Care and Prevention Chapter 13

estrogens

______ help to regulate the menstrual cycle and influence the development of female physical sex characteristics, such as the appearance of breats, pubic and axillary hair, increased subcutaneous fat, and widening of the pelvis

testosterone

______ is the primary androgen produced by the testes, stimulates the growth and maturation of the internal and external genitalia at puberty and is responsible for sexual motivation

Pneumothorax

a condition whereby air is trapped in the pleural space, causing a portion of a lung to collapse

Nipple Irritation

Etiology: Commonly seen in distance runners Runner's Nipples= friction over the nipple area Cyclist's Nipples= the combined effects of perspiration and wind chill Signs and Symptoms: Runner's= abrasions, blisters, or bleeding; Cyclist's= cold and painful Management: Cleaning and bandaging

Hydrocele

Blunt trauma leads to swelling in the tunica vaginalis

Appendicitis

Etiology: Can lead to ischemia and gangrene Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain 2-7 days prior to the actual presentation of the condition; Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and low-grade fever Management: Referred immediately to an acute medical facility

Breast Contusions

Etiology: Excessive breast motion or direct trauma Signs and Symptoms: Mild contusion= hemorrhage and edema may be present in the soft tissue of breast; Moderate contusion= a painful hematoma may be present Management: Application of ice and external support to the area

Throat Contusions and Fractures

Etiology: Can occur during hyperextension of the neck Signs and Symptoms: Hoarseness, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), coughing, difficulty swallowing, laryngeal tenderness, and an inability to make high pitched "e" sound Management: Help the individual to focus on their breathing immediately

Splenic Rupture

Etiology: Certain systemic disorders, such as infectious mononucleosis, can enlarge this organ, making it vulnerable to injury Signs and Symptoms: Kehr's Sign== a history of blunt trauma to the upper left quadrant and a persistent, dull pain in the upper left quadrant, left lower chest and left shoulder Management: Strict bed rest, intensive monitoring of vital signs

Solar Plexus Contusion ("Wind Knocked Out")

Etiology: A blow to the abdomen with the muscles relaxed Signs and Symptoms: Immediate inability to catch one's breath (dyspnea); Fear and anxiety Management: Remove mouth guard and thorough airway analysis; Usually returns to normal shortly

Kidney Contusion

Etiology: A direct blow or a contrecoup injury from a high-speed collision Signs and Symptoms: Pain, tenderness, and hematuria Management: Ice, treating for shock, if needed taking to nearest medical facility

Liver Contusion and Rupture

Etiology: A direct blow to the upper right quadrant Signs and Symptoms: Palpable pain, point tenderness, hypotension, and shock; Pain in right scapula Management: Referred immediately to a physician

Gynecomastia

Etiology: An excessive development of the male breast tissue (usually caused by steroids) Signs and Symptoms: Nipple soreness, tenderness to pressure, increased susceptibility to friction from a shirt Management: Normally resolves itself within 6-12 months

Urinary Tract Infections

Etiology: Any infection that begins in the urinary system Cystitis= inflammation of the bladder Urethritis= inflammation of the urethra Signs and Symptoms: Cloudy, bloody, or smelly urine Management: Referral to physician is necessary because a urine culture is required to identify the organism responsible for the infection

Neck Lacerations

Etiology: Being cut or something slicing your neck Signs and Symptoms: Bleeding; being able to see the cut; If deep enough, it can damage the jugular vein or carotid nerve Management: Must gain immediate control of the hemorrhage, to stop the bleeding and if deep enough to prevent air from entering

Kidney Stones

Etiology: Calcium stones, uric acid stones, struvite stones, and cysteine stones Signs and Symptoms: May not be known of until the stone is big enough to cause a blackage or infection Intense pain, bloody or cloudy urine, nausea, vomiting, persistent urge to urinate Management: Varies depending on type and size of stones

Rib Fractures

Etiology: Indirect force, such as a violent muscle contraction; Typically occur in the ribs weakest point; Most common thoracic injury as a result of blunt trauma Signs and Symptoms: Intense localized pain; coughing Management: Wrapped with elastic bandage or possibly a swing to prevent movement

Hernias

Etiology: Is a protrusion of the abdominal viscera through a weakened portion of the abdominal wall; can be congenital or acquired Signs and Symptoms: Tender swelling and an aching feeling in the groin Management: Most require surgical repair

Lung Injuries

Etiology: Landing on something as in a football putting force into the thorax; penetrating chest trauma, due to a fractured rib or a penetrating wound to the chest, can result in a laceration of lung tissue; Range from contusion to a life-threatening situation Signs and Symptoms: chest pain, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, rales, and coughing Management: Get to hospital as quickly as possible

Hyperventilation

Etiology: Linked to pain, stress, or trauma in sport participation Signs and Symptoms: An inability to catch one's breath, Numbness in the lips and hands, Chest pain and spasm, dry mouth, dizziness, and occasionally, fainting Management: Calm the individual because panic can make it worse; breathing into a paper bag helps in severe cases

Costochondral Injury

Etiology: Occur during collision with another object or as a result of a severe twisting motion of the thorax Signs and Symptoms: Hear or feel a pop, Sharp pain, following by a stabbing pain Management: Use the standard acute protocol to reduce the pain and inflammation, Refer to physician for further assistance

Sternal Fractures

Etiology: Occurs from rapid deceleration and high impact into an object or acute flexion that causes the upper fragment to displace anteriorly over the lower fragment Signs and Symptoms: Immediate lose of breath, Localized pain, with pressure over sternum Management: Rest and pain control, If needed surgical repair

Stitch in the Side

Etiology: Sharp pain or spasm in the chest wall, usually on the right side during exertion; caused by gas bubbles, liver congestion, and bad conditioning Signs and Symptoms: Pain or spasm on chest wall during exertion Management: Gets better with improvement in aerobic conditioning

Penile Injuries

Etiology: Superficial wounds to the penis may involve a contusion, laceration, abrasion, avulsion, penetrating wound Signs and Symptoms: Extreme pain and discomfort, sometimes bleeding from the wound Management: Most injuries resolve over time

Strain of the Pectoralis Major Muscle

Etiology: Usually resulting from extreme eccentric muscle tension Signs and Symptoms: An audible pop, snap, or tearing sensation usually is accompanied by immediate, marked pain and weakness; Sharp pain Management: Controlling inflammation, or if bad enough surgery

Muscle Strains

Etiology: ______ are caused by direct trauma, sudden twisting, or a sudden hyperextension of the spine. The rectus abdominis is the most commonly injured muscle Signs and Symptoms: sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, marked tenderness, swelling, and muscle guarding may be present. Straight leg raising or hyperextension of the back increases the pain Management: treatment consists of ice, rest, and the use of nonsteriod anti-inflammatory drugs for the first 36 to 48 hours. also can use local heat and whirlpool

Heart Murmur

Etiology: ______ are distinguished from normal heart beat sounds by their longer duration. They are attributed to turbulent blood flow and may be benign or diagnostic of valvular heart disease; ______are most often caused by defective heart valves Signs and Symptoms: a diastolic _____ occurs when the heart muscle relaxes between beats; A systolic _____ occurs when the heart muscle contracts. Continuous _____ are heard through the cardiac cycle and may present as a clicking, whooshing, or swishing noise heard through auscultation with a stethoscope Management: all _______ should be assessed by a physician for a medical diagnosis to determine the source of the _____ and any underlying pathology. This is done through auscultation, chest x-rays, and echo-cardiograms. If the ______ does not indicate heart disease, sports participation is allowed with no restrictions

Athletic Heart Syndrome

Etiology: _______ is a benign condition associated with physiologic alternations in the heart muscle brought on by repetitive, intense physical training Signs and Symptoms: the condition is primarily asymptomatic. Management: individuals with ___________ must be evaluated fully by a physician to rule out serious underlying cardiovascular disorders that may place them at risk

Heart Contusion

Etiology: blunt chest trauma can compress the heart between the sternum and the spine, leading to blunt cardiac injury (myocardial contusion). Because it lies directly posterior to the sternum, the right ventricle often is injured Signs and Symptoms: severe chest and heart pain are evident, with potential shock also being present. Decreased cardiac output secondary to arrhythmias, or irregular heartbeats, are of major concern. In serious cases Beck's Triad may be present, with this condition, the individual collapses within seconds and goes into respiratory arrest Management: An ambulance should be summoned immediately for transport to the nearest hospital. The athletic trainer should treat the individual for shock and be prepared to do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) it vital signs are absent

Skin Contusions

Etiology: blunt trauma can result in a minor contusion or damage to internal organs Signs and Symptoms: simple contusions to the abdominal wall are evident by tenderness over the area of impact, pain during active contraction of the abdominal muscles, and the absence of referred pain Management: the management of a simple contusion includes the application of ice and compression to limit the hemorrhage. A pressure dressing may be applied if a large hematoma forms

Female Genital Injuries

Etiology: injuries to the vulva usually caused by trauma associated with a fall, straddling, or penetration resulting in forced perineal stretching because of sudden leg abduction Signs and Symptoms: a hematoma can result from a direct impact to the genital region. If the trauma is great enough, the pubic symphysis may also be injured, leading to osteitis pubis Management: nearly all injuries are easily treated by the application of ice, mild compression, and bed rest

Varicocele

In 9% to 19% of men, the plexus of veins on the posterior testicle can become engorged

Torsion of the Spermatic Cord

Twisting of the spermatic cord

hematuria

blood in the urine

androgens

in the male, the adrenal cortex and testes produce hormones collectively known as _______, the most common being testosterone

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

Hemothorax

involves the loss of blood into the pleural cavity

Tension pneumothorax

occurs when air or blood progressively accumulates in the pleural space during inspiration and cannot escape on expiration

Traumatic asphyxia

results from direct, massive trauma to the thorax

cardiac tamponade

what is the leading cause of traumatic death in youth baseball?