milkfish
As a contemporary scientist, which of the following would you use as evidence to propose changing the traditional animal phylogenies?
Molecular data
Which structure places a fish in the class Actinopterygii?
More flexible fins with less bone
How do mosses help prevent soil erosion?
Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together.
How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?
Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.
The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:
Myxini and Petromyzontida.
Asomycetes are NOT used for which of the following applications?
Prepare vinegar
In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?
Reptiles
Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?
Swim bladder
Larval tunicates superficially resemble which of the following?
Tadpoles
Echinoderms' radical symmetry enables which of the following?
The ability to respond effectively in every direction of their surrounding environment
What is the key characteristic that defines the Ecdysozoa clade?
The animal molts
Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?
The desiccating effect of the atmosphere
Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?
Vertebral column
What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?
Wheat rust
Placoid scales are found on:
cartilaginous fishes
Puffballs and bracket fungi are most closely related to:
common edible mushrooms.
Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:
dikaryotic
The structure in the accompanying figure labeled as 4 is:
haploid
Each spore divides by mitosis to produce a _________________ , and the cycle continues.
multicellular gametophyte
The female gametophyte generation in angiosperms is found in the:
ovule of the ovary.
The oldest definitive trace of flowering plants in the fossil record consists of:
ovules enclosed in podlike fruits.
Birds are most closely related to:
reptiles
When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:
spores
Which of the mollusks have a closed circulatory system?
squids
Hox genes have been identified in all bilaterally symmetric animal groups.
true
In angiosperms, the mature female gametophyte is the embryo sac.
true
The cephalic end of an animal is toward its head.
true
Which of the following is NOT a function of (typical) amphibian skin?
waste excretion
Refer to the accompanying figure. The structures labeled as 1 are used for:
attachment
Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?
8
Which of the following embryonic cells are unique to vertebrates?
Neural crest cells
Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?
Oviparous
What is the structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure?
Pistil
How do leeches differ from other annelids?
They do not have setae or parapodia
Which statement about microsporidia is FALSE?
They have mitochondria and Golgi complexes
Which of the following is NOT an example of an animal disease caused by an ascomycete?
Tuberculosis
What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?
Underground mycelium
Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called:
gemmae
When a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called a:
protonema
Which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators?
rapidly changing colors
Lichens reproduce mainly by asexual means, usually by which of the following?
Fragmentation
Members of phylum Nemertea have a tube-with-a-tube body plan.
true
Plankton consists mainly of microscopic organisms that float in the water.
true
The chordate notochord is a dorsal longitudinal rod composed of cartilage.
true
Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular.
______________ include oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, and sunflowers; these are either herbaceous or woody.
Eudicots
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding collar cells?
The collar cell is an extension of the cell wall and consists of microvilli.
The structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure was produced by:
meiosis in the resting sporangium
