Carbohydrates

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carb loading can increase stored glycogen by ___ to ___ percent above normal

20-40%

normally, the body can store about ___ to ___ grams of glycogen at a time

200-500

what is functional fiber, consisting of branched polysaccharide chains of glucose, that helps lower blood cholesterol levels, found in barley and oats?

B-glucans

what are the layers of protective coating around the grain kernel that are rich in dietary fiber and nutrients?

bran

what is destruction of the enamel surface of teeth caused by acids resulting from bacterial breakdown of sugars in the mouth?

dental caries

which sugar is part of DNA?

deoxyribose

what is another name for glucose?

dextrose

for babies, olgiosacharides in human milk act as ____ to allow stools to pass more easily

dietary fiber

what are carbs and lignins that are naturally in plants and are nondigestible?

dietary fiber

what are nonnutritive sweeteners derived from bioflavanoids of citrus fruits, sweeter than sucrose, licorice after taste

dihydrochalcones (DHCs)

what are carbs composed of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond?

disaccharides

Glucose seldom exists as a monosaccharide in food but is usually joined to other sugars to form which 3 things?

disaccharides, starch, dietary fiber

what is the largest, middle portion of a grain kernel high in starch to provide food for the growing plant embryo?

endosperm

which sugar tastes the sweetest?

fructose

what are isolated nondigestible carbs, including some manufactured carbs, that have beneficial effects in humans?

functional fiber

what is the innermost part of a grain, located at the base of the kernel, that can grow into a new plant?

germ

what part of a grain is rich in protein, oils, vitamins, and minerals?

germ

what is produced by alpha cells in the pancreas, a polypeptide hormone that promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose?

glucagon

Name the 3 most common monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

what is a measure of the effect of food on blood glucose levels?

glycemic index

what is a very large, highly branched polysaccharide composed of multiple glucose units?

glycogen

what is aka "animal starch"

glycogen

what is a nonnutritive sweetener derived from licorice root, has a licorice flavor and is 50-100 times sweeter than sucrose

glycyrrhizin

what are dietary fibers, which contain galactose and other monosaccharides, found between plant cell walls?

gums

what is a group of large polysaccharides in dietary fiber that are fermented more easily than cellulose?

hemicelluloses

what is the inedible covering of a grain kernel aka the chaff?

husk

what is produced by beta cells in the pancreas, a polypeptide hormone that stimulates the uptake of blood glucose, etc?

insulin

saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame K. cyclamates are categorized as which type of sweetener?

nonnutritive

what are substances that impart sweetness to foods but supply little or no energy to the body?

nonnutritive sweeteners

simple sugars, sugar alcohols, and high-fructose corn syrup are the most common _______ sweeteners used in food products

nutritive

what are substances that impart sweetness to foods and that can be absorbed and yield energy in the body?

nutritive sweeteners

gaseous effects of foods like beans are due to the bacterial breakdown (in the intestines) of the sugars ___ and ___

raffinose, stachyose

name 2 common olgiosaccharides

raffinose, stachyose

what are composed of monosaccharides and disaccharides that have been extracted and processed from other foods?

refined sweeteners

what is a starch that is not digested?

resistant starch

which pentose is part of RNA (ribonucleic acid)?

ribose

what is an artificial sweetener that tastes about 300-700 times sweeter than sucrose?

saccharin

what are sugars composed of a single sugar molecule or two joined sugar molecules?

simple carbohydrates

what is composed of long chains of glucose molecules in a straight (amylose) or branching (amylopectin) arrangement?

starch

what is the major storage form of carbs in plants?

starch

what is a dietary supplement, not approved for use as a sweetener, that is extracted and refined from ___ leaves?

stevia

what are common disaccharides?

sucorse, lactose, maltose

what is an artificial sweetener made from sucrose, approved by the USA in 1998, about 600 times sweeter than sugar?

sucralose

when a food label lists "sugar" as an ingredient, the term refers to?

sucrose (1:1 glucose/fructose)

what is a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose joined together?

sucrose (table sugar)

what are compounds formed by monosaccharides by replacing a hydrogen atom with a hydroxyl group--commonly used as nutritive sweeteners (also called polyols)

sugar alcohols

which sweetener is not as sweet as sucrose but may be less likely to cause tooth decay?

sugar alcohols (polyols)

what is a mixture of sweet tasting proteins from a west african fruit, about 2000 times sweeter than sucrose and has a licorice aftertaste; breaks down when heated

thaumatin

what is the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber?

total fiber

what is a disaccharide of 2 glucose molecules but with a linkage different from maltose (used as a food additive and sweetner)

trehalose

how is maltose formed?

when long molecules of starch break down

what is the dried husk of the psyllium seed?

psyllium

liver cells use glycogen to regulate _____ levels

blood glucose

if necessary, the liver can provide up to ____ to ____ mg of glucose per minute to the blood for up to ____ hours

100 to 150 (mg) 12 (hours)

amylose and amylopectin typically occur in a ratio of about __:___ in plants

1:4

every 1 percent decrease in blood cholesterol decreases heart disease by ____ %

2%

what is an artificial sweetener derived from lactose that has the same sweetness as sucrose with only half the calories?

D-tagatose

what is the amount of glucose in the blood at any given time?

blood glucose levels

what is an artificial sweetener that is 200 times sweeter than common table sugar (sucrose), and it is not digested or absorbed by the body, yielding 0 calories/energy?

acesulfame K

what are chemical bonds linking two monosaccharides (glycosidic bonds) that can be broken down by human intestinal enzymes?

alpha bonds

which form of starch digests more rapidly?

amylopectin

what is an artificial sweetener composed of two amino acids and methanol? 200 times sweeter than sucrose, trade name nutrasweet

aspartame

what are chemical bonds linking two monosaccharides (glycosidic bonds) that cannot be broken down by human intenstinal enzymes?

beta bonds

what is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of hundreds of glucose units linked by beta bonds?

cellulose

what is a long chain structural polysaccharide of slightly modified glucose (found in the hard skeletons of insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates)?

chitin

what is a polysaccharide derived from chitin?

chitosan

disaccharides consist of 2 monosaccharides chemically joined by ____

condensation

what is a reaction in which a covalent bond is formed between two molecules by removal of a water molecule?

condensation

which form of starch is typically used by food manufacturers to thicken gravies for frozen foods?

cornstarch (rich in amylopectin--thicker and more stable than amylose)

what are molecules formed when insufficient carbs are available to completely metabolize fat?

ketone bodies

what is abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in body tissues and fluids?

ketosis

what is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose?

lactose

what is another name for fructose?

levulose

what are insoluble fibers composed fo multi-ring alcohol units that constitute the only noncarb component of dietary fiber?

lignins

what is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules?

maltose

sugar alcohols are derivatives of?

monosaccharides

what are any sugars that are not broken down during digestion and have the general formula CnH2nOn where n = 3 to 7.

monosaccharides

what are gelatinous soluble fibers containing galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides; found in seaweed?

mucilages

what are the 2 major sites of glycogen storage?

muscle, liver

_______ such as honey and maple syrup contain monosaccharides and disaccharides that make them taste sweet

natural sweeteners

what is an aritificial sweetener similar to aspartame, but one that is sweeter and does not require a warning label for phenylketonurics?

neotame

what are short carb chains composed of 3 to 10 sugar molecules?

olgiosaccharides

glucose makes up at least ___ of the two sugar molecules in every disaccharide

one

what is a starch-digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas?

pancreatic amylase

what is a type of dietary fiber found in fruits?

pectins

which sugars are single sugar molecules that contain five carbons?

pentoses

what is an inherited disorder caused by lack or deficiency of the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine?

phenylketonuria (PKU)

what is another name for "sugar alcohols"?

polyols

what are long carb chains composed of more than 10 sugar molecules?

polysaccharides


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