BZ 101 exam 1
Characterize nucleic acids. List components of a nucleotide.
PPN phosphate, pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) nitrogen containing base
polar body:
(got from google so who knows if it's right) -each of the small cells that bud off from an oocyte at the two meiotic divisions and do not develop into ova.
chloroplasts:
(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place, work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells
karyotype
-# and visual appearance of chromosomes in cell nuclei -the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species
nonsister chromatid
-1 strand is inherited from mother, other is inherited from father
How many amino acids exist in nature?
-20
receptor-mediatedendocytosis
-A type of pinocytosis that involves a coated pit
components of the cell theory
-All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells -Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms -All cells come only from other cells
Organic molecules:
-Always contain:-Carbon (C) & Hydrogen (H) atoms -Carbon atoms often share electrons w/ other carbon atoms forming long hydrocarbon chains -Attached to the carbon chains are functional groups -A group of atoms that reacts/behaves in a predictable way -Cells have common mechanisms for joining monomers and degrading polymers:
3 domains of life:
-Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus.
eukaryotic cells
-Are structurally complex -Have a nucleus -Possess membrane -bounded organelles -Animals, plants, fungi and protists -Some eukaryotic cells have cell walls.
haploid:
-Cells have half the diploid number of chromosomes -Human eggs or sperm = 23 or 1 member of each pair
diploid:
-Cells have two (a pair) of each type of chromosome-Human body cells = 46 (23 pairs)
Discuss differences between DNA and RNA
-DNA: -stores genetic information in the cell and in the organism. transcribed into rna -RNA: (ribonucleic acid) (messenger) -Both are polymers of nucleotides
3 major types with lipids:
-Fats and oils, Phospholipids & Steroids
Characterize carbohydrates. List and describe structural and storage carbohydrates discussed in class.
-Function for quick fuel and short-term energy storage -Play a structural role in plants, bacteria and arthropods -simple carohydrates are monosaccharides, glucose, lactose, fructose (sucrose, lactose)
tumor suppressor genes
-Inhibit cell division& promote apoptosis
prokaryotic cells
-Lack a membrane -bounded nucleus -Domains Bacteria and Archaea -Generally unicellular -May be single, strings or clusters
polymer
-Large organic molecules formed by combining monomers
phagocytosis:
-Large, particulate matter -this process would enable a white blood cell to ingest bacterium
pinocytosis:
-Liquids&small particles dissolved in liquid
How do oogenesis and spermatogenesis differ?
-Meiosis in the female is part of oogenesis -Meiosis in the male is part of spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis
-Meiosis in the male is part of spermatogenesis
interkinesis
-Period of time between Meiosis I & Meiosis II -No replication of DNA
Briefly describe: photosynthesis and cellular respiration
-Photosynthesis = plants obtain energy through sunlight, water and CO2 -Cellular respiration= mammals obtain energy using the O2 produced by plants
proto-oncogenes
-Promote the cell cycle and cell division
How does a saturated fat differ from an unsaturated fat?What is a trans-fat?
-Saturated fatty acids have no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms -Unsaturated fatty acids have 1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms -trans-fat: hydrogenated oils
monomer
-Simple organic molecules that exist individually
emulsification:
-The breakdown of fat globules in the duodenum into tiny droplets, which provides a larger surface area on which the enzyme pancreatic lipase can act to digest the fats into fatty acids and glycerol. -assisted by the action of the bile salt
centrioles:
-The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. -During division, you may also see groups of threads attached to the centrioles. Those threads are called the mitotic spindle.
Describe evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory
-The endosymbiosis theory explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells -The first piece of evidence that needed to be found to support the endosymbiotic hypothesis was whether or not mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and if this DNA is similar to bacterial DNA. This was later proven to be true for DNA, RNA, ribosomes, chlorophyll (for chloroplasts), and protein synthesis.
Why are Tay-Sachs and Pompe disease characterized lysosomal storage disease?
-a defect in lysosomal metabolism -abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine
cancer:
-a disease caused by uncontrolled abnormal cell division
benign:
-a tumor that does not invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body.
Somatic cell
-body cells that continue to undergo cell division even as an adult
Define peptide bond & denaturation
-bonds that link amino acids in a protein together -structural change in biomolecules (such as nucleic acids&proteins), usually caused by heat, acids, basis or certain chemicals
What is taxonomy?
-branch of biology that classifies&names organisms based on studies of their shared characteristics.
A misfolded protein leads to abnormal function. How is this related to Alzheimer's disease?
-buildup of misfolded proteins- neurological diseases occur Protein shape is important for the function of said protein. When there is a buildup of misfolded proteins many neurological diseases can occur
zygote
-cell formed by union of a male sex cell (a sperm) & a female sex cell (an ovum)
hypotonic solution:
-cell gains water -cytolysis-hemolysis
hypertonic solution:
-cell loses water -crenation
p53gene:
-cell repair mechanism
dehydration reaction
-chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule
2 eukaryotic membranous organelles that specialize in converting energy to form the cell:
-chloroplasts and mitochondria
ecosystem
-community + physical environment
endomembrane system:
-consists of the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and several vesicles (tiny membranous sacs)
nucleus:
-contains chromatin -DNA& associated proteins
what causes cancer in cells?
-damage (mutations) to genes failing to control cell division
oogenesis
-development of ovum -Meiosis in the female is part of oogenesis
osmosis:
-diffusion of water across a deferentially permeable membrane due to concentration differences
systematics:
-diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time
cytokinesis:
-division of the cytoplasm
mitosis:
-division of the nucleus
endocytosis:
-enter into cell
crossing over
-exchange of genetic material btwn homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis & contributes to genetic variability
exocytosis:
-exit out of cell -Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane as secretion occurs -Cells of particular organs are specialized to produce and export molecules
What is the fluid-mosaic model?
-explains observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes
spindle:
-forms a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell -it is necessary for equal division of the chromosomes in a parental cell into 2 daughter cells
concentration gradient:
-gases can diffuse through a membrane -oxygen&carbon dioxide enter and exit this way
sister chromatids:
-genetically identical
what is the post office of the cell?
-gogli aparatus -collects, sorts, packages& distributes materials such as proteins &lipids
What is the scientific name for humans? Scientific names are in what language?
-homo sapiens -latin
community
-interacting populations in a particular area
Define or describe: bile:
-is a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.
Why is apoptosis important?
-it is a cancer preventative measure for -It destroys damaged cells
List and describe structural components of a prokaryotic cell
-lack a membrane-bounded nucleus -domains bacteria & archaea -Generally unicellular (may be single, strings or clusters) -not all bacteria cause disease -some are beneficial
flagella:
-long extensions used for locomotion by bacteria, protozoans, and sperm -slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim
cilia:
-microscopic, hair-like structures that extend outward from the surface of many animal cells. -two types: motile and non-motile -motile: 'moving'; wave in a rhythmic or pulsating motion, and use that motion to keep sensitive internal passageways free of mucus or foreign particles -non-motile: some serve almost like antenna that receive sensory information for the cell, processing signals from the other cells or the fluids surrounding it
active transport:
-molecules combine with carrier proteins -often called pumps -molecules move against the concentration gradient -entering or leaving cell -energy is required
isotonic solution:
-no net gain or loss of water -0.9% NaCl
smooth ER
-no ribosomes -synthesizes phospholipids -various other functions
Inorganic molecules:
-not naturally found in nature
nucleur envelope:
-nuclear pores
Describe functions of the following eukaryotic organelles:
-nucleus, contains chromatin, nucleur envelope
population
-organisms of the same species in a particular area
centrosomes:
-organize microtubules & provide structure for the cell -work to pull chromatids apart during cell division
characteristics of living things:
-organized -Acquire materials&energy -Reproduce&develop -Respond to stimuli -homeostatic -Grow and develop -Have the capacity to adapt
synapsis
-pairing of 2 homologous chromosomes that occur during meiosis -allows matching up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation&possible chromosomal crossover between them -takes place during prophase 1 of meosis
homologous chromosomes
-pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism -pair during meiosis
Which eukaryotes have cells with cell walls?
-plant cells
Characterize proteins? Describe levels of protein structure
-polymers composed of amino acid monomers -The structure of a protein has at least 3 levels of organization Primary (straight chain of amino acids), secondary (original chain begins to twist): tertiary (last bond) sometimes quaternary -Some can have 4 -The final shape of a protein is very important to its function.
gogli aparatus
-post office of the cell -collects, sorts, packages &distributes materials such as proteins/lipids
Lysosomes:
-produced by the Golgi apparatus -contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes -"Garbage disposals" of the cell
apoptosis:
-programmed cell death -reduces cell numbers -Involved in developmental processes -Prevents cancer -Caspases are the enzymes responsible for apoptoticcell destruction
biosphere
-regions of the earth's crust
RAS protein:
-signal pass between cells that control the amount of growth at anytime
homologues
-similar in physical attributes &genetic info to another chromosome w/ which it pairs during meiosis -member of homologous chromosome
ribosomes:
-site of protein synthesis -2 subunits (large and small) -subunits consist of rRNA& protein molecules -found attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasm
facilitated transport:
-small molecules that are not lipid -soluble are assisted across membranes by carrier proteins
centrioles:
-small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way -found in pairs& move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division -Found near nucleus
Define permeable:
-some molecules freely cross membrane -water, small, noncharged molecules (carbon dioxide, oxygen, glycerol, alcohol) -water may also use aqua porins to cross membrane
metastasis:
-spread of cancer from origin point -the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
rough ER
-studded with ribosomes -processing& modification of proteins
Why can humans not digest cellulose?Why should we eat it if we can digest it?
-the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the beta acetal linkages are lacking -major part of dietary fiber for digestion
tonicity:
-the osmotic pressure or tension of a solution
centromere:
-the region of a chromosome where microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division
endoplasmic reticulum:
-transportation & product -processing section of the cell -compartmentalizes cell
malignancy:
-tumor that may invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body
biodiversity
-variety of life in the world /a particular habitat or ecosystem
steps in conducting an experiment: what's a control?
-what you keep consistent across all experiments -observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, analyze the results, report results
nucleoulus:
-where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made
fertilization
-zygote / mitosis = growth & development -zygote divides by mitosis for the processes of growth and development
Functions of proteins discussed in class
SEHTA sam eats ham then acts -structural, enzymes, hormones, transport molecules, antibodies,
the diploid number of chromosomes in humans is 46. the haploid is:
23
How does a principle or law differ from a theory?
A scientific theory is NOT a wild guess. It must be consistent with known experimental results and it must have predictive power. As new knowledge is gained, theories are refined to better explain the data. A law is a mathematical relationship that is consistently found to be true.
levels of biological organization
BECPOOOTCMA -biosphere -ecosystem -community -population -organism -organ system -organ -tissue -cell -molecule -atom
sources of variation in sexually reproducing organisms
C I R Crossing over ( where homologous chromosomes pair up &exchange different segments of genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes), independent assortment (random segregation& assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes) random fertilization (collection of genes within 1 gamete (sperm cell) do not give that gamete a lesser or better chance than any of the other sperm cells of fusing with an egg cell to produce a zygote)
functions of 5 types of membrane proteins
CCCRE -channel protein: allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane freely -carrier protein: selectively interacts w/specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the plasma membrane. -cell recognition protein: tabs that identify foreign cells -receptor protein: Shaped in a way that a specific molecule can bind to it. Some types of dwarfism result because the plasma membrane growth hormone receptors are faulty& cannot interact w/ growth hormone. -enzymatic protein: catalyzes a specific reaction. The membrane protein, adenylate cyclase, is involved in ATP metabolism
Which type of cell is structurally more complex, a prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
mitochondria:
Function: to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP), through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism
checkpoints for the cell cycle
G1: Apoptosis will occur if DNA is damaged& cannot be repaired G2: Mitosis checkpoint, mitosis will occur if DNA has replicated properly, apoptosi will occur if DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired M: spindle assembly checkpoint, mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned
List and describe the stages of mitosis. Why is mitosis necessary?
IPMAT interphase: preparing itself for division prophase: become visible and the centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. metaphase: chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere anaphase: sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart. telephase: gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct rod-like shapes. Two new nuclear membranes then form around each of the two regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear. cytokenisis- cell membrane will pinch and divide the cytoplasm in half. The result is two individual cells that are identical to the original cell. Each of the two new cells have a complete copy of the DNA and contain all of the organelles that the original cell had.
List each classification category in order beginning with the most inclusive(domain).
Kingdom --> Phylum --> Class --> Order --> Family --> Genus --> Species
Characterize lipids. List and describe the 3 major categories of lipids. Know examples of each.
Lipids contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules -energy storage molecules -Insulate against heat loss -Form protective cushions around major organs -Form membranes-Chemical messengers -One common characteristic: do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic) -3 major types: Fats and oils, Phospholipids & Steroids
oncogenes:
a gene that, in certain circumstances, can turn a regular cell into a tumor cell
chromosomes:
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
diffusion:
higher ->lower concentration -movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration down a concentration gradient
List the 3 most common causes of death due to cancer in American males and females
males: prostate, lung, colan woman: breast, lung, colan #1 cause of cancer death is lung cancer in both males&females
Which portion of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic?Hydrophobic?
polar head = hydrophilic; tail = hydrophobic
List functions of cholesterol in our bodies?
produces hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, aldosterone and cortisone.
independent assortment
random segregation & assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in genetically unique gametes
Tay Sachs
rare inherited disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells (neurons) in brain &spinal cord
hydrolysis reaction.
usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance; target molecule gains a hydrogen ion
