CCJS451 EXAM 1

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Principles Related to Matching the Program with a Target Population

(1) Appropriately Timed (2) Socioculturally Relevant

Principles Related to Program Characteristics

(1) Comprehensive (2) Varied Teaching Method (3) Sufficient Dosage (4) Theory Driven (5) Positive Relationships

6 Categories of Family Predictive Factors

(1) Criminal and Anti-Social Parents and Siblings (2) Large Family Size (3) Child Rearing Methods (4) Abuse or Neglect (5) Parental Conflict and Disrupted Families (6) Other Parental Factors

Prevention Intervention Research Cycle

(1) Epidemiology (2) Etiology (3) Efficacy (4) Effectiveness (5) Dissemination

Non-Experimental Design

(1) One Group Pretest-Posttest (2) Two Groups, Post-Test Only (3) Non-Equivalent Control Group Design (4) Simple Interrupted Time Series vs. Multiple Time Series

Principles Related to Implementation & Evaluation of Prevention Programs

(1) Outcome Evaluation (2) Well Trained Staff

Evaluation of Evidence Based Crime Prevention

(1) Process Evaluation (2) Impact (Outcome) Evaluation (3) Cost-Benefit Evaluation

4 Uses of Protective Factors

(1) effect outcome directly (2) cancels out mediator (3) gets rid of risk factor entirely (4) could act as moderator

Prenatal/Early Intervention Project Objectives

(1) to improve the outcomes of pregnancy (2) to improve the quality of care that parents provide to their children (3) to improve the mothers' own personal life-course development

3 Downfalls of the UCR

(1) voluntary data collection method (2) ability of individual police officers to adjust the crime rate (3) many offenses are not brought to the attention of police

Psychology Approach

**Parent Management Training** parents are trained to alter their child's behavior at home aimed to train parents to use rewards and punishments consistently and contingently in child rearing group sessions

Public Health Approach

**Parent education** Home Visiting Parent Education+Day Care

Why Out-of-Placement DOES NOT work

**Problem environment--> non-effective parenting, drugs, delinquent peers **out-of-placement leads to association with delinquent peers

Cambridge-Somerville Youth Project

-1930s -first randomized experiment of a social program -target boys aged 5-13 -treated with counseling

Threats to Internal Validity

-History -Maturation -Testing -Instrumentation -Statistical Regression (people on the extreme sides tend to regress to middle over-time) -Selection -Mortality (attrition)

Traditional Criminology Deficiencies

-Measuring onset of delinquency at first arrest (who says this arrest was the first one they committed?) -examining differences between groups -over-emphasis on cross-sectional research (surveys taken at one point in time are bad) -lack specificity with respect to "causes"

Syracuse University Family Development Research Project

-Parent education + full time daycare (weekly sessions -not randomized -used matching -reduces delinquency costs easily exceeded benefits (bad!)

Origins of Crime Prevention

-Rooted in individualistic survival practices -Anticipated Outcomes: **Retribution **Specific Deterrence **General Deterrence

Perry Pre-School Project -- David Weikart

-Target Population: 3-4yr old African American children -focused on social/cognitive development and enrichment -evaluated with random assignment and followed through life -found that participants were more likely to have successful life outcomes -not much of a difference in IQ -GRIT!

Good Behavior Game

-alternative to DARE -implemented by teachers during class -rewards good behavior by letting them play a 'good behavior game' -positive reinforcement -EFFECTIVE

Life Course Persisters

-begin delinquency before puberty -neuropsychological and temperamental deficits

Key Features of Preschool Intellectual Enrichment

-developmentally appropriate learning curricula -a wide array of cognitive based enriching activities -activities for parents so that they may be able to support the school experience at home

Methods of Research for Developmental Criminology

-focus is within-individual changes in offending over time -especially useful in periods of greatest behavior change (juveniles) -longitudinal studies with repeated measurements (prospective data gathering (life begin --> present)

Life Course Criminology

-focus on continuity and change -social control; embedded in social life -turning points -transitions

multi systemic therapy (MST)

-for juvenile delinquents at high risk of out-of-home placement -multi-modal intervention (views the youth as embedded within multiple interconnected systems) -the child and the family are the main focus -therapist available to each juvenile, 24/7

What We Know About Dropouts

-higher risk for current and subsequent offending -mostly due to accumulated risk for BOTH dropout and offending -premature school leaving may still increase subsequent offending, esp. for the unemployed

Main Goals of Preschool Intellectual Enrichment

-improved cognitive skills -school readiness -social and emotional development

Possible Effects of Police in School

-increased surveillance and enforcement = deterrence -increased student trust = increased crime reporting -erosion of informal social control -increased fear = weakened sense of community

Risk Factors for Dropping Out of School

-low SES family -poor academic grades -discipline problems -low educational aspirations

Why Do We Continue to Use Dare?

-low cost -public image of being effective -improve student attitudes towards police

Turning Points of Note

-marriage/cohabitation (only if its a good marriage will offending decrease) -parenthood -residential moving (less likely to offend) -military service -getting caught/apprehended (negative turning point; more likely to reoffend) -school dropout (bad or good depending on circumstances) -employment

Why Doesn't DARE Work?

-not cognitive/behavioral -failed teaching element

Dropping Out and Prison

-over 2/3 of state prisoners did not graduate from high school -nearly a 70% chance that African American men will be imprisoned -drop outs engage in more criminal behavior, esp. serious crime

Economic Consequences of Dropping Out

-over 70% more likely to be unemployed -earn approx. 10K less per year -public assistance is more likely

Adolescent Limited

-prosocial life trajectory temporarily derailed by adolescence -delinquency is an expression of autonomy and independence -do not have the early risk factors that life course persisters do

Evaluation of Cambridge-Somerville Youth Project

-randomized -early findings saw no difference -30 year follow up showed: **died early **more mental health and alcohol problems **convicted of serious crimes -deviancy training

Incredible Years Findings

-reduced harsh discipline and parental depression -increased non-physical discipline techniques and positive family communication -reduced children's conduct problems -$4 saved per $1 spent

Deviancy Training

-social learning process of contingent positive reactions to rule breaking discussion -when higher-risk youths spend time in groups unsupervised and in unstructured environments

Iowa Strengthening Families Program

-socioculturally relevant -group therapy for parents -family therapy as a unit -effective in Iowa -ineffective in DC because of different sociocultural factors

Randomized Experiments

-the "gold standard" -random assignment controls variance due to extraneous variables- eliminates selection threat

Risk Factor

-variables that predict later offending (or other problem behaviors) -probabilistic, not deterministic -we want prevention programs to counter-act them -risk factors can co-occur with other problem behaviors -cumulative -generally similar for different demographic groups

Developmental Trajectory

Activation --> Aggravation --> Desistance

Conclusions of Developmental Criminology

Continuity Age At Onset Matters Multiple Sequences and Trajectories Everyone Desists

Turning Points

EVENTS that occur in your life that can cause changed behavior

Evaluations of MST

Farrington&Welsh- most effective family based approach reduced rearrest and out of home placement saves $4 for every $1 spent

Changes in the 1960-70s

Increasing crime rate and social unrest **Loss of faith in the government traditional CJ response had little impact on crime **Martinson: Nothing Works (in corrections) **"Standard" policing strategies ineffective Focus on Family, Community, Employment **strain theory **war on poverty Situational Crime Prevention **focus on crime events, rather than criminals

20th Century Changes

Juvenile Delinquency Social Disorganization Neighborhood Watch

Muffin: Dual-Pathway Developmental Theory

Life Course Persisters vs. Adolescent Limited

Individual Risk Factors

Low Intelligence/Attainment Personality (weak morals) Difficult Temperament Low Empathy Impulsiveness Lack of Social Cognitive Skills

Hunter's Micro-, Meso-, and Macro-levels of Crime Prevention

Micro-level targets individuals, small groups, etc. for intervention Meso-Level targets larger communities or neighborhoods Macro-level targets large communities and society as a whole

Part 1 Crimes

Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Auto-Theft Arson

Formal Social Controls

Obligatory Policing Constable **Watch and Ward **Hue and Cry Private Policing Environmental Protection

Data Sources

Official Statistics (i.e. UCR) Self Reports (by offenders) Victimization Surveys/Reports (i.e. NCVS) Parent and Teacher Reports

2 Early Family Approaches

Public Health Approach Psychology Approach

1980-90s

Punitive Approaches to the Crime Problem **Federal Crime Bill of 1994 **Prevention: "soft on crime" **era of the super-predator

How to Summarize Evidence

Single Study (worst) Narrative Vote Count Systematic + Meta Analysis (best)

How Ratings Are Used to Decide "What Works"

Works: at least 2 different studies with level 3 or hight and positive findings Promising: 1 study with level 3 or higher Doesn't Work: at least 2 different studies with level 3 or higher produce NO statistical significance

Basic Randomized Design

X Y ------- ~ X Y

Two Groups, Post - Test Only

X Ya X Ya suffers from selection issues no randomization not a good method

Simple Interrupted Time Series vs. Multiple Time Series

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 X Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 X Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 (experimental) Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4........Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 (control) Like pre-post, one group, but with several observations on either side Adding a control series eliminates all threats

One Group Pretest-Posttest

Yb X Ya worst method

Pre-Post Control Group Design

Yb X Ya ------------ Yb ~X Ya

Non-Equivalent Control Group Design

Yb X Ya (experimental) Yb X Ya (control) better method but not the best issue: selection by maturation interaction

Activation

acceleration stabilization diversification (of crime type)

Continuity

adult deviants are likely to have been child deviants 50% of at-risk children do not become chronic offenders large within-individual changes are responsible for different pathways

The Campbell Crime and Justice Group

aims to prepare and maintain systematic reviews of criminological interventions and to make them accessible electronically

Crime Control Definition

alludes to maintenance of a given or existing level and the management of that amount of behavior (i.e. arrest, probation, etc.)

Crime Prevention Definition

any action designed to reduce the actual level of crime and/or the perceived fear of crime

Age at Onset Matters

chronic offenders are 13.8 years old at first conviction non chronic offenders are 16 years old at first conviction more predictive for males than females

Crime Prevention Public Health Model

classifies prevention as primary, secondary, and tertiary

Watering Down of Prenatal/Early Intervention Project

communities started implementing on their own to cut costs and hired paraprofessionals instead of registered nurses

Statistical Conclusion Validity

concerned with whether the presumed cause and the presumed effect are related

Rational Choice Theory

crime events occur in response to specific opportunities, when their subjectively perceived benefits outweigh their subjectively perceived costs

Tertiary Crime Prevention

deals with actual offenders and involves intervention in such a fashion that they will not commit further offenses Ex. arrest, prosecution, correctional programs

Desistance

deceleration specialization de-escalation

Effectiveness

define, conduct, and analyze large scale trials

Efficacy

design, conduct, and analyze pilot studies, confirmatory, and replication trials

Socioculturally Relevant

designing a prevention program to be culturally appropriate is one recommendation for increasing relevance

Everyone Desists

desistance appears inversely related to progression in offending desistance is related to other development--age EVERYONE DIES

Between-Individual Differences

differences in criminal potential explain why some people are more likely to commit offenses than others in a particular situation

Home Visiting Goal

educating parents to improve the life chances of children from a very young age prevention of child abuse and neglect promotion of healthy child development and school readiness

Secondary Crime Prevention

engages in early identification of potential offenders and seeks to intervene prior to commission of illegal activity Ex. Situational Crime Prevention, Community Policing

Aggravation

escalates or increases in seriousness over-time

Within-Individual Differences

explain why some people are more likely to commit crimes at some times and in some situations than other times and situations

Systematic Review

explicit objectives, eligibility criteria, clear search process include only peer reviewed, published studies **publication bias: unpublished studies should also be included quantitative techniques if possible **Cochran to Campbell Collaboration does really well with these reviews

Child Social Skills Training

generally targeted on the risk factors of impulsivity, low empathy, and self-centeredness lasts a relatively short period of time

High Quality Evaluation according to Welsh and Farrington

high internal, construct, and statistical conclusion validity

Primary Crime Prevention

identifies conditions of the physical and social environment that provides opportunities for or precipitate criminal acts Ex. environmental design, neighborhood watch, education about crime prevention

Na and Gottfredson Conclusions

in schools with police... -more crimes involving weapon possession and drugs -a higher % of non-serious violent crimes reported to law enforcement (concern for school-to-prison pipeline) -no evidence that adding police reduces crime

Varied Teaching Method

involve interactive instruction and provide active, hands-on experiences that increase the participant's skills

Multiple Sequences and Trajectories

less serious behaviors precede more serious behaviors the developmental sequence of conduct problems can predict an offending trajectory

Criticisms of MST

most MST evaluations are conducted by the developers of MST... conflict of interest?

D.A.R.E

most widely used substance prevention program -teaches students to resist peer pressure to use drugs by laying it all out on the table -targets 5th-6th grade students -taught by uniformed police officers -universal program implementation -NOT EFFECTIVE

Transitions

moving from one life stage to another

Comprehensive

multiple interventions in multiple settings

Incredible Years

parent management technique program child, parent, and teacher programs cohesive method

Protective Factor

predicts a decreased probability of offending

Appropriately Timed

prevention programs should be timed to focus on changeable precursor behaviors prior to the full-blown problem behavior being prevented

Positive Relationships

providing opportunities for children to develop strong, positive relationships was consistently associated with positive outcomes

External Validity

refers to how well the effect of an intervention on an outcome is generalizable or replicable in different conditions

Internal Validity

refers to how well the study unambiguously demonstrates that an intervention had an effect on an outcome

Construct Validity

refers to the adequacy of the operational definition and measurement of the theoretical constructs that underlie the intervention on an outcome

Sufficient Dosage

refers to the need for participants to be exposed to enough of the intervention

Theory Driven

refers to the need for scientific justification of a preventive intervention

Watch and Ward

rotated the responsibility for keeping watch over town, particularly at night, among the male citizens

Current Changes

scientific evidence for effective prevention matters cost-effectiveness--> "smart on crime" **costly mass incarceration **low crime rates

Parent Education + Day Care

serve largely as an organized form of childcare so that parents (esp. mothers) can return to work

Prenatal/Early Intervention Project Evaluation

significant decrease in recorded child physical abuse and neglect children of treatment mothers had incurred significantly less arrests $3-4 saved for every $1 spent

BAM (School Based Program)

targets students with low school performance and low SES families resulted in better academic engagement and decreased non-violent crime participation

Outcome Evaluation

the evaluation of prevention programs is necessary to determine program effectiveness. Otherwise, practitioner may assume that a program is effective on the basis of anecdotal or case study evidence

Mediator

the factor that intervenes between the risk factor and the outcome.. but is required for the outcome to occur

Developmental Criminology Definition

the study of the development and dynamics of problem behaviors and offending within age The identification of explanatory or causal factors that predate or co-occur with the behavioral development and have an impact on its course

Moderator

variables that affect the direction or strength of the relationship between risk factors and outcomes or both

What is an Effective School?

when schools monitor students and control access to campus, and when students perceive that school rules are fair and consistently enforced, schools experience lower levels of problem behavior


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