Carbohydrates
carb loading can increase stored glycogen by ___ to ___ percent above normal
20-40%
normally, the body can store about ___ to ___ grams of glycogen at a time
200-500
what is functional fiber, consisting of branched polysaccharide chains of glucose, that helps lower blood cholesterol levels, found in barley and oats?
B-glucans
what are the layers of protective coating around the grain kernel that are rich in dietary fiber and nutrients?
bran
what is destruction of the enamel surface of teeth caused by acids resulting from bacterial breakdown of sugars in the mouth?
dental caries
which sugar is part of DNA?
deoxyribose
what is another name for glucose?
dextrose
for babies, olgiosacharides in human milk act as ____ to allow stools to pass more easily
dietary fiber
what are carbs and lignins that are naturally in plants and are nondigestible?
dietary fiber
what are nonnutritive sweeteners derived from bioflavanoids of citrus fruits, sweeter than sucrose, licorice after taste
dihydrochalcones (DHCs)
what are carbs composed of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond?
disaccharides
Glucose seldom exists as a monosaccharide in food but is usually joined to other sugars to form which 3 things?
disaccharides, starch, dietary fiber
what is the largest, middle portion of a grain kernel high in starch to provide food for the growing plant embryo?
endosperm
which sugar tastes the sweetest?
fructose
what are isolated nondigestible carbs, including some manufactured carbs, that have beneficial effects in humans?
functional fiber
what is the innermost part of a grain, located at the base of the kernel, that can grow into a new plant?
germ
what part of a grain is rich in protein, oils, vitamins, and minerals?
germ
what is produced by alpha cells in the pancreas, a polypeptide hormone that promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose?
glucagon
Name the 3 most common monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
what is a measure of the effect of food on blood glucose levels?
glycemic index
what is a very large, highly branched polysaccharide composed of multiple glucose units?
glycogen
what is aka "animal starch"
glycogen
what is a nonnutritive sweetener derived from licorice root, has a licorice flavor and is 50-100 times sweeter than sucrose
glycyrrhizin
what are dietary fibers, which contain galactose and other monosaccharides, found between plant cell walls?
gums
what is a group of large polysaccharides in dietary fiber that are fermented more easily than cellulose?
hemicelluloses
what is the inedible covering of a grain kernel aka the chaff?
husk
what is produced by beta cells in the pancreas, a polypeptide hormone that stimulates the uptake of blood glucose, etc?
insulin
saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame K. cyclamates are categorized as which type of sweetener?
nonnutritive
what are substances that impart sweetness to foods but supply little or no energy to the body?
nonnutritive sweeteners
simple sugars, sugar alcohols, and high-fructose corn syrup are the most common _______ sweeteners used in food products
nutritive
what are substances that impart sweetness to foods and that can be absorbed and yield energy in the body?
nutritive sweeteners
gaseous effects of foods like beans are due to the bacterial breakdown (in the intestines) of the sugars ___ and ___
raffinose, stachyose
name 2 common olgiosaccharides
raffinose, stachyose
what are composed of monosaccharides and disaccharides that have been extracted and processed from other foods?
refined sweeteners
what is a starch that is not digested?
resistant starch
which pentose is part of RNA (ribonucleic acid)?
ribose
what is an artificial sweetener that tastes about 300-700 times sweeter than sucrose?
saccharin
what are sugars composed of a single sugar molecule or two joined sugar molecules?
simple carbohydrates
what is composed of long chains of glucose molecules in a straight (amylose) or branching (amylopectin) arrangement?
starch
what is the major storage form of carbs in plants?
starch
what is a dietary supplement, not approved for use as a sweetener, that is extracted and refined from ___ leaves?
stevia
what are common disaccharides?
sucorse, lactose, maltose
what is an artificial sweetener made from sucrose, approved by the USA in 1998, about 600 times sweeter than sugar?
sucralose
when a food label lists "sugar" as an ingredient, the term refers to?
sucrose (1:1 glucose/fructose)
what is a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose joined together?
sucrose (table sugar)
what are compounds formed by monosaccharides by replacing a hydrogen atom with a hydroxyl group--commonly used as nutritive sweeteners (also called polyols)
sugar alcohols
which sweetener is not as sweet as sucrose but may be less likely to cause tooth decay?
sugar alcohols (polyols)
what is a mixture of sweet tasting proteins from a west african fruit, about 2000 times sweeter than sucrose and has a licorice aftertaste; breaks down when heated
thaumatin
what is the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber?
total fiber
what is a disaccharide of 2 glucose molecules but with a linkage different from maltose (used as a food additive and sweetner)
trehalose
how is maltose formed?
when long molecules of starch break down
what is the dried husk of the psyllium seed?
psyllium
liver cells use glycogen to regulate _____ levels
blood glucose
if necessary, the liver can provide up to ____ to ____ mg of glucose per minute to the blood for up to ____ hours
100 to 150 (mg) 12 (hours)
amylose and amylopectin typically occur in a ratio of about __:___ in plants
1:4
every 1 percent decrease in blood cholesterol decreases heart disease by ____ %
2%
what is an artificial sweetener derived from lactose that has the same sweetness as sucrose with only half the calories?
D-tagatose
what is the amount of glucose in the blood at any given time?
blood glucose levels
what is an artificial sweetener that is 200 times sweeter than common table sugar (sucrose), and it is not digested or absorbed by the body, yielding 0 calories/energy?
acesulfame K
what are chemical bonds linking two monosaccharides (glycosidic bonds) that can be broken down by human intestinal enzymes?
alpha bonds
which form of starch digests more rapidly?
amylopectin
what is an artificial sweetener composed of two amino acids and methanol? 200 times sweeter than sucrose, trade name nutrasweet
aspartame
what are chemical bonds linking two monosaccharides (glycosidic bonds) that cannot be broken down by human intenstinal enzymes?
beta bonds
what is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of hundreds of glucose units linked by beta bonds?
cellulose
what is a long chain structural polysaccharide of slightly modified glucose (found in the hard skeletons of insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates)?
chitin
what is a polysaccharide derived from chitin?
chitosan
disaccharides consist of 2 monosaccharides chemically joined by ____
condensation
what is a reaction in which a covalent bond is formed between two molecules by removal of a water molecule?
condensation
which form of starch is typically used by food manufacturers to thicken gravies for frozen foods?
cornstarch (rich in amylopectin--thicker and more stable than amylose)
what are molecules formed when insufficient carbs are available to completely metabolize fat?
ketone bodies
what is abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in body tissues and fluids?
ketosis
what is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose?
lactose
what is another name for fructose?
levulose
what are insoluble fibers composed fo multi-ring alcohol units that constitute the only noncarb component of dietary fiber?
lignins
what is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules?
maltose
sugar alcohols are derivatives of?
monosaccharides
what are any sugars that are not broken down during digestion and have the general formula CnH2nOn where n = 3 to 7.
monosaccharides
what are gelatinous soluble fibers containing galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides; found in seaweed?
mucilages
what are the 2 major sites of glycogen storage?
muscle, liver
_______ such as honey and maple syrup contain monosaccharides and disaccharides that make them taste sweet
natural sweeteners
what is an aritificial sweetener similar to aspartame, but one that is sweeter and does not require a warning label for phenylketonurics?
neotame
what are short carb chains composed of 3 to 10 sugar molecules?
olgiosaccharides
glucose makes up at least ___ of the two sugar molecules in every disaccharide
one
what is a starch-digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas?
pancreatic amylase
what is a type of dietary fiber found in fruits?
pectins
which sugars are single sugar molecules that contain five carbons?
pentoses
what is an inherited disorder caused by lack or deficiency of the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine?
phenylketonuria (PKU)
what is another name for "sugar alcohols"?
polyols
what are long carb chains composed of more than 10 sugar molecules?
polysaccharides