BIOS 1030 Exam 1: Carter - Ohio University
Which of these is a tRNA?
B
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____.
CUG
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?
DNA
Which step in cellular respiration is directly dependent on the availability of oxygen? In other words, which step specifically uses oxygen?
Electron transport chain
A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya ... Animalia
A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya ... Plantae
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2
Which of these bonds is weakest?
Hydrogen Bonds are weaker than covalent bonds because they do not involve sharing of electrons, and they are weaker than ionic bonds because they involve the attraction of partial (not full) opposite charges.
Which of these cannot pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane?
Hydrogen Ions
What is the difference between a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system?
In a negative feedback system, the control center signals the effector to go "on and off" to maintain a steady state (or stable equilibrium); in a positive feedback system, the effector keeps increasing its output.
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
Ionic
Which of these describes loose connective tissue?
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
Define the term micelle
It is the structure formed when phospholipid tails join together in the center of a sphere with the hydrophilic heads facing outward.
If a red blood cell is placed in a beaker containing a salt solution and the red blood cell bursts, what is the most probable relationship between the concentration of salt inside the cell and the concentration of salt in the beaker solution?
The concentration of salt inside the cell is higher than the concentration of the salt outside the cell
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.
are different ions
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.
as a component of animal cell membranes
Cartilage is found _____.
at the end of each bone
_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
blood
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.
branched
Which major biological molecules make up the plasma membrane?
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
cellulose
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
cellulose
Translation occurs in the _____
cytoplasm
What is another name for a condensation reaction?
dehydration
A neuron consists of _____.
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.
desmosomes
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.
electronegativity
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are types of ________.
endocytosis
The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of
endocytosis
What process exerts the pull on water molecules that is relayed from leaf to root via cohesion?
evaporation
The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____.
exons
A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of
facilitated diffusion
Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.
four ... hydrogen
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?
metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?
metabolic alkalosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
microtubules
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion
During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA
modified guanine nucleotide
In active transport,
molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient
Many lipids have long chains of hydrocarbons (chains made primarily of hydrogen and carbon). These regions are ________.
nonpolar and therefore insoluble in water
Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?
olive oil: is a plant oil, and most plant oils are rich in unsaturated fats
There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).
one
Facilitated diffusion is a type of _______.
passive transport
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.
peptide bonds
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.
phagocytosis
Engulfing bacteria could be described as an example of ________.
phagocytosis
Which is the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid molecule?
phosphate
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.
phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?
polar covalent
Which structure is NOT a part of a nucleotide?
polymer
Which statement describes glycolysis?
process that splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose
What are the four major classes of biomolecules found in living organisms?
proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
pyruvate ... NADH
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?
renal system
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3
The site of translation is
ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.
This figure is an example of a(n) _____.
saturated fat
What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?
simple columnar epithelium
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal cells
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
_____ muscle is attached to bones.
skeletal
Spliceosomes are composed of _____.
snRNPs and other proteins
What is the function of Structure E?
stabilization of the phospholipids
What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?
stratified epithelium
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Which components form the outer "rails" of a DNA molecule?
sugar and phosphate groups
Why isn't this insect drowning?
surface tension
You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____.
the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid
When particles are engulfed by endocytosis, what is the wall of the vesicle made of?
the plasma membrane
The primary structure of a protein is determined by ________.
the sequence of amino acids
A substance that cannot pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane must pass through:
the transport protein
What are the components of a triglyceride?
three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone
Water crosses the plasma membrane
through facilitated diffusion or diffusion.
Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?
tight junctions
Nervous tissue functions _____.
to sense stimuli
What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?
transcription
n eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?
translation
What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
Which statement about the diffusion of substances is true?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
Which statement about oxytocin is true?
Oxytocin is a potent hormone that stimulates uterine contractions.
The initiator tRNA attaches at the ribosome's _____ site.
P
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
The electron transport chain proteins can be found in the cytoplasm.
Which of the following statements about DNA is FALSE?
The DNA strands are joined by sulfide bonds from the complementary nitrogen base pairs.
Which of the following actions is an example of positive feedback?
The arrival of platelets at a wound site stimulates the recruitment of more and more platelets to form a clot to stop blood from further leakage.
Saying that the plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic means ________.
The glycoproteins appear to be randomly placed and have a degree of freedom to move about the bilayer
A protein's tertiary structure is influenced by its environment. Therefore, if you put a protein in a beaker of distilled water, what would you expect to happen?
The hydrophilic parts of the molecule would face the water, and the hydrophobic parts would turn inward.
Which statement is true about the phospholipid bilayer?
The hydrophobic tails face each other in the center of the bilayer
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?
The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
True or False. Regarding the proteins and cholesterol in the animal plasma membrane, some proteins are embedded in the bilayer, other proteins are only on one side, and the cholesterol is scattered throughout the inner parts of the membrane.
True
What enzyme catalyzes the attachment of an amino acid to tRNA?
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
An ionic bond involves _____.
an attraction between ions of opposite charge
Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
amino acids
Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.
-Eating food provides fuel & building blocks for your body -After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transport to cells via the circulatory system -Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis & the citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle) -ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain
Drag the correct labels under the diagrams to identify the events of RNA processing.
1) a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap 2)Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed 3) Segments of the RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected 4)Extra adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail
Drag the labels onto the flowchart to trace the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell.
1. Manufacturing- Rough ER 2. Transport- Vesicle from ER 3. Processing- Golgi apparatus 4. Transport- Vesicle from Golgi 5. Secretion- Plasma membrane
Which of these is ATP?
3 Phosphate groups attached to a Ribose attached to Adenine
The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is ___
5' —> 3'
Because water has a high heat capacity, which of the following statements is true?
A great deal of energy (heat) is required for water to go from a solid to a liquid. Additional energy is required for water to go from a liquid to a gas.
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.
In exocytosis, what happens?
A transport vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, attaches, and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid.
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP
Which statement is NOT true?
ATP is the primary building block of DNA.
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Consider cholesterol. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Although cholesterol is a characteristic of some animal cell membranes, cholesterol is not common in animal cells and is found primarily in plants.
Proteins are polymers of _____.
Amino acids; they are the building blocks of proteins.
When comparing an acid and a base, which statement is true?
An acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions and a lower pH than a base.
Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____.
Bacteria and Archaea
_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells
Gap (communicating) junctions
Which statement about glycolysis is FALSE?
Glycolysis yields a net gain of four molecules of ATP.
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
Lysosomes
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment
In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.
Monera
Which statement about the relationship between carbohydrates and the plasma membrane is true?
Most carbohydrates are attached to proteins in the membrane and thus form glycoproteins
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
Peptide
What is a phospholipid composed of?
Phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.
The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.
Polar
Which statement about evolution is most correct?
Populations with the best adaptive traits survive and reproduce better than populations with less adaptive traits.
In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes?
Protista
Which of these is NOT a lipid?
RNA RNA is a nucleic acid
What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?
RNA processing
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
Smooth muscle
Consider two solutions. Solution A has a pH of 2, and solution B has a pH of 4. Which statement is true
Solution A is 100 times more acidic than solution B.
Solution A has a solute concentration of 10%, and solution B has a solute concentration of 15%. Therefore, which "tonicity" statement is correct?
Solution A is hypotonic to solution B
Take a hypothetical bowl and add some water and some cooking oil and let the mixture settle. As you know, the mixture will separate. The oil will rise and the water will sink. Now add a hypothetical spoonful of a phospholipid. What will happen?
The phospholipid molecules will go to the oil-water interface with the heads pointing toward the water and the tails pointing toward the oil
What happens in the body's negative feedback temperature control system?
The sensory nerve endings monitor the heat output and send the information to the brain.
If you put some sodium chloride (table salt) into a glass of water, what will happen?
The sodium and chloride ions will dissociate. Chloride ions will be attracted to the hydrogen ends of water molecules whereas sodium ions will be attracted to the oxygen ends of water molecules.
Why is the temperature control in your home an example of a negative feedback system?
The thermostat and the furnace (or air conditioner) work together to maintain a constant temperature by cycling on and off.
In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae?
They are sedentary.
During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA
a long string of adenine nucleotides
Glycogen is _____.
a polysaccharide found in animals
active transport
a. side with lower concentration of square molecules b. transport protein c. energy input from the cell d. plasma membrane e. side with higher concentration of square molecules
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of
active transport
Which of the following is an example of a complementary base pair?
adenine and thymine
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
In forming a protein's secondary structure, what is responsible for holding the helix shape constant?
hydrogen bonds
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
hydrogen bonds
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
hydrogen bonds
In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.
hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions
What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?
hydrolysis
What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?
hydrolysis
The major difference between diffusion and endocytosis is that ________.
in endocytosis, larger particles are engulfed; in diffusion, smaller particles pass through the membrane
What is the name of the process shown in the diagram?
initiation (of translation)
Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.
into ... membranous vesicles
Hemoglobin is a protein with a quaternary structure because ________.
it is composed of more than one polypeptide chain
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate, NAD+, and ATP
Lactic acid fermentation is important because ________.
lactic acid regenerates NAD+, which is essential for ATP production
RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.
mRNA
Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing?
mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.
Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA?
mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
True or False. FADH2 is produced during the citric acid cycle.
true
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
two
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
two
The hemoglobin molecule is made up of ________
two pairs of similar polypeptides, each containing an oxygen-carrying heme molecule
A lipid with many double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain is said to be ________ and will probably be a ________ at room temperature.
unsaturated; liquid
