Biomechanics Final
the glenohumeral joint exhibits ___ degrees of freedom
3
proprioceptors that respond to excessive contraction/tension of a muscle
Golgi tendon
what is the mechanical advantage of a pulley system with 6 pulleys?
MA=6
what muscle elevates the rib cage?
SCM
what muscle performs flexion of the cervical spine and head?
SCM
what muscles perform right rotation of the cervical spine and head?
SCM (L), erector spinae (R), splenius cervicis (R), splenius capitus (R)
what muscles perform right lateral flexion of the cervical spine and head?
SCM (R), erector spinae (R), splenius cervicis (R), splenius capitus (R)
the trunk is composed of the
Thoracic spine, rib cage, and pelvic girdle
what muscles perform forced expiration?
Transverse abdominus, Internal obliques, Rectus abdominus, External obliques (TIRE)
these muscles perform hip ___ : TFL, glut min, glut med, deep rotators
abduction
upward rotation is accompanied by what humeral movement?
abduction
when there is left lateral pelvic rotation, there is also left hip ___, right hip ___, and lumbar spine right lateral ___
abduction, adduction, flexion
when there is right lateral pelvic rotation, there is also right hip ____, left hip ___, and lumbar spine left lateral ___
abduction, adduction, flexion
what are the agonists for humeral horizontal adduction?
anterior deltoid, pec major, coracobrachialis
what are the agonists for humeral flexion?
anterior deltoid, upper pec major
thoracic spine curves ____ (flexion)
anteriorly
atlas (C1) sits on axis (C2); most cervical rotation occurs here; most moveable joint of any two vertebrae
atlantoaxial joint
first joint of the spinal column; allows capital flexion and extension
atlantooccipital joint
strengthening exercises for the major and minor rhomboid muscles does not include the
bench press
during the up phase of an arm curl, the ___ muscle contracts ___ to perform elbow ___
bicep, concentrically, flexion
what muscle attach to the radial tuberosity?
biceps
what muscles attach to the coronoid process
brachialis
what is the goal of a pulley system?
change direction of force
which kinetic chain is more functional?
closed
which kinetic chain occurs when the chain is securely attached at both ends?
closed
Fmuscle > Fresistance; joint angles move in the direction of the applied muscular force
concentric
what isotonic contraction causes joint movement?
concentric
the wrist is a ___ type of diarthrodial joint and is capable of what movements?
condyloid; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
what muscle attach to the deltoid tuberosity?
deltoid
what are the agonists for humeral abduction?
deltoid, supraspinatus, upper pec major
what muscle is responsible for breathing during quiet rest?
diaphragm
when this muscle contracts and flattens, air is inspired
diaphragm
during the down phase of a jumping jack (landing), ankle ___ is accomplished by eccentric contraction of the ____
dorsiflexion, gastroc/soleus
Fmuscle<Fresistance; joint angles move in the direction of the resistance or gravity
eccentric
what isotonic contraction controls joint movement?
eccentric
the push-up and bench press are similar in that they both strengthen the ____
elbow extensors, glenohumeral flexors, horizontal adductors, shoulder girdle protractors
____ can be described as a state of zero acceleration, where there is no change in the speed or direction of a body
equilibrium
what muscle would be most effective in performing anterior pelvic rotation?
erector spinae
what muscles perform right rotation of the lumbar spine and trunk?
erector spinae (R), rectus abdominis (R), internal oblique (R), external oblique (L), quadratus lumborum (L)
what muscles perform right lateral flexion of the lumbar spine and trunk?
erector spinae (R), rectus abdominis (R), internal oblique (R), external oblique (R), quadratus lumborum (R)
what muscles perform extension of the lumbar spine and trunk?
erector spinae, quadratus lumborum
what muscles perform extension of the cervical spine and head?
erector spinae, splenius cervicis, splenius capitus
the rectus femoris is more effective in extending the knee when the hip is in ___
extension
these muscles perform elbow ___ : triceps brachii, anconeus
extension
these muscles perform hip ___ : gluteas max, hamstrings, deep rotators
extension
these muscles perform knee ___ : quads
extension
when there is posterior pelvic rotation, there is also hip ____, and lumbar spine ____
extension, flexion
what muscles attach to the lateral epicondyle?
extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis brevis, supinator
what muscles further expand the chest
external intercostals
what is not a function of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
external rotation
3 pairs attach indirectly to sternum, 2 pairs of floating ribs - ends are free
false ribs
elevation is accompanied by what humeral movement?
flexion
the rectus femoris is more effective in hip flexion when the knee is in ___
flexion
these muscles perform elbow ___ : biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
flexion
these muscles perform hip ___ : rectus femoris, iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius
flexion
these muscles perform knee ___ : hamstrings, popliteus, gastroc
flexion
when there is anterior pelvic rotation, there is also hip ____, lateral spine ____
flexion, extension
which phase is the deceleration phase; eccentric contractions; goal: control the movement of the limb/body part and prevent injury
follow-through
what are the three exercise variables that can be adjusted to increase overload?
frequency, duration, intensity
What is the axis of the sagittal plane?
frontal
elbow flexion during a push-up occurs about what axis?
frontal
hip flexion takes place about what axis?
frontal
what plane is responsible for abduction and adduction?
frontal
bi-articular muscles of the knee and ankle
gastrocnemius
bi-articular muscles of the hip and knee
gracilis, sartorius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous, tensor fascia latae
the agonist muscles working at the hip during a forward lunge are the
hamstrings
begin seated and slowly straighten your right knee. The antagonist musle is the ___, which ___ contracting during the movement
hamstrings, is not
what component of the stance phase occurs wen landing on the heel
heel-strike
retraction is accompanied by what humeral movement?
horizontal abduction, external rotation
during the "up" phase of a push-up, the humerus is ___ due to ___ contraction of the ___.
horizontally adducted, concentric, pectoralis major
these muscles perform hip ___ : semitend, semimemb, gracilis
internal rotation
when there is left transverse pelvic rotation, there is also left hip ___, right hip ____, and lumbar rotation
internal rotation, external rotation
when there is right transverse pelvic rotation, there is also right hip ____, left hip ____, and lumbar rotation
internal rotation, external rotation
classified as arthrodial joints (gliding)
intervertebral joints
what contraction is used when joint angles remain constant?
isometric
what statement is not valid regarding a closed kinetic chain?
it involves the body moving in relation to the relatively unfixed distal segment
increased anterior concavity of thoracic curve (flexion)
kyphosis
the left shoulder has this relationship to the sternum
lateral
which muscle would not be concentrically active when attempting to place the R ear on the R shoulder while lying on the L side?
left sternocleidomastoid
muscles are able to exert greater force when they are ____
lengthened
what are the agonists for elevation?
levator scapulae, upper/middle traps, rhomboids
increased posterior concavity of lumbar and cervical curves (extension)
lordosis
what are the agonists for depression?
lower traps
reduction of normal lordotic curve, resulting in a flat-back appearance
lumbar kyphosis
wrist flexors originate on the ___ of the humerus, while the wrist extensors originate on the ___ of the humerus
medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle
what is the origin of the palmaris longus and what actions does it help perform?
medial epicondyle; wrist flexion
what are the agonists for retraction?
middle/lower traps, rhomboids
what component of the stance phase immediately follows heel-strike; foot moves into pronation
midstance
which phase is the action part of the skill; Goal: summation of force is directed onto the ball, opponent, etc
movement
____ are proprioceptors that respond to excessive stretch of a muscle, and their activation leads to ____
muscle spindles, muscle contraction
which kinetic chain occurs when the chain is not securely attached at the distal end?
open
the ___ is the most proximal attachment of a muscle
origin
list the three muscles that are responsible for wrist flexion but not finger flexion
palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis
what muscles attach to the medial epicondyle?
palmaris longus, flexor digitorum, flexor carpi ulnaris
what are the agonists for downward rotation?
pec minor, rhomboids
What muscles attach to the coracoid process?
pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, biceps
what are the agonists for protraction
pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint is accomplished by action of which muscles?
posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor
what are the agonists for humeral horizontal abduction?
posterior deltoid, middle deltoid, teres minor, infraspinatus
cervical and lumbar spine curve ____ (extension)
posteriorly
the biceps femoris muscle is located ____ and performs ____ of the hip joint
posteriorly, extension
which phase is the most critical phase for desired activity; Goal: to lengthen the appropriate muscles so that they can generate force and momentum in the next phase
preparatory
these muscles perform radioulnar ___ : pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis
pronation
scapulothoracic ___ and glenohumeral ___ typically function synergistically and are located ___, relative to the joints they cross
protractors, horizontal adductors, anteriorly
based on the SAID principle, which of the following is an example of an exercise designed to strengthen the latissimus dorsi muscle for actions during rock climbing?
pull-ups
which muscle is not strengthened to any substantial degree by sit-ups?
quadratus lumborum
during the down phase of a vertical jump, the ____ muscle contracts ___ at the knee
quads, eccentric
which phase will the muscles used in the previous phase concentrically contract to return the body to its original position; Goal: regain balance and positioning
recovery
what muscles perform flexion of the lumbar spine and trunk?
rectus abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique
what statement is not valid regarding an open kinetic chain?
requires the movement of other joints in the extremity
the dumbbell bent-over row is an excellent shoulder girdle exercise due to its work on the ____
rhomboids
holding the down phase of a lat pull to emphasize shoulder girdle retraction is a strengthening exercise for what muscles?
rhomboids, middle/lower traps
what muscle contracts concentrically to cause extension of the head, right cervical rotation, and right cervical lateral flexion?
right splenius
what muscle contracts concentrically to cause cervical flexion, left cervical rotation, and right cervical lateral flexion?
right sternocleidomastoid
the carpometacarpal joint is what type of joint?
saddle
What is the axis of the frontal plane?
sagittal
what plane is responsible for flexion and extension?
sagittal
what muscles elevate first 2 ribs to increase thoracic volume
scalene
lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of the spine
scoliosis
During the lowering phase of a "dead lift" exercise the agonist muscles of the knee does not include
semimembranosus
Emphasizing the end of a push-up by exaggerating shoulder girdle protraction is an excellent strengthening exercise for the_____
serratus anterior
what muscles attach to the medial border of the scapula?
serratus anterior, rhomboids, levator scapula
From medial to lateral the erector spinae muscles are the ________.
spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
the ___ process can be palpated on the posterior surface of the spine when it is flexed
spinous
which phase is relatively static, allows athlete to assume a balanced body position; Goal: set joint angles in the correct position?
stance
what muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle
subscapularis
these muscles perform radioulnar ___ : biceps brachii, supinator muscle, brachioradialis
supination
radioulnar supination involves action of what three muscles?
supinator, brachioradialis, biceps
Five functions of the skeletal system
support, movement, protection, mineral storage, red blood cell production
what muscles attach to the greater tubercle?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
what walking component occurs when foot leaves ground and leg moves forward to another point of contact?
swing phase
during the "release" phase of a lat pull, which muscles are contracting eccentrically to perform shoulder joint abduction?
teres major and subscapularis
what are the agonists for humeral adduction?
teres major, latissimus dorsi, lower pec major
what are the agonists for humeral extension
teres major, latissimus dorsi, lower pec major
what are the agonists for humeral internal rotation
teres major, latissimus dorsi, pec major, subscapularis
what muscle attaches to the lateral border of the scapula
teres minor
what are the agonists for humeral external rotation?
teres minor, infraspinatus
Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands; SAID principle
the body will gradually, over time, adapt very specifically to the various stresses and overloads to which it is subjected
what statement is correct regarding the lowering phase of a barbell press?
the shoulder girdle performs eccentric downward rotation
with respect to the agonist muscles involved in performing a lat pull, which statement is not true?
the wrist and hand perform concentric flexion
all ribs attach posteriorly to the ___ vertebrae
thoracic
what component of the stance phase follows midstance; foot returns to supination prior to and during push off
toe-off
Shaking the head "No" occurs in which plane?
transverse
where is the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae muscle?
transverse processes C1-C4; medial border of scapula
what muscle attaches to the spine of the scapula
traps
the ___ muscle is not contracting at the elbow during an arm curl
triceps
which muscles are agonists during a triceps extension?
triceps and anconeus
what is not an agonist muscle of shoulder flexion when performing "alternating prone extension" exercises?
triceps brachii
attach directly to sternum (7 pairs)
true ribs
what are the agonists for upward rotation?
upper/middle/lower traps, serratus anterior
what is not an agonist muscle of hip extension when performing "alternating prone extension" exercises?
vastus medialis
What is the axis of the transverse plane?
vertical
