Biology Sickle-cell and Genes test McGraw-Hill

Select all of the following that are components of DNA.

#1-a deoxyribose sugar #2-a phosphate group #3-the nitrogenous bases, thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine

The pedigree shown displays the occurrence of an inherited disease. For an individual in the fourth generation with two heterozygous parents, what is the likelihood that they will be impacted by the disease?

25% - The likelihood is 25%. Recall that two heterozygous parents result in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio, so that would mean 1 affected offspring for every 4 total offspring.

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamine amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended.

Chromosomes replicate before the process can begin.

Both Mitosis and Meiosis

For the following pedigree, what does the green circle in the fourth generation represent?

Circles are females and green means they are impacted by the disease. The green circle in the fourth row (or fourth generation studied) is a female with the disease.

Rosalind Franklin

DNA is a repeating helical structure.

Which of the following best describes the sequence of DNA compaction, beginning with least compacted to most compacted?

DNA strand, nucleosomes, chromosomes

Which of the following is the most effective means of treating or even curing sickle-cell disease?

Gene Therapy

Mark has blood type AB and his sister has type O blood. He also knows his father's parents both have type A blood. What is Mark's father's Genotype for blood type?

IA i

Mark has blood type AB and his sister has type O blood. He also knows his father's parents both have type A blood. What is Mark's Mother's Blood genotype?

IB i

During this process 2 cell divisions take place resulting in 4 unique daughter cells.

Meiosis

Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?

Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.

Which of the following best describes how the environment may play a role in the expression of our genes.

Some phenotypes, including skin color, can be influenced by the environment. The genotype still determines some aspect of skin color, but the interaction with the environment, in the form of sun exposure, can cause variations in the resulting phenotype.

Frederick Griffith

There is a transforming factor that exists and can change bacteria's characteristics.

Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?

To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.

Oswald Avery

Transformation of bacteria did not occur with the addition of Dnase enzyme, suggesting DNA is the genetic material.

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by...

a single mutation on a single gene.

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?

eye color

A variation in the pattern of nucleotides that often contributes to genetic anomalies is called a(n) _____.

genetic marker

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

red blood cells

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in _____ cells and carries ____ to all cells of the body.

red blood; oxygen

DNA replication is considered to be _____ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semi-conservative

In humans, male gametes are called _____, while female gametes are called _____.

sperm; eggs

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

CRISPR may work to treat sickle-cell disease by

targeting faulty portions of the hemoglobin gene within the genome of cells and removing and replacing those portions with normal sequences of nucleotides.

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?

DNA polymerase

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called _____ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.

DNA sequencing

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

Which of the following crosses would yield 100% Green Pea pods in the offspring? Green (G) is dominant to yellow (g). Check all that apply.

#1-GG X Gg #2-Gg X Gg #3-Gg X gg

In humans freckles (F) are dominant to no freckles (f). What is the expected phenotypic ratio if two people that are heterozygous for freckles have a child?

3 Freckled : 1 non-freckled

During this process body cells are duplicated for growth, healing, and cell replacement.

Mitosis

Which of the following statements about PCR is true?

PCR uses DNA polymerase.

True or False: Gene therapy has been used for years to treat or cure sickle-cell disease.

False

Mendel's experiments led him to the conclusion that individuals have two factors for each trait that separate during gamete formation, resulting in gametes with one factor for each trait. In addition, fertilization results in a new individual with two factors for each trait again. He referred to this as the _____.

Law of segregation

Erwin Chargaff

The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of guanine is equal to the percent of cytosine.

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?

Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual?

Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (a) _____ and females have (a) _____.

X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote.

During prophase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called _____.

crossing over

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis

results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

Some traits are multiple-allele traits, meaning there are more than simply one recessive and one dominant allele possible. Which of the following is not an example of a multiple-allele trait?

sickle cell disease

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a disease that is incompletely dominant. This means that

the dominant allele does not fully mask the recessive allele, so an intermediate phenotype is displayed. In the case of familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygotes have moderately higher levels of cholesterol compared to normal.