Career Development
The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is
securing information via ads in the newspaper.
A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as
spillover.
The in-basket technique would be best
when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position.
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?
"Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."
In a lifetime the average person has
10 to 15 jobs.
Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?
A 33-year-old female drill press operator.
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the
APGA.
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of
Albert Bandura.
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of
Albert Bandura.
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by
David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara.
Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. All the statements below are false except:
Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families.
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?
Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area—who were the first to forsake the matching models—were
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Robert Hoppock's theory, based on the work of ________ is also considered a personality approach.
Henry Murray
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of
John Crites.
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing
John Holland.
Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the
OOH.
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to the
Occupational Outlook Handbook.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except:
Outdoor.
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with
Parsons and Williamson.
Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?
Robert Hoppock.
Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
All of the following are difficulties with career testing except:
The tests all take at least three hours to administer.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except:
Unskilled
The term reentry woman would best describe
a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.
The model Krumboltz suggested is
a behavioristic model of career development.
Holland believed that
a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.
According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be
a psychiatrist.
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that
a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with
alternatives and the probability of outcomes.
Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that
an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.
The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to
an occupational group.
At its zenith the DOT listed
approximately 20,000 job titles.
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice
are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described
as a displaced homemaker.
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach
attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice
based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is
based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types., self-administered., self-scored and self-interpreted.
A displaced homemaker might have grown children or
be widowed and seeking employment., be divorced and seeking employment.
Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on
circumscription and compromise theory.
The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are
computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG).
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the ________ category.
conventional
A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests
counselor bias based on gender bias.
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples,
dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.
Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be
enterprising
Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development:
fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties).
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing
fields and levels.
Super's life-span theory emphasizes ________ life stages.
five
A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman" is showing an example of
gender bias.
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that
genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice.
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often
have lower career aspirations than a man.
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take ________ into account.
individual change throughout the life span
Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the ________ type.
investigative
Midlife career change
is not that unusual.
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman
is typically secure in her career before she has children.
The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.
is very behavioristic.
A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's
job or position.
Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in ________ positions while women often have ________ .
labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs
Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice
lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.
The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that
most jobs are not advertised.
In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that
most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation
most women hold low-paying jobs with low status.
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a ________ digit code.
nine
A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware
of his or her own ethnocentric biases.
Statistics reveal that
on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ________ theorists.
personality
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems:
predictive, value, and decision.
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's ________ typology.
realistic
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience
satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.
A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume
should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized
since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.
Holland categorized ________ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.
six
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely
social.
Studies indicate that
students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ________ according to Brill's theory of career choice.
sublimation
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized ________ as an ego defense mechanism.
sublimation
A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely
suggest a site visit to a work setting.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that
testing is an important part of the counseling process., a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.
You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be
the Bureau of Labor Statistics website.
Some support for Roe's theory comes from
the Rorschach and the TAT.
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,
the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.
At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies
the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds.
A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as
the compensatory effect.
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called
the father of vocational guidance.
The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal
the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types.
Super's life-span theory includes
the life-career rainbow.
In terms of the labor market
the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up & the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases.
Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that
the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood., career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span., career choice is reversible.
The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes
the self-concept.
When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean
the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.
Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the
trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.
A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of
underemployment.
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child
will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination
women make less than men for doing the same job.
Lifestyle includes
work, leisure & style of living.
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was
Bordin
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of
John Holland.
The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for
K-12, postsecondary, and even adults.
The career anchor theory was espoused by
Schein.