Bone Module #2: The Appendicular Skeleton

(Femur) Fovea Capitis

- a pit in the center of the head - where a ligament extending from the acetabulum attaches to the femur and helps stabilize the hip joint

Identify whether the following features/terms apply to the clavicle or the scapula. - acromion process - "S" shape - spine - glenoid cavity - shaft - acromial end

- acromion process - scapula - "S" shape - clavicle - spine - scapula - glenoid cavity - scapula - shaft - clavicle - acromial end - clavicle

(Scapula) What are the anterior and posterior surfaces of the scapula called?

- anterior: costal (subscapular) - posterior: dorsal

(Tarsals) Talus

- articulates with both the tibia and the fibula (medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula) - forms the ankle joint - on top of the calcaneus bone

(Phalanges) What does each phalanx have?

- base - shaft - head

(Pelvis: Ischium) Lesser Sciatic Notch

- between the spine and tuberosity - provides passage for nerves and blood vessels

(Carpals) Scaphoid

- boat-shaped - articulates with the radius

(Tarsals) Calcaneus

- calcaneal tendon is attached to the posterior side of the calcaneus

(Femur) Greater and Lesser Trochanter

- connected by a ridge of anterior bone known as the interotrochanteric line - sites of muscle attachments that are involved in movement at the hip joint

What does the pectoral girdle do?

- connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton - encircles the thoracic cage - supports the upper limb while also providing sites of attachment for numerous skeletal muscles

(Metacarpals) What do the metacarpals articulate with?

- distal carpal bones - proximal finger bones

(Fibula) What is the lateral malleolus?

- distal end - flat, arrowhead shape - articulates with the fibular notch on the lateral surface of the tibia

(Scapula) Spine

- dorsal surface - ends at the acromion, which articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle

(Pelvis: Ischium) Ischial Ramus

- extends downward from the tuberosity - contributes to the obturator foramen

How does a female pelvis look different from a male pelvis?

- female pelvis is wider and shallower - female sacrum is usually wider and shorter - female coccyx is positioned more to the back and is more flexible

(Pelvis) Ischium

- forms the bony lower part of the pelvis - the right and left halves come together to form the letter "C"

(Carpals) Trapezium

- geometric-shaped - articulates with the scaphoid

(Carpals) Trapezoid

- geometric-shaped - articulates with the scaphoid

(Femur) Nutrient Foramina

- in middle of the linea aspera - major blood vessels traverse into and out of the bone shaft

(Scapula) Acromion Process

- lateral edge

(Phalanges) (3) Transverse Arch

- less prominent arch - located along the middle of foot - extends across both the distal tarsal bones and the bases of all five metatarsal bones

(Phalanges) (2) Lateral Longitudinal Arch

- less prominent arch - located on the lateral side of the foot - extends from calcaneus bone to metatarsal bones 4-5

(Tarsals) What are the distal tarsal bones?

- medial cuneiform - intermediate cuneiform - lateral cuneiform - cuboid

(Carpals) Lunate

- moon-shaped - articulates with both the radius and the ulna

(Carpals) Hamate

- named for its anterior hooklike projection - articulates with the triquetrum

(Pelvis: Ischium) Ischial Tuberosities

- parts of our backsides that bear all our axial weight as we sit - sites of attachments for a variety of posterior thigh muscles

(Metatarsal) What does each metarsal have?

- proximal base - middle shaft - distal head

(Phalanges) What are the bones comprising the toes?

- proximal phalanx - middle phalanx - distal phalanx

(Carpals) Capitate

- round-shaped - articulates with both the scaphoid and the lunate

(Carpals) What are the proximal carpal bones?

- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform

(Tibia) What does the intercondylar eminence do?

- separates the condyles - point of attachment for ligaments of the knee joint

(Carpals) Pisiform

- small and round-shaped - articulates with the triquetrum

(Clavicle) Shaft

- smooth on superior surface - conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge on inferior surface (sites of conoid and trapezoid ligament attachments that connect the clavicle to the scapula)

(Tarsals) What are the proximal tarsal bones?

- talus - calcaneus - navicular

Femur

- the largest and strongest bone in the body - the proximal epiphysis contains the spherical head which articulates with the acetabulum

(Pelvis) Ilium

- the largest bone of the hip - forms the superior part

(Phalanges) (1) Medial Longitudinal Arch

- the most prominent arch - located on the medial side of the foot - extends from calcaneus bone to metatarsal bones 1-3

(Pelvis) Pubis

- the smallest bone comprising the pelvis - the left and right pubic bones form the anterior and inferior portion of the pelvis - they meet at the pubis symphysis, where they are joined together by a pad of fibrocartilage (the angle at this junction is called the pubic arch)

(Carpals) What are the distal carpal bones?

- trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate

(Carpals) Triquetrum

- triangular-shaped - articulates with the ulna and the pisiform

(Pelvis) What are the 3 bones of the pelvis?

1.) ilium 2.) ischium 3.) pubis

(Scapula) What are the three edges of the scapula?

1.) medial borders 2.) lateral borders 3.) superior borders

(Phalanges) What are the 3 foot arches?

1.) medial longitudinal arch 2.) lateral longitudinal arch 3.) transverse arch

What are the 6 regions of the appendicular skeleton?

1.) pectoral girdle 2.) arms and forearms 3.) wrists, hands, and fingers 4.) pelvic girdle 5.) thighs and lower legs 6.) ankles, feet, and toes

Correctly order in sequence these maternal pelvic structures that a baby would encounter from first to last as a "natural birthing process" occurred. - lesser pelvis - pelvic brim - body of the ilium - pelvic outlet

1.) pelvic brim 2.) body of the ilium 3.) lesser pelvis 4.) pelvic outlet

(Phalanges) What are the 3 bones that make up each finger?

1.) proximal phalanx 2) middle phalanx 3.) distal phalanx

What are the 2 bones of the forearm?

1.) radius 2.) ulna

(Clavicle) What are the 3 parts of the clavicle?

1.) sternal end 2.) shaft 3.) acromial end

(Scapula) What are the 3 points of the scapula?

1.) superior angles 2.) inferior angles 3.) lateral angles

(Pelvis: Pubis) What are the 3 distinct parts of the pubis?

1.) superior pubic ramus 2.) pubic body 3.) inferior pubic ramus

(Metacarpals) What are the three parts in each metacarpal?

1.) the base which is the proximal epiphysis ● 2.) the shaft or body which is the diaphysis ● 3.) the head which is the distal epiphysis

What two bones make up the lower leg?

1.) tibia 2.) fibula

(Phalanges) How many finger bones are there?

14

(Phalanges) How many bones does the great toe (hallux) contain?

2

(Phalanges) How many bones do the toes contain?

3 each

(Metacarpals) How many metacarpals are there?

5

(Tarsals) How many tarsals are there?

7

The acetabulum is formed by what bones? a. ilium, ischium, and pubis b. ischial ramus, spine, and notch c. pubic bone and ischial ramus d. ilium and ischium e. ilium and pubis

A

The obturator foramen is formed by what bones? a. pubis and ischium b. ischium and iliac fossa c. pubis and iliac fossa d. iliac fossa and iliac spine

A

The radius bone of the forearm is found relative to the thumb side of the hand when anatomically positioned. a. True b. False

A

Which of the following is your "shin"? a. The anterior crest of the tibia's diaphysis. b. The diaphysis of the fibula. c. The medial malleolus of the tibia. d. The anterior crest of the fibula's diaphysis. e. The talus eminence of the tibia.

A

Which of the following statements is correct? a. Short bones are often cube shaped bones. b. Short bones include the vertebrae. c. Short bones are thin and broad. d. Short bones have more length than width. e. Short bones are specialized bones found within tendons.

A

Which of the following statements regarding the scapula is false? a. The scapula extends from rib bones #2 to 9. b. The three edges of this triangular scapula are labeled as borders. c. An angle of the scapula refers to one of its triangular apices. d. On the dorsal surface is a ridge called the spine that can be felt as the shoulder "blade." e. The glenoid cavity of the scapula is where the humerus of the upper arm articulates.

A

(Pelvis: Pubis) Superior Pubic Ramus

A beam of bone that passes posteriorly towards and contributes to the acetabulum.

Which of the following statements about sesamoid bone is incorrect? a. These are specialized bones found within tendons. b. They protect and absorb force that might break long bones. c. They are usually small, flat, oval-shaped. d. They increase muscle leverage. e. They increase the longevity of tendons.

B

Which of the following statements is correct? a. The radius is the longest of the forearm bones. b. The ulna is the widest at its distal end. c. The bony knob of your elbow knob is called the olecranon process. d. The radial tuberosity is the attachment site for the triceps muscle. e. In the distal epiphysis of the radius is an indentation called the radial notch.

C

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a compression of the media nerve that runs from your forearm to your hand through a narrow passageway in your wrist called the carpal tunnel. ○ This tunnel is created by both the concave anterior surface of the carpus and the superficial carpal ligament. ○ The median nerve collects sensory information from your thumb/fingers and controls the muscles around the base of the thumb.

Which of the following statements is correct? a. Long bones are equally long as they are wide. b. Long bones include the vertebrae. c. Long bones are thin and broad. d. Long bones have more length than width. e. Long bones are specialized bones found within tendons.

D

Which of the following statements is not correct? a. The ends of metacarpals bones form the knuckles. b. Metacarpal bones form the palm or length of the hand. c. Carpal bones makeup the wrist. d. The thumb is composed of three phalange bones. e. Phalange bones form the fingers.

D

Which of the following statements is correct? a. The clavicle looks like an extended letter "C" when viewed from above. b. A major function of the clavicle is to bind axial bones together and limit mobility. c. The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium. d. On the top surface of the clavicle are the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line. e. The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton.

E

(Femur) Shaft

On the backside of the linea aspera, which serves as an attachment point for several thigh muscles. ○ In the middle of the linea aspera is a distinct foramen called the nutrient foramina of the femur, where major blood vessels traverse into and out of the bone shaft. ● About ⅔ down the shaft, the line splits into two separate lines that lead to two projections called the medial and lateral epicondyles (mark the widest part of the femur bone). ● From there, the bone tapers into the medial and lateral condyles, which articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint. ● Between the two condyles on the posterior side is the intercondylar fossa, and on the anterior side is the patellar surface.

(Pelvis: Pubis) Inferior Pubic Ramus

Short lateral beam connects the pubic body to the ischial ramus at a circumferential ridge of bone formed as these two bones grow and join together.

(Tibia) What does the distal end of the tibia articulate with?

The distal end of the tibia articulates with the talus on a malleolar articular surface, while it also articulates with the fibula on a concave smooth area called the fibular articular surface.

(Pelvis: Pubis) Pubic Body

The superior edge of this central part is notably thickened and is called the pubic crest.

(Scapula) What is the scapula coracoid process?

This small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the anterior portion points forward and together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint through muscular attachments.

(Phalanges) Hammer Toe

When your toe bends or curls downward instead of pointing forward. ● Most commonly affects the second or third toe. ● Usually caused by a dislocated joint.

(Pelvis) Dipygus

a condition where you have two separate pelvises positioned side by side

What connects the radius and ulna?

a dense sheet of fibrous connective tissue called the interosseous membrane

(Humerus) Coronoid Fossa

a depression on the anterior surface of the humerus just above the trochlea and it accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna when the arm is flexed at the elbow

(Pelvis) What do the ischium and the pubis form?

a large opening in the pelvis called the obturator foramen which allows the passage of nerves and blood vessels

(Pelvis: Ischium) Ischial Spine

allows attachment of ligaments from the sacrum

(Pelvis: Ilium) Iliac Crest

along the top of the ilium

(Patella) What is the distal end called?

apex

(Pelvis) What do the pelvic bones articulate with?

articulate posteriorly with the sacrum of the vertebral column at the sacroiliac joints and with each other at the pubic symphysis

(Tarsals) Cuneiform Bones

articulate proximally with the navicular

(Tarsals) Navicular

articulates anteriorly with the talus

(Tarsals) Cuboid

articulates proximally with the calcaneus

(Radius) What does the radial head do?

articulates with both the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna

(Clavicle) Acromial End

articulates with the acromion process of the scapula

(Radius) What does the ulnar notch do?

articulates with the head of the ulna to form the distal radioulnar joint

(Humerus) Capitulum

articulates with the radius

(Humerus) Trochlea

articulates with the ulna

(Radius) What does the radial neck do?

attachment for the biceps brachii muscle

(Pelvis: Ilium) What are the iliac spines important for?

attachment of thigh muscles

(Pelvis: Ilium) What is the posterior surface of the ala called?

auricular surface (articulates with the sacrum)

(Humerus) What does the radial groove do?

axons of the radial nerve travel through here

What do they articulate with at their distal ends?

carpal bones

What is the tibiofibular joint?

connects the tibia and fibula

(Pelvis: Ischium) Posterior Ischial Body

contributes to the acetabulum

(Pubis: Ilium) What does the ilium body do?

contributes to the formation of the acetabulum

(Pelvis) Pelvic Brim

divides each pelvic bone into an upper greater pelvic region and a lower lesser pelvic region

(Tibia) What do the medial and lateral condyles articulate with?

femoral condyles (form the knee joint)

(Ulna) What does the coronoid process do?

fits the coronoid fossa of the humerus

(Radius) What does the radial styloid process do?

helps to form a stabilized lateral boundary of the wrist

What do the radius and ulna articulate with at their proximal ends?

humerus

What is the one bone of the upper arm?

humerus

(Pelvis: Ilium) Ala

immediately inferior to the iliac crest

What connects the tibia and fibula?

interosseous membrane

(Clavicle) What does the clavicle do?

keeps the scapula in the correct, fixed position

(Clavicle) Sternal End

medial sternal end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

(Phalanges) What do the phalanges articulate with?

metatarsals

(Phalanges) What does the big toe have?

only a proximal and distal phalanx

(Phalanges) What does the thumb have?

only a proximal and distal phalanx

(Humerus) What do the tubercles do?

provide points of attachment for the rotator cuff muscles that help to stabilize the shoulder joint

(Ulna) What does the styloid process do?

provides an attachment site for the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist

(Ulna) Where is it widest?

proximal end

(Pelvis: Ilium) What does the gluteal surface contain?

ridges called gluteal lines (which gluteal muscles attach to)

(Pelvis: Ilium) Greater Sciatic Notch

sciatic nerve passes along the pelvis here

(Patella) What type of bone is the patella?

sesamoid

(Tibia) What is the soleal line?

soleus muscle attaches here

(Pelvis) What do all three hip bones contribute to the formation of?

the acetabulum, where the hip articulates with the head of the femur

(Pelvis: Ilium) What separates the iliac fossa and the body?

the arcuate line

(Humerus) What is the deltoid tuberosity?

the attachment site for the deltoid muscle

(Patella) What is the proximal end called?

the base

(Humerus) What is found in between the greater and less tubercle?

the biceps brachii muscle passes along the bone along a groove called the bicipital groove

What is the bone of the upper leg?

the femur

(Patella) What does the patella articulate with?

the femur's patellar surface

(Fibula) What does the fibular styloid process do?

the fibular collateral ligament of the knee attaches to this styloid process

(Scapula) What is found on the lateral border?

the glenoid cavity

(Humerus) Where does the head fit?

the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder joint)

(Pelvis: Ilium) What is the external lateral surface of the ala called?

the gluteal surface

(Humerus) What is the proximal epiphysis called?

the head

(Ulna) What does the radial notch do?

the head of the radius bone articulates with the ulna here, forming the proximal radioulnar joint

(Pelvis: Ilium) What is the internal lateral surface of the ala called?

the iliac fossa

(Fibula) What does the head of the fibula articulate with?

the inferior surface of the tibia's lateral condyle

(Tibia) What does the anterior crest curve into?

the medial malleolus (forms ankle bulge)

(Scapula) What does the glenoid cavity form with the humerus?

the shoulder joint

(Humerus) What do the epiphysis and diaphysis meet together to form?

the surgical neck

(Fibula) What does the fibula articulate with to help stabilize the ankle joint?

the talus bone

(Femur) What do the condyles articulate with?

the tibia (form the knee joint)

(Ulna) What does the olceranon process do?

tricep muscles attach to the bone

(Ulna) What does the trochlear notch do?

trochlea of the humerus articulates with the ulna here

(Metatarsal) What does the fifth metatarsal have?

tuberosity

(Carpals) How are the carpal bones arranged?

two rows containing four bones each

(Metatarsal) What does the first metatarsal have?

two small sesamoid bones on the plantar surface

(Tibia) What does the tibial tuberosity do?

where the patellar ligaments attach to the tibia