Blood (book)
Each heme group can transport __ molecule(s) of oxygen
1
Red blood cells will last for approximately __ days before being broken down by __.
120, macrohages
Plasma makes up about __ percent of an average individual's blood volume and is itself compose of around __ percent water.
55, 92
Hemoglobin is composed of __ subunits: __ polypeptide chains known as __ and __ iron-containing __.
8, 4, globins, 4, heme-groups
The endothelial ADPase inhibits P2Y12 activation by eliminating its ligand ____.
ADP
Dense granules release ___.
ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
___ and ___ in platelets contract to seal off the wound.
Actin, Myosin
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Net Osmotic Pressure =
BCOP-ICOP
Net Hydrostatic Pressure =
BP + IFP
Which of the following connects arterial blood flow to the veins: A) Arterioles B) Elastic Arteries C) Muscular Arteries D) Capillaries
D
MAP (weighted average formula)
Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)
T/F: Specialized fetal hemoglobin has less affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.
F (it has greater affinity, not less)
T/F: Arteries have more compliance than veins.
F (it is the opposite)
T/F: The amino acids that result from degraded red blood cells are not re-useable, so they are rejected by other cells and by the bone marrow.
F (other cells take them up and the bone marrow does also)
T/F: In elastic arteries the tunica intima is quite thin, containing a high concentration of elastin fibers.
F (the tunica intima is quite thick, though it does contain a high concentration of elastin fibers)
T/F: The internal elastic membrane of the tunica intima of arterioles makes it the thickest layer for this blood vessel.
F (the tunica intima of arterioles does not have an internal elastic membrane)
T/F: Smaller venules have more smooth muscle cells surrounding the tunica intima.
F (this applies to larger venules)
T/F: Venous wall composition differs from arterial wall composition because they have more smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
F (this is backwards)
T/F: Elastic arteries are particularly sensitive to neural and endocrine influences, changing diameter under their influence.
F (this statement applies to arterioles, not elastic arteries)
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into __ to create a __ mesh to strengthen the plug.
Fibrin
Which plasma protein contains antibodies?
Globulin
These small signaling molecules stimulate the production and differentiation of various types of blood cells:
HGF's (hematopoietic growth factors)
A condition characterized by the buildup of excessive bilirubin in the blood that causes the skin and whites of the eyes to take on a yellowish tinge.
Jaundice
PR formula
L*V/r^4
Blood cells which are an important part of our immune system and are the source of antibodies.
Lymphocytes
Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells. Also perform an important step in the breakdown of red blood cells.
Macrophage
Very common blood cell with infections.
Neutrophils
T/F: All veins tend to be larger than arteries at a similar point in the vascular tree because they have thinner walls and tunica layers.
T
T/F: Blood is a type of connective tissue.
T
T/F: Elastic arteries possess a tunica media composed of many elastic fibers and relatively few muscle cells.
T
T/F: Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are unique in that they contain no nucleus or any organelles.
T
T/F: Even though they are cell fragments, platelets contain mitochondria and some other organelles.
T
T/F: In arterioles the tunica adventitia is extremely thin and devoid of an external elastic membrane.
T
T/F: In arterioles the tunica media is composed of smooth muscle tissue, but contains few layers.
T
T/F: Leukocytes, unlike erythrocytes, travel outside the bloodstream to tissues throughout the body.
T
T/F: Muscular arteries include medium and small-sized arteries, with a wide range in size from 40 um to 3000 um.
T
T/F: The atrial natriuretic mechanism relies on atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) produced by specialized cells in the right atrium.
T
T/F: The degraded parts of red blood cells (amino acids, heme, and biliverdin) are secreted from the macrophage back into the blood.
T
T/F: The tendency of smooth muscle to gradually relax under significant tension or gradually contract under very low tension is an intrinsic property of smooth muscle cells and is part of the stress-relaxation response.
T
T/F: The tunica intima of muscular arteries is thicker than the tunica intima of elastic arteries.
T
T/F: The tunica media of medium/large veins incorporates a thin layer of smooth muscle cells and, to a lesser extent, collagen and elastic fibers.
T
T/F: Urobilinogen not only contributes to the color of urine (when it is converted to urobilin), but to the color of feces (when it is converted to stercobilin).
T
T/F: While hemoglobin is solely responsible for transporting oxygen, it is only minimally involved in carbon dioxide transport.
T (most carbon dioxide is located in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions)
List the functions of blood:
Transporter, ph Regulation, Body fluid regulation, Body Temperature Regulation, Hemostasis
The innermost layer on blood vessels, composed of an endothelial layer, a connective tissue basement membrane and a slim layer of connective tissue known as the lamina propria.
Tunica Intima
The most variable of the layers of blood vessels.
Tunica Media
This layer on blood vessels is composed of circular bands of smooth muscle cells which change a vessel's diameter. It also contains various amounts of elastic and collagen fibers.
Tunica Media
The plasma protein responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure.
albumin
The most abundant plasma protein
albumin (60%)
Anchored platelets begin to secrete a variety of chemical compounds from granules called ___ and ___ granules.
alpha, dense
Enzymes within the macrophages degrade the globin hemoglobin chains into ___ ___ ___ while the heme groups are split into ___ atoms and a compound known as ___.
amino acid monomers, iron, biliverdin
The movement of leukocytes when they move through tissues. It occurs via cytoplasmic protrusions, followed by contraction and squeezing of the cell body towards the direction of the largest protrusions.
amoeboid movement
A condition which arises because of a deficiency in the dietary elements (iron, folic acid, vitamin B12) necessary for erythropoiesis. This condition makes it so the bloodstream is unable to properly distribute oxygen.
anemia
Blood plasma contains naturally occurring molecules known as ___ which restrict clot formation to locations of damaged vessels.
anticoagulants
Systemic vessels which transport blood from the left ventricle to cells and tissues throughout the body.
arteries
hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
direct connection between arteriole and venule
arteriovenous anastomosis
The ability for tissues to regulate their blood flow based off of metabolic need.
autoregulation
Conjugated bilirubin becomes a component of __, which will be secreted from the liver into the ___ tract.
bile, digestive
Biliverdin is converted to __ and is released into the blood stream where it binds to ___ proteins for transport to the __.
bilirubin, albumin, liver
NO from intact endothelial cells inhibits platelet granule release by ____ the release of ____ from the ER.
blocking, Ca++
The location of phagocytosis of erythrocytes by macrophages
bone marrow, liver, spleen
The smallest type of vessel known
capillary
The flow of water and dissolved particles from the blood to the tissues and from the tissues to the blood.
capillary exchange
When transporting carbon dioxide bound to globin subunits, hemoglobin is known as
carbaminohemoglobin
A protein enzyme which catalyzes the process by which carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate.
carbonic anhydrase
The process by which leukocytes follow chemicals to an area is called:
chemotaxis
The ability for a vein to stretch is called ___.
compliance
This capillary is the most common throughout the body. It is impermeable to polar molecules (and sometimes water).
continuous capillaries
By activating tPA (tissue plasminogen activator), fibrin initiates its own __
degradation
Hemoglobin without oxygen is known as
deoxyhemoglobin
Passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue
diapedesis
The process by which leukocytes flatten and lengthen their cell bodies to slip between two cells is known as:
diapedesis
Arteries are categorized from largest to smallest as ______, _____, and finally ____.
elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles
The process of producing new red blood cells is called ___ and occurs within the red __ __ of the skeleton.
erythropoiesis, bone marrow
The HGF responsible for the production of red blood cells is known as:
erythropoietin (EPO)
An elastic layer known as the ____ divides the tunica media from the tunica adventitia, and is especially prominent in large vessels.
external elastic membrane
The endothelial tissue of these capillaries is arranged in a tight weave with comparatively large pores. They supply tissues such as the kidney glomeruli and intestines.
fenestrated capillaries
The least abundant plasma protein.
fibrinogen
The plasma protein that plays a role in coagulation (clotting).
fibrinogen
What long-term blood pressure mechanism is especially important for compensating for changes during dehydration and hyperosmolarity?
fluid shift mechanism
Bilirubin traveling through the blood to the liver is known as __
free bilirubin
Liver cells collect free bilirubin and bind a molecule called ___ ___ to it. Bilirubin is then called ___ __.
glucuronic acid, conjugated bilirubin
The percentage of total blood that is red blood cells is referred to as
hematocrit
A specialized type of protein which is responsible for binding to and transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
hemoglobin
Conditions that cause excessive destruction of red blood cells.
hemolytic anemia
Anemia caused by severe hemorrhaging is called __.
hemorrhagic anemia
The ___ portal system transports nutrient rich blood from capillary beds in the gastrointestinal tract to capillary beds in the liver.
hepatic
The ADH reflex is activated by two specific indicators:
high blood osmolality, low blood pressure
The pressure of all the liquids involved in capillary exchange (blood pressure, interstitial fluid, etc.)
hydrostatic pressure
The ____ - ____ portal system transports hormone-rich blood from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary gland.
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
An elastic layer known as the ___ divides the tunica intima from the tunica media.
internal elastic membrane
What releases erythropoietin?
kidneys
The ____ system drains away extra fluid and returns it to the circulation at the subclavian veins (in regards to capillary exchange).
lymphatic
Platelets are the cell fragment of a large bone marrow cell known as a ____
megakaryocyte
The difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure.
net filtration pressure
Net Filtration Pressure =
net hydrostatic pressure - net osmotic pressure
The pressure as it relates to solutes (proteins and electrolytes) and the power they have to pull water from a high concentration to lower concentration (osmosis) in order to reach equilibrium.
osmotic pressure
When oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, the complex, also referred to as a pigment, is known as __.
oxyhemoglobin
Vitamin B12 deficiency may sometimes be called __.
pernicious anemia
Within several days of clot formation, an enzyme known as __ completely degrades fibrin, thus dissolving the clot through a process known as ___. __ is the active form of an inactive plasma protein known as __.
plasmin, fibrinolysis, plasminogen
Fibrinogen binds to fibrinogen receptors on activated platelets and link platelets to ___
platelets
Erythropoietin stimulates hemocytoblasts to differentiate into cells known as __.
proerythroblasts
____ is the ligand for a G-protein coupled receptor ( GPCR). Activation of this GPCR by ____ leads to the production of cAMP. cAMP then activates a ___ pump of the surface of the platelet, which actively pumps ___ out of the platelet.
prostacyclin, prostacyclin, Ca++, Ca+++
The difference between the peak systolic and diastolic pressures
pulse pressure
When leukocytes die and accumulate along with their degraded materials, they form a substance known:
pus
Most abundant formed element
red blood cells (erythrocyte, 45%)
Formed Elements
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Healthy intact endothelial cells block spontaneous platelet activation through three primary mechanisms. However, all three mechanisms share a common goal: ____ Ca++ levels within the platelet.
reduce
The ______ carries blood from the glomerulus capillary bed in a renal corpuscle to a capillary bed that wraps around portions of the nephrons.
renal efferent artery
The final stage before final maturation to an erythrocyte.
reticulocyte
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
sickle cell anemia
A special type of capillary bed found in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver. These capillaries possess very large gaps between individual cells. The gaps are large enough that all the components of blood freely pass.
sinusoid
These capillaries are larger in diameter and arranged in a looser weave to allow the presence of gaps between individual cells. Found in in tissues such as the endocrine glands.
sinusoidal capillaries
Once venules reach a certain diameter, a tunica media layer of smooth muscle cells completely surrounds them. At this point they are known as ___.
small veins
In muscular arteries the tunica media is predominately composed of many layers of ___ ___ which allows for greater control of vessel diameter.
smooth muscle
Other word for platelete
thrombocyte
A blood clot, which will include platelets and fibrin, is also called a __ if it is anchored to the vessel wall where it was created. If this breaks away from the vessel wall and begins to circulate in the vascular system, it is called an __ or an ___.
thrombus, embolus, embolism
After degradation, the protein from red blood cells binds to a protein known as __ and is transported to the __ __ ___ to be reused for further red blood cell production.
transferrin, red bone marrow
In medium/large veins the ___ is the thickest layer and is composed mostly of connective tissue.
tunica adventitia
In small veins, a ____ layer of collagen fibers is found surrounding the smooth muscle tissue of the tunica media.
tunica adventitia
The outermost layer in blood vessels, made up of connective tissue.
tunica adventitia
Jaundice in infants can be treated by exposing the infant's skin to ___ ___ which helps break some bonds on the bilirubin molecules.
ultraviolet radiation
Urobilinogen can be filtered in the kidney where it is converted to __ which is yellow in color and contributes to the color of urine.
urobilin
After entering the digestive tract, glucuronic acid is removed from bilirubin, and it is converted to __. This can re-enter the blood circulation and cycle back to the liver for another pass into the digestive tract as conjugated bilirubin. This cycle is called the ___ ___ ___.
urobilinogen, enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle
A protein which is secreted to endothelial cells that binds to the exposed collagen within the vessel wall when blood vessels suffer damage.
vWF (von Willebrand Factor)
___ binds platelets to collagen in vessel walls.
vWF (vonWillebrand Factor)
Alpha granules release additional ___ and ___. ___ assists with further platelet adherence and activation. ___ facilitates a variety of functions that assist in the long-term wound healing of tissue damage.
vWf, PDGF (platelet derived growth factors), vWf, PDGF
Whereas ___ links collagen to platelets, ___ links multiple platelets together.
vWf, fibrinogen
Vessels larger than 1 mm in diameter must be sustained by a capillary network of vessels known as ___, within the tunica adventitia and tunica media layers.
vasa vasorum
Hemostasis can be divided into three steps: 1) ______ 2) _______ and 3) _____.
vascular spasm, platelet plug development, blood clot formation
Veins are categorized from smallest to largest as ___, ___, and ___/___.
venules, small veins, medium/large veins.
