BYUI HS 310 Unit 3 (L8 - L11)
Ground water supply
local health dept imposes minimum separation distances (100 ft or 30.4 m) between drinking water wells and pollution sources wells should receive minimum amount of surface water runoff
Biological Pollutants'
pollen viruses bacteria household pests (skin flakes) pest, insects, rodent dropping Protein urine - rats, mice contaminated central air (B, P)
acid rain
pollutants in the water *oxides of nitrogen *sulfur (A-R)
Precipitation
the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
1%
% of water that is fresh surface or ground water
carbon monoxide limits (OSHA)The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for carbon monoxide is 50 parts per million (ppm) parts of air
Campylobacter
-Bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. -Puppies, livestock (fecal-oral, ingestion of undercooked meat) poultry unpasterized milk . Watery or bloody diarrhea, severe abdominal pain 1.3 million illnesses each year in US (C)
Non-Point Source
-Excess fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides from agricultural lands and residential areas -Oil, grease and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy production -Sediment from improperly managed construction sites, crop and forest lands, and eroding streambanks -Salt from irrigation practices and acid drainage from abandoned mines -Bacteria and nutrients from livestock, pet wastes and faulty septic systems -Atmospheric deposition and hydromodification
dealing with mold
1. address moisture sources, repair, dehumidifier 2. clean & neutralize current mold spores bleach solution 200 parts per million - 500 ppm (2 tbsp commercial bleach to one gallon of water. spray and let soak for 5 min. spray again & scrub using hard bristle brush
Carbon Dioxide CO2 ASHRAE Standard "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality"
1000 ppm CO2 for indoor spaces is a guideline not a standard
Dug Wells Bored Wells Driven Wells Drilled Wells
4 main types of personal wells
slight effect noise dose
As 80 dB is exceeded, damage increases: daily exposure at 85 dB produces a small hearing loss after many years of exposure. (S - E - N - D)
just tolerable noise dose
90 dB is there a significant effect, a loss of about 15 dB at the most sensitive frequencies of 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz. For this reason, an 8-hour exposure to 90 dB has been widely adopted as a ______ _____________ ________ ______(J - T - N - D)
Carbon Dioxide CO2
A green house caused by the burning of fossil fuels e.g. oil and coal to create electricity
Ossicles
A group of three small bones in the middle ear that transmit sound waves to the cochlea. The three bones are called the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup).
Audiologist
A health care professional who is specially trained to evaluate hearing disorders.
Cochlea
A snail-shaped fluid-filled chamber in the inner ear.
Sound-level meter
A steel fabrication shop has some significant noise problems. Specifically, the employees complain about a 3/4 inch steel shear. Which instrument would you use to initially measure the noise level of the shear? Sound-level meter Octave band analyzer Dosimeter Noise monitor
Decibel (dB).
A unit of measurement for expressing the relative intensity of sounds
you can easily estimate how much water you have
Advantage of surface water
a music player with ear buds
All of the following are useful for hearing protection in a working environment except for . a music player with ear buds canal caps ear muffs foam earplugs
diarrhea due to sanitation
An estimated 801,000 children younger than 5 years of age perish from diarrhea each year, mostly in developing countries. This amounts to 11% of the 7.6 million deaths of children under the age of five and means that about 2,200 children are dying every day as a result of diarrheal diseases (D, D, t S)
Vertigo
An illusory feeling that either one's self or the environment is revolving. It is usually caused either by diseases of the inner ear or disturbances of the central nervous system.
doppler effect
An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving (ambulance)
Carbon monoxide levels in home
Average levels in homes without gas stoves vary from 0.5 to 5 parts per million (ppm). Levels near properly adjusted gas stoves are often 5 to 15 ppm and those near poorly adjusted stoves may be 30 ppm or higher.
Organic material and moisture/water
Biological contaminants are often found in areas that provide what two things?
Organic material and moisture/water
Biological contaminants are often found in areas that provide what two things? Light and moisture/water Organic material and oxygen Organic material and moisture/water Organic material and light
Copper exposure toxin
Breathing high levels of __________ can cause irritation of your nose and throat. Ingesting high levels of ____________ can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Very-high doses of ____________ can cause damage to your liver and kidneys, and can even cause death. EPA- less than 1.3 mg of ____________^ per one liter of drinking water RDA- 900 micrograms of _____________ per day (µg/day) OHSA- not exceed 0.1 mg of ___________ fumes per cubic meter of air (0.1 mg/m3 ) and 1.0 mg/m3 for ____________ dusts. (C-E-T)
Incomplete combustion of carbon based fuel
Carbon monoxide is caused by Incomplete combustion of carbon based fuel Respiration by too many people A reduction reaction of carbon dioxide VOCs
Incomplete combustion of carbon based fuel
Carbon monoxide is caused by _____.
Temporary Threshold Shift
Change in hearing temporarily -usually comes back in 24 hours, but may last up to a week
basic drinking water process.
Coagulation and Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection - chlorine or chloramine Water Fluoridation
Point Source, Non-Point Source
Define the two types of water pollution source
E.coli
Diarrhea infections, meningitis, UTI, sepsis (E)
river- pumps- pretreatment- rapid-mix basin- flocculation basin- settling basin- filters-clear well- disinfection- storage tanks- city
Draw a flow chart that shows how drinking water goes from the reservoir to a house. (R, Pu, Pr, R-M-B, F-B, S-B, F, C-W-D, ST, C)
Permissible exposures limits (PEL)
Duration per day, hours | Sound level dBA slow response 8...........................| 90 6...........................| 92 4...........................| 95 3...........................| 97 2...........................| 100 1 1/2 ......................| 102 1...........................| 105 1/2 ........................| 110 1/4 or less................| 115 (P, E, L)
formaldehyde - byproduct of combustion
Emissions from un-vented, fuel burning appliances, like gas stoves or kerosene space heaters. Cigarette smoke. (F, bp, o, C)
OSHA hearing conservation
Employers must provide hearing protectors to all workers exposed to 8-hour TWA noise levels of 85 dB or above
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
VOCs Health Effects
Eye, nose and throat irritation Headaches, loss of coordination and nausea Damage to liver, kidney and central nervous system Some organics can cause cancer in animals, some are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans. onjunctival irritation nose and throat discomfort headache allergic skin reaction dyspnea declines in serum cholinesterase levels nausea emesis epistaxis fatigue dizziness
Hearing loss in children
Failed a newborn hearing screening Does not respond to cooing or conversation Does not react to sudden loud noises. Has trouble with certain word sounds. Does not imitate or repeat words Uses gestures Seems to watch people's faces for clues to understanding what they are saying.
Reducing Exposure to Biological Contaminants
General good housekeeping, maintenance of heating and air conditioning equipment, exhaust fans that are vented to the outdoors Ventilate the attic and crawl spaces cool mist or ultrasonic humidifiers clean and dry water-damaged carpets and building materials Clean and disinfect the basement floor drain (R, E, B, C)
Engineering Administrative & Personal Protection
Give examples of the controls found in the control hierarchy for noise. (E-A & P-P)
Not always easy to access
Ground water disadvantage
mild
Hearing loss in adults of 26-40 dB. The person can generally hear adequately during a one-on-one conversation but will miss words and phrases when there is background noise.
moderate
Hearing loss in adults of 41-70 dB. The person will miss a number of speech sounds (particularly consonants); will find telephone conversation difficult; and will often have to ask a conversation partner to repeat what was just said.
severe
Hearing loss in adults of 71-90 dB. The person will need a hearing aid to understand most speech sounds almost all the time and will find using the telephone very difficult,
profound
Hearing loss in adults of 91 dB or more. The person will need a hearing aid or cochlear implant to perceive speech sounds.
Normal
Hearing loss in adults of up to 25 decibles (dB), up to 15 dB in children. The person can hear most of a conversation in a quiet setting.
VOCs sources
Household products, including: paints, paint strippers and other solvents wood preservatives aerosol sprays cleansers and disinfectants moth repellents and air fresheners stored fuels and automotive products hobby supplies dry-cleaned clothing pesticide. Other products, including: building materials and furnishings office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers and photographic solutions.
884 million people, or 12 percent of global population
How many people do not have access to an adequate source of clean drinking water
Swab sample
If there is a black fuzzy substance in a hard to get to place which test would be best to see if it was really mold growth?
Swab sample
If there is a black fuzzy substance in a hard to get to place which test would be best to see if it was really mold growth? Biocassette Spore trap Swab sample Tape sample
VOCs Steps to Reduce Exposure
Increase ventilation meet label precautions Do not store opened containers of unused paints and similar materials Formaldehyde, one of the best known VOCs, Use integrated pest management techniques to reduce the need for pesticides. Use household products according to manufacturer's directions. plenty of fresh air when using these products. throw away unused or little-used containers safely Keep out of reach of children and pets. Never mix household care products unless directed on the label. Follow label instructions carefully. Throw away partially full containers of old or unneeded chemicals safely. Buy limited quantities. Keep exposure to emissions from products containing methylene chloride to a minimum. Keep exposure to benzene to a minimum. Keep exposure to perchloroethylene emissions from newly dry-cleaned materials to a minimum.
1000 ppm
Indoor levels of carbon dioxide exceeding __________ indicates ventilation is not functioning properly.
1000 ppm
Indoor levels of carbon dioxide exceeding indicates ventilation is not functioning properly. 350 ppm 400 ppm 500 ppm 1000 ppm 1600 ppm
Carbon monoxide -steps to reduce
Keep gas appliances properly adjusted. Consider purchasing a vented space heater when replacing an unvented one. Use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters. Install and use an exhaust fan vented to outdoors over gas stoves. Open flues when fireplaces are in use. Choose properly sized wood stoves that are certified to meet EPA emission standards. Make certain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly. Have a trained professional inspect, clean and tune-up central heating system (furnaces, flues and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks promptly. Do not idle the car inside garage.
Noise dosimeter
Keeps track of total dose during an exposure. Both the Metrosonic and Quest dosimeters are meant to measure personal or exposure over time. The results are given as time weighted averages that can be compared to the OSHA standard. Units Time Weighted Average (TWA) decible or percent dose
Active Monitoring Program Audiometric Testing supply hearing Protection devices employee training & education accurate record keeping program Temporary Threshold Shifts
List the components of a hearing conservation program. (A-M-P, Am-T, S-H-P-D, E-T-&-E, A-R-K-P, T-T-H-S)
building-related illness (BRI)
Mold related BRIs result from mold contamination that has occurred in buildings under specific conditions. All BRIs are preventable by eliminating and controlling the conditions that can lead to the harmful exposures
Biological Contaminants
Mold, dust mites, pet dander and pest droppings or body parts can trigger asthma. (B, C)
water
Most people can only go about 3 days without __________ before having significant and irreversible health problems, including death.
expensive, No healthier than tap water, garbage, less attention to public systems, corporatization of water
What are some of the disadvantages to using bottled water? (E, N-H-Th-T-W, G, L-A-t-P-S, C-of-W)
surface water, ground water
Our drinking water comes from two sources:
part of the world with least amount of potable water
Over 40 percent of all people without improved drinking water live in Sub Saharan Africa. An estimated 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation (more than 35% of the world's population). 7/10 people without access to improved sanitation were rural inhabitants
Giardia
People become infected when they swallow the parasite Is found on surfaces or in the soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces (poop) from infected humans or animals. A microorganism that infects the digestive system Identify key organisms causing diarrhea: ■ Camping (G)
Acoustic trauma
Permanent damage to the hair cells in the cochlea caused by a one-time exposure to an extremely loud noise, such as an explosion or military shellfire.
frequency (pitch) intensity (volume)
What are the two dimensions sound occurs in? (F, I)
Preventive Maintenance Mold
Preventing mold growth in occupied areas Preventing mold and bacterial growth in the building's ventilation system Cleaning the building's air ducts Protecting building occupants during building renovations or remodeling
Hearing loss in Adults .
Problems hearing a conversation over the telephone. Having trouble following conversations, particularly if two or more people are talking. Having to ask others to repeat what they have just said. Having difficulty hearing higher-pitched sounds, such as the voices of women and children. Failing to hear the doorbell or telephone ring. Having difficulty telling the direction of a sound.
Octave band analyzer
Quantify noise levels at different frequencies. Used to identify which frequency is producing the high levels of noise. Very valuable for determining what type of controls should be put in place. The controls should reduce noise at the specific frequency. Units - decibel
4 pCi/L
Radon action levels
Formaldehyde is found in:
Resins used in the manufacture of composite wood products Building materials and insulation Household products such as glues, permanent press fabrics, paints and coatings, lacquers and finishes, and paper products Preservatives used in some medicines, cosmetics and other consumer products such as dishwashing liquids and fabric softeners Fertilizers and pesticides (F, i, F, i)
Tinnitus
Ringing in the ears
false
Sick building syndrome occurs when a highly contagious disease is discovered in a building and the building must be condemned. T or F
False
Sick building syndrome occurs when a highly contagious disease is discovered in a building and the building must be condemned. True or False
reduce its acidity
Slaked, or hydrated lime, is added to the water to (R-I-A)
Hair cells
Special cells in the cochlea that convert the movement of the fluid inside the cochlea into electrical signals that travel to the brain via the auditory nerve.
mold - concerns
Structural damage to buildings create odors and may trigger health effects, allergic reactions
95
The 8-hour Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for noise is 90dBA, what is the adjusted PEL for a 4-hour exposure? 80 85 90 95 100
Evaporation
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
Condensation
The change of state from a gas to a liquid
Water, proper temperature, food source, AND a viable spore
The conditions necessary for mold growth (mold triangle) include . Water, proper temperature, food source Water, proper temperature, food source, AND a viable spore Water, proper temperature, food source, AND a NON-viable spore Water, proper temperature, viable spore
Water, proper temperature, food source and Viable spore
The conditions necessary for mold growth (mold triangle) include _____.
Presbycusis
The medical term for age-related hearing loss.
Barotrauma
The medical term for physical injury to the ear or other body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding fluid (water or air).
Tinnitus
The medical term for ringing in the ears.
Hyphae, mycellium, fruiting body, conidiaphore, conidia
The mold cycle includes all of the following in the proper order. (H, M, F-B, C-ore, C)
Hyphae, mycellium, fruiting body, conidiaphore, conidia
The mold cycle includes all of the following in the proper order. (Hy - My - Fr Bo, Co___e, Co)
intensity
The part of sound measured by decibels is the frequency pitch intensity
frequency
The part of sound which indicates pitch is the . frequency decibels intensity tone deaf
frequency range
The range of human hearing in the young is approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz—the higher number tends to decrease with age (as do many other things).
Pinna
The visible part of the outer ear.
issues dealing with bottled water.
There's a simple alternative to bottled water: buy a stainless steel thermos, and use it. Don't like the way your local tap water tastes? Inexpensive carbon filters will turn most tap water sparkling fresh at a fraction of bottled water's cost. Conserve water wherever possible, and stay on top of local water issues. Bottled water is used all over the world sometimes as a necessity and sometimes as a luxury. (I-D-w-B-W)
lung cancer mesothelioma asbestosis
Three of the major health effects associated with asbestos exposure are:
Biological Contaminants
Tuberculosis, measles, staphylococcus infections, Legionella and influenza are known to be transmitted by air. (B, C)
conserve water
Turn off the Tap! dishes, brushing teeth Shower Power! less than 5 mins Fix That Leak! Beat the Heat! water in the morning Who Needs a Hose? use bucket
mold triangle
Viable mold spore Water - Food - Cellulosic materials such as paper straw and wood Proper Temperature -
water, sanitation, and hygiene
WASH
Radon
WHO - _________ causes up to 15% of lung cancers worldwide
Ground Water
Water found below the Earth's surface.
Run off
Water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground.
Giardia Legionella Norovirus Shigella Campylobacter Copper Salmonella Hepatitis A Cryptosporidium E. coli, excess fluoride
Water-related Diseases and Contaminants in Public Water Systems (G, L, N, S, Cb, C, S, H, Cr, E. c, E-F)
convenience, safety
What are some of the advantages to using bottled water?
exposure to noise
What can cause Feeling pain in the ears. Having a ringing or roaring sensation in the ears. Finding that their hearing is decreased or that sounds seem muffled for several hours after the noise stops. (E t N)
Inadequate ventilation
What is the primary reason that contaminants become a problem in issues of indoor air quality?
Inadequate ventilation
What is the primary reason that contaminants become a problem in issues of indoor air quality? Inadequate ventilation Building products like carpet High humidity High temperature High population in the building
potable
What term means suitable for drinking
Sensorineural hearing loss
What type of hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain? Sensorineural hearing loss Conductive hearing loss Tinnitus Presbycusis
Noise dosimeter
What type of instrument should you use to measure noise over an 8 hour workday? Sound-level meter Noise dosimeter Octave band analyzer Sound calibrator
drilled
What type of well can go the deepest?
dug well
What type of well is most likely to be contaminated?
Driven Well
What type of well is the most likely to become contaminated?
carbon dioxide
Which of the following are NOT considered volatile organic compounds that could cause indoor air quality problems? Sprayed on paint Carpet glue Carbon dioxide All of the choices are VOCs.
Sprayed on paint Carpet glue
Which of the following are considered Volatile Organic Compounds that could cause indoor air quality problems?
inner ear
Which part of the ear are we most concerned about damaging with occupational noise? Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
Cochlea
Which part of the ear contains the small "hair cells" that transfer mechanical waves into electrical impulses? Cochlea Middle ear Pinna Tympanic membrane
middle ear
Which part of the ear houses the three tiny bones that transmit sound waves out of the air and convert them into waves through a fluid medium? Outer ear Inner ear Middle ear
biocassette
Which test for mold would you use in a surgical suite to protect patients from aspergillosis?
biocasette
Which test for mold would you use in a surgical suite to protect patients from aspergillosis? biocassette spore trap tape sample swab sample
Drilled Well
Which type of well can go the deepest?
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Who decided that exposure to 85-90 decibels (dB) of noise for longer than eight hours a day can result in permanent hearing loss.
85 db
You are considering a hearing conservation program for workers. You conduct noise sampling. Select the lowest decibel level for which you would be required to monitor your workplace and protect your workers.8
mold found
_______ growth may occur when excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials including carpet, ceiling tile, insulation, paper, wallboard, wood, surfaces behind wallpaper, or in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems
Radon risk
_________ is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer. (> 20,000 die of _________ - related lung cancer/year) You can't see or smell _________. Testing is the only way to know your level of exposure. _________can have a big impact on indoor air quality.
How Can People Be Exposed to Asbestos?
____________ _________ may be released into the air by the disturbance of ____________-containing material during product use, demolition work, building or home maintenance, repair, and remodeling.
Asbestos
_____________ is a mineral fiber that occurs in rock and soil.
Trachoma
_____________ is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness and results from poor hygiene and sanitation. Bacterial disease of the eye that causes conjunctivitis, which may lead to blindness
conductive causes
_______________ ___________ can occur when the ear canal is blocked by wax or a foreign object, the eardrum is punctured, the ossicles are dislocated, or the ear canal is swollen shut due to infection.
Legionella
________________' disease is a serious type of pneumonia (lung infection) caused by _____________ bacteria. ________________ can also cause a milder illness called Pontiac fever. People can get sick when they breathe in mist or accidently swallow water into the lungs containing ____________ (L)
salmonella
_____________develops diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps between 12 and 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most individuals recover without treatment a type of bacteria found in food (S)
Formaldehyde
a colorless pungent gas in solution made by oxidizing methanol.
Norovirus
a contagious gastrointestinal illness Viral _______________ is the leading cause of illness and outbreaks from contaminated food in the United States. Most of these outbreaks occur in the food service settings like restaurants. Infected food workers are frequently the source of the outbreaks, often by touching ready-to-eat foods, such as raw fruits and vegetables, with their bare hands before serving them. (N)
Hepatitis A
a form of viral ____________ transmitted in food, causing fever and jaundice. transmitted by fecal-oral route vaccine-preventable, communicable disease of the liver caused by the ____________ __ virus (HAV).
mold
a fungus that produces a superficial growth on various kinds of damp or decaying organic matter
Distillation Systems
a process in which impure water is boiled and the steam is collected and condensed in a separate container, leaving many of the solid contaminants behind.
Presbycusis
age-related hearing loss
Indoor Air Quality
air quality within buildings as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants
building-related illness (BRI) health effects
allergic rhinitis (sneezing, runny nose, eye irritation, coughing, congestion, aggravation of asthma, and skin rash), allergic asthma, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis), and infections such as histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis. weakened immune system - pregnancy, diabetes autoimmune disease, infants, children, and elderly leukemia or AIDS Mycotoxins
Mold- three types of adverse health effects
allergy (rhinitis, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) ventilation pneumonitis), infection (systemic fungal), and toxin-mediated (mycotoxins, toxic mold) conditions
flocculation
aluminium sulfate solution large particles fall to bottom formation of flaky masses resulting from precipitation or coming out of a suspension or solution
much less likely to be contaminated
an advantage of ground water
Administrative controls
are changes in the workplace that reduce or eliminate the worker exposure to noise Operating noisy machines during shifts when fewer people are exposed. Limiting the amount of time a person spends at a noise source. Providing quiet areas where workers can gain relief from hazardous noise sources Restricting worker presence to a suitable distance away from noisy equipment.
Volatile Organic Compounds' (VOCs)
are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids
carbon monoxide limits (NIOSH)The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
as established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for carbon monoxide of 35 ppm (40 mg/m(3)) as an 8-hour TWA and 200 ppm (229 mg/m(3)) as a ceiling
hydrologic cycle
atmospheric moister = rain snow sleet evaporation = from oceans streams ponds soil moisture on leaves, transpiration of plants and falling. precipitation = moisture condenses and falls back to earth and will become surface water or groundwater (H-C)
VOCs Levels in Homes
average 2 to 5 times higher indoors than outdoor certain activities, such as paint stripping, levels may be 1,000 times background outdoor levels.
deeper underground water
better biological quality (filtration) poorer chemical quality additional minerals added (calcium & magnesium - add to hardness in water)
Water quality
biologically - living organisms physically - pH (above 7 -alkaline, below - acid can eat away the pipes) - Color - natural breakdown f organics chemically -long list ie. nitrites & nitrates (methemoglobinemia "blue baby syndrome") -Hardness (W-Q)
exposed to formaldehyde
breathing air containing off-gassed ____________ __ __________________ (E, t, F)
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
building occupants experience a variety of symptoms that, unlike BRIs, appear to be linked to time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified. Symptoms often disappear after occupants leave the building
carbon monoxide limits (ACGIH)The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
carbon monoxide a threshold limit value (TLV) of 25 ppm (29 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [ACGIH 1994, p. 15]. The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels
Surface water
cistern ponds lakes rivers
backwashing
clean water and air are forced in from the bottom. And this cleans the particles of sand
Treatment for hearing loss
conductive medicated ear drops suction, forceps, flushing removal of tumor where ear plugs PPE hearing aids BAHA implanted senorineral cochlear implants
Sensorineural hearing loss
damage to the hair cells in the cochlea or to the nerves that conduct hearing signals to the brain. This damage can be caused by infections (most commonly measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, or mononucleosis); by head trauma; by diabetes and other disorders that affect the circulatory system; by cancer drugs and some other medications; or by a tumor affecting the auditory nerve.
Cryptosporidium
disease that causes watery diarrhea. "__________", can be found in water, food, soil or on surfaces or dirty hands that have been contaminated with the feces of humans or animals infected with the parasite Swallowing as few as 10 __________ germs can cause infection (C)
wavelength
distance in space required to complete a full cycle of a frequency. (Greek lambda) = speed of sound / frequency
vertigo
dizziness in which the person perceives their surroundings as spinning or turning around them
Spring surface water
does it have a constant flow supply turbid or "muddy" low areas and get contaminated by higher elevations
PPE - personal protection equipment
expandable foam plugs pre-molded reusable plugs canal caps earmuffs
humidifier fever
exposure to toxins from microorganisms that can grow in large building ventilation systems.
carbon monoxide health effects
fatigue chest pain angina impaired vision headaches dizziness confusion nausea flu-like symptoms that clear up after leaving home fatal at very high concentrations
biological monitoring
fish detect chemicals in water (B-M)
potable characteristics
good taste odor microbiological quality (P-C)
no effect noise dose
habitual exposure to steady workplace noise, 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, 50 weeks per year, will produce no hearing loss if the noise level does not exceed 80 dB. (N - E - N - D)
Conductive (CHL)
having the quality or power of conducting heat or electricity or sound sound waves cannot move through the structures of the outer and middle ear.
frequency
he number of cycles per unit of time is called ________________. For convenience, ________________ is most often measured in cycles per second (cps) or the interchangeable Hertz (Hz) (60 cps = 60 Hz), named after the 19th C. physicist. 1000 Hz is often referred to as 1 kHz (kilohertz) or simply '1k' in studio parlance.
Octave-band analyzers uses
help determine the adequacy of various types of frequency-dependent noise controls, select hearing protectors because they can measure the amount of attenuation (how much a sound is weakened) offered by the protectors in the octave bands responsible for most of the sound energy in a given situation, and divide noise into its frequency components.
Health Effects From Biological Contaminants
hypersensitivity pneumonitis allergic rhinitis some types of asthma neezing watery eyes coughing shortness of breath dizziness lethargy fever digestive problems(H, E, f, B, C)
Biological Contaminants
including molds and pollens can cause allergic reactions for a significant portion of the population. (B, C)
causes of conductive hearing loss
infection trauma to outer or middle ear buildup earwax foreign bodies in ear dislocation of ossicles (blow to ear)
Carbon monoxide measurement methods
infrared radiation adsorption electrochemical instruments real-time measuring devices passive monitors (being developed)
Monitoring
instant readings - decibel meter over 80db - time weighted average exceed PEL limits - implements mitigation program
IAQ immediate effects
irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. asthma may show up, be aggravated or worsened.
Health effects of formaldehyde
irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat. High levels of exposure may cause some types of cancers. (H, E, o F)
Disinfection
is a physical or chemical process in which pathogenic microorganisms are deactivated or killed. i.e. chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone.
Sensonueral (SNHL)
is a rare condition in which a person becomes deaf all at once or over a period of three days. It is considered a medical emergency and the person should consult a doctor at once.
Point Source
is a single, identifiable source of pollution, such as a pipe or a drain. Industrial wastes are commonly discharged to rivers and the sea in this way. factory water treatment plant leaking septic tanks
Guinea Worm Disease
is an extremely painful parasitic infection spread through contaminated drinking water. A parasitic infection occurring in parts of Africa without access to safe water. Most of those cases were from Chad (41%)
destroys living organisms in the water
liquid chlorine ozonizers (D-L-O-I-t-W)
wavelength
lower frequencies have longer ________________. We are able to hear lower frequencies around a corner because the longer _________________ refract or bend more easily around objects than do shorter ones. Longer __________________ are harder for us to locate directionally,
intensity
measured in Decibels (db). (I)
frequency
measured in Hertz (or wave oscillations per second) the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (F)
audiometric testing
measurement of hearing, usually with an instrument called an audiometer test- 8 different frequencies, at lowest sound intensity. begins at normal hearing then goes to the point it can no longer be heard then goes back up.
Sound level meter
measures intensity of sound pressure emanating from a source Quantify noise levels. Used as an exploratory instrument to quickly assess noise levels and get an idea of what areas or machines may be producing hazardous levels of noise.
sound
mechanical sound waves move through the air, enter our ear, transfer the mechanical signals into electrical ones,
VOCs
methylene chloride benzene perchloroethylene formaldehyde
signs of indoor air problems
moisture condensation on windows or walls smelly or stuffy air dirty central heating and air cooling equipment and areas where books, shoes, or other items become moldy
Mold - preventive maintenance
moisture control eliminate sources of dampness, high humidity, and moisture water leaks venting moisture-generating appliances, to the outside
controlling mold
moisture control is the most important strategy for reducing indoor mold growth.
Mold Air sampling results
mold sampling results that are in CFU/m2 and CFU/m3 (colony-forming units per cubic meter of air)
drilled
most versatile, not limited by depth of rock thousands of feet deep
Contamination of drinking water supplies
naturally occurring chemicals and minerals (for example, arsenic, radon, uranium), local land use practices (fertilizers, pesticides, concentrated feeding operations), manufacturing processes, and sewer overflows or wastewater releases. (C, o, D, W, S)
sociacusis
noise from social sources outside of work
cause of sensorineural hearing loss
noise induce hearing loss (NIHL) trauma to acoustic nerve barotrauma (change in pressure) deep sea diving or flight fracture of the bones at the side and base of the skull drugs diabetes tumors infectious diseases autoimmune disorders aging
Carbon Monoxide
odorless, colorless and toxic gas. Because it is impossible to see, taste or smell the toxic fumes, CO can kill you before you are aware
Driven Wells
pipe with a special screened point with pump on top (25 ft) . limited to areas with large particles: sands, sandy loam, compacted soils don't exist. coastal regions with shallow water table. undesirable for human consumption
ear canal → tympanic membrane → ossicles → cochlea → cochlear nerve (auditory nerve)
pathway of sound(EC, TM, O, C, CN)
Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)
preventable hearing loss over-stimulation by high intensity sound waves that damage the hair cells. oxidation from s sudden sharp noise (explosion gunfire) or loud noise that lasts a long time (N - I - H - L)
Engineering controls
reduce sound exposure levels are available and technologically feasible for most noise sources. Engineering controls involve modifying or replacing equipment, or making related physical changes at the noise source or along the transmission path to reduce the noise level at the worker's ear. In some instances the application of a relatively simple engineering noise control solution reduces the noise hazard to the extent that further requirements Choose low-noise tools and machinery. Maintain and lubricate machinery and equipment (e.g., oil bearings). Place a barrier between the noise source and employee (e.g., sound walls or curtains). Enclose or isolate the noise source.
Water Softeners
reduces the hardness of the water. uses sodium or potassium ions to replace calcium and magnesium ions, the ions that create "hardness."
Filtration Systems
removes impurities from water by means of a physical barrier, chemical, and/or biological process.
IAQ long-term effects
respiratory diseases, heart disease and cancer, can be severely debilitating or fatal
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health.
cholera
severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration caused by the bacterium Vibrio ___________ symptoms develop in 24 hours (C)
Bored wells
similar to dug well, difference is the methodology - power operated auger is use to dig. limitations - no deeper than consolidated bedrock or impervious strata , depends on precipitation to recharge
household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater collections
sources of water (H-C, P-Sp, B, P-D-W, P-S, R-C)
Life cycle of Mold
spore hyphae - appendages attach to surface material mycelium - mature matrix of hyphae fruiting bodies - rise into the air conidiophore - grows at the top of fruiting bodies, houses maturing conidia conidia - release spores into air spores
Mold air testing
spore traps biocassettes - biocassette can help identify the dangerous aspergillus fumigates that can grow at body temperature and can lead to aspergillosis especially in hospitals.
Sound Level meter uses
spot-check noise dosimeter performance, determine an employee's noise dose whenever use of a noise dosimeter is unavailable or inappropriate, identify and evaluate individual noise sources for abatement purposes, aid in determining the feasibility of engineering controls for individual noise sources, and evaluate hearing protectors.
types of mold sampling
surface sampling air sampling
Cistern surface water
tank for storing rainwater from a catchment area (grounds water, rooftop or hauled in from outside source) limited by the amount of rainfall, catchment area size of the storage tank (large enough to hold enough water to last in the driest periods of the year) when catchment is rooftop (galvanized steel and aluminum)
Mold surface testing
tape samples swab samples - Swabs are good for hard to reach places where it is difficult to fit a strip of tape.
doppler shift
the amount by which the wavelength of light is shifted by the ____________ effect
Source Control Improved Ventilation Air cleaners
three basic strategies to improve indoor air quality (SC - IV - AC)
Filtration Systems Water Softeners Distillation Systems Disinfection
types of Household Water Treatment (F-S, W-S, D-S, D)
Carbon Monoxide sources
unvented kerosene and gas space heaters leaking chimneys and furnaces back-drafting from furnaces, gas water heaters, wood stoves and fireplaces gas stoves generators and other gasoline powered equipment automobile exhaust from attached garages tobacco smoke auto, truck, or bus exhaust from attached garages, nearby roads, or parking areas incomplete oxidation during combustion in gas ranges, and unvented gas or kerosene heaters worn or poorly adjusted and maintained combustion devices (e.g., boilers, furnaces)
Where Can I Find Asbestos?
variety of building construction materials for insulation and as a fire retardant. Asbestos has also been used in a wide range of manufactured goods, mostly in building materials (roofing shingles, ceiling and floor tiles, paper products, and asbestos cement products), friction products (automobile clutch, brake, and transmission parts), heat-resistant fabrics, packaging, gaskets, and coatings.
shigella
very common. Often mucus/bloody diarrhea. Daycare centers bacillary dysentery (S)
Noise sampling methods
walk-around survey work shift sampling
Dug Wells
water collects over surface of bed rock /dense formation. dig straight down until reaching water. depth can be limited by bedrock. constructed by hand
Sound Level meters Noise Dosimeters Octave-band analyzers
what instruments would you use to monitor noise? (S-L-M, N-D, O-B-A)
Prevent hearing loss
why would you avoid using several noisy machines listen at moderate sound level wear ear plugs
Noise dosimeters uses:
worn by the employee in order to determine the personal noise dose during an 8-hour work shift or sampling period. make compliance measurements according to OSHA's noise standard and measure the employee's exposure to noise and automatically compute the necessary noise dose calculations. microphone placed in hearing zone - 2ft diameter around head
ground water disadvantages
• Aquifers must be recharged • Water percolating through ground can pick up minerals and become hard (G-W-D)
surface water advantages
• Can be store in reservoirs • Water is visible tangible source • Used where ground water is not available (S-W-A)
surface water disadvantages
• Evaporation loss is high • Easily contaminated by animals, humans, or spills • Rivers could be dry during certain times of the year • Dependent on precipitation and snow pack • Houses depending on surface water must be close to source or expensive piping must be put in (S-W-D)
ground water advantages
• Evaporation loss is low • Aquifers can store and provide water for many years • Ground aquifers are found all over • Wells can be drilled near homes for close water source • Ground works as a filter to clean contaminant (G-W-A)