Ceramics and Pottery

Hafner ware

A German lead-glazed earthenware, popular in 16th cent. and 17th cent.

Delft blue daybreak

A design which was the basis of one of the british airway's ethnic tailfins

glaze

A mixture of chemicals, silica, clay, a melting agent, water, colorants and a suspension agent.

slip

A thick semi-solid fluid composed of clay and water into which the ware is dipped, dried then fired.

albarelli

A type of majolica earthenware jar, originally a medicinal jar designed to hold apothecaries' ointments and dry drugs.

Lustreware

A type of pottery or porcelain with a metallic glaze that gives the effect of iridescence, produced by metallic oxides in an overglaze finish, which is given a second firing at a lower temperature in a "muffle kiln", reduction kiln, which excludes oxygen.

petuntse

AKA China stone. Less decayed, more fusible feldspathic material.

cream ware

All light-colored English earthenware from about 1750. Made by using Cornwall clay.

Passeri

An Italian antiquary distinction, claims the discovery of the ware for Pesaro. Affixed the date 1492 to the introduction of Majolica ware.

cloisonne

An ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects, in recent centuries using vitreous enamel, and in older periods also inlays of cut gemstones, glass, and other materials. Soldering or adhering silver or gold wires or thin strips placed on their edges.

decalcomania

Art of transferring designs from specially prepared paper

Dr. Wall period

Best period of old Worcester china and the china richest in decoration. Salmon-scale blue ground and superlative gilding 1760 to 1783

delft ware

Blue and white Dutch pottery in the 16th Century.

Portland vase

Celebrated reproduction of a Roman vase in black and white jasperware by Wedgwood.

frit paste

Characterized by its density and a greenish tint when seen by transmitted light.

stoneware

Clays with a higher percentage of sand, fired at 1200-1280 °C. Usually vitrified and impermeable.

a tulipano

Design featuring a central, stylized red tulip with surrounding flowers

a galletto

Design of Chinese origin consisting of two fighting cocks

sgrafitto

Designs that are drawn with a pointed tool that scratched through the slip to reveal the body

transfer printed pottery

Discovered by *John Sadler* in 1754. A method of transferring a design to paper from an engraved copper plate coated with pigment, and from paper to pottery.

Johann Friedrich Bottger

Discovered the materials required to produce a white, translucent, high-fired porcelain body, introducing to Europe the art of making true hard-paste porcelain of the Chinese type.

kantharos

Drinking cup

kylix

Drinking cup

Saint-Porchaire ware

Earliest very high quality French pottery. It is white faience ware that was made for a restricted French clientele from the 1520s to the 1540s. Its style clearly showed the influence of the Fontainebleau School of Mannerist decor, which introduced the Italian Renaissance to France. Henri II ware

protoporcelain

Early vitreous wares produced by the Chinese.

Derby ware

English Ceramics: Established in 1750. William Duesbery. Bisque is worthy of special notice. Finest work is done during the Chelsea and Crown periods. Known as "dry-edge" figures, their modeling and execution were excellent, the porcelain soft and heavy; a pair known as the "Florentine Boars," after Italian bronzes, is the most noted example.

Bow ware

English Ceramics: First soft-paste porcelain in England. Eventually became part of the Derby factory. First called "New Canton" Marker: Anchor and dagger in red

Lowestoft

English Ceramics: Founded by Robert Browne. Produced soft-paste porcelain similar to Chelsea Ware and Bow Ware. Trifle - Small objects

Wedgwood ware

English Ceramics: From its creator, Josiah. Produced a cream ware which supplanted salt-glaze ware. Also known for Black basalt ware and jasper ware, among others.

Staffordshire

English Ceramics: Generic term for the industrial area encompassing the six towns (Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke, Fenton and Longton) that now make up Stoke-on-Trent in England. Can usually be identified from the design on the border

Royal Worcester

English Ceramics: Gilding is the most important feature of the decoration. Noted for creamy white lusterless surface.

Chelsea ware

English Ceramics: Manufactured very soft-paste porcelain. Founded in 1745 under the direction of Nicholas Sprimont (1750). Sold to William Duesbery of the Derby factory. Added calcined boned ash to their paste. Known for their dark blue ground and rich claret color. Stilt marks. Toys were most valued.

Bristol ware

English Ceramics: Milk white, with a cool glittering glaze. Exceedingly hard and durable, often decorated in the Chinese manner. Richard Champion

Worcester Tonquin

English Ceramics: Their well-proportioned forms and careful finish are quickly recognized. Main emphasis was on useful ware. Founded in 1751. Taken over by *Thomas Flight* in 1783.

Sevres factory

Factory flourished because of its constant innovation. It was backed by Louis XV. Assumed leadership in Europe and continued to set standards for European porcelain production.

Jasperware

Fine, hard, unglazed white bisque

soft porcelain

Fired below 2300°F. Imitation porcelain.

hard porcelain

Fired between 2390 to 2570°F. Considered the best kind of porcelain.

overglaze

Fired first before painting

bone china

Fired twice, at 2760°F and at 2475°F. A white, hard translucent ceramic ware that is usually glazed.

Bottger stoneware

First European hard-paste porcelain

Capodimonte porcelain

Founded by Charles III in Naples, Italy. Made in direct emulation of Meissen porcelain. Characterized by a pronounced creamy color and an unusually glossy clear glaze. Famous for its moulded figurines and its decorative modelled flowers applied to cups and vases.

Mennecy factory

French factory founded by Francois Barbin in the town of Villeroy. Produced utilitarian ware of considerable originality and naïve charm.

Limoges

French hard-paste porcelain factory established in 1774.

Vincennes factory

French soft-paste porcelain factory established in 1740. Developed a superior soft-paste body which was whiter and freer of imperfections. Eventually moved to Sevres.

Poterie deluxe

German pottery exceedingly fine in color, form and ornament. Highest eminence which German pottery reached.

Lucca Della Robia

Goldsmith and sculptor who discovered the use of *stanniferous enamel*, the hardest glaze then in use. Credited to the one to raise production of majolica from a craft to high art.

Francesco de Medici

Grand duke of Tuscany who produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in the 16th century.

Nicola Pellipario

Greatest istoriato painter who decorated Castel Durante and Urbino wares His palette is soft and harmonious, and his subjects, drawn chiefly from Ovid and Lucian, are lyrically rendered.

keramos

Greek term meaning earthenware from which the word ceramics is derived.

terre de pipe

Its pure whiteness and fineness affording excellent qualities which went far towards perfecting the French styles of decoration.

Dip jasper

Jasperware in various *surface* colors.

Solid jasper

Jasperware that is colored *clear-through*

porcelain

Kaolin plus decayed granite and fired at 1200 to 1400 °C. Feldspathic material in a fusible state incorporated in a stoneware composition. Hardest ceramic product.

Master Giorgio Andreoli

Known to have *perfected the luster technique*.

bianchi di Faenza

Lightly decorated white wares made in Faenza

earthenware

Natural clays fired at 900 to 1200 °C. Soft pottery. Also the oldest and most universal. Porous and opaque.

aryballos

Oil flask

lekythos

Oil flask

De Koninklijke Poreceleyne Fles

Only remaining original producer of Dutch delftware. Means Royal Porcelain Jar

Queens ware

Original cream-colored earthenware named after Charlotte, wife of George III.

underglaze

Painted first before firing.

Doccia ware

Porcelain produced at a factory near Florence founded by Marchese Carlo Ginori in 1735. Principal feature: Admirable imitation of majolica and successful reproduction of the bas reliefs of Della Robia Three decorative themes distinguish this ware: the *a galletto* design, of Chinese origin, consisting of two fighting cocks; the *a tulipano pattern*, a central, stylized red tulip with surrounding flowers; and a range of polychrome or white-figured reliefs of mythological subjects often erroneously named Capodimonte

Dresden ware

Porcelain ware, esp delicate and elegantly decorative objects and figures of high quality, made at Meissen

du Pacquier factory

Second factory in Europe to produce hard-paste porcelain. Established by Claudius at 1719.

Chantilly factory

Soft-paste factory in France established by *Louis Henry*, the duc de Bourbon.

azulejos

Spanish: Produced in Catalonia, painted with groups of people engaged in activity or incidents associated with Don Quixote. Generally, wall tiles with a bluish hue.

buen retiro

Spanish: Soft-paste ware, most costly and most technically perfect. Delicate white and more than usually translucent. Counterpart of the Capodimonte factory in Italy.

majolica

Spanish: Term generally applied to tin-glazed and enameled earthenware.

Hispano Mauresque or luster earthenware

Spanish: Wares with Arabic inscriptions, arabesques and stylized animal forms characterized by sheen and iridescence.

glazed

Stage wherein the ware has been covered with glazed and has undergone a second firing.

biscuit or bisque

Stage wherein the ware has undergone preliminary low range firing.

clay or greenware

Stage wherein the ware is formed but has not gone under firing.

amphora

Storage jar

neck amphora

Storage jar

pelike

Storage jar; Distinctive "sagging belly"

stamnos

Storage of liquids

alabastron

Storage of oil/perfume

istoriato style

Style of pottery decoration, originating about 1500 in Faenza, Italy, and popular throughout the 16th century, in which paintings comparable in seriousness to Italian Renaissance easel paintings were applied to maiolica ware

Bernard Palissy

Succeeded in producing a widely imitated pottery, admired for smooth glazes in richly colored enamels. He was appointed as royal potter to Catherine de Medici reproducing scriptural and mythological subject in low relief and for his rustic pieces decorated with sharply modeled forms copied from nature.

Hispano Moresque wares

Synthesis of Near Eastern and European styles. Heavy earthenware usually decorated with crude patterns in green-blue, yellow, white and lustreware.

Meissen factory

The first European manufactory of hard-paste porcelain.

column krater

They ranged in size from 35 centimetres (14 in) to 56 centimetres (22 in) in height and were usually thrown in three pieces: the body/ shoulder area was one, the base another, and the neck/ lip/ rim a third. The handles were pulled separately.

alkaline, lead and tin

Three of the most common kinds of glazes.

Champlevé

Troughs or cells are carved, etched, die struck, or cast into the surface of a metal object, and filled with vitreous enamel.

skyphos

Two-handled deep wine-cup on a low flanged base or none

salt glazed

Type of glazing a stoneware with common salt, used as an alkali and thrown into the kiln. Soda from the salt created a glassy layer on the pot's surface.

lebes gamikos

Used in marriage rites to hold water

loutrophoros

Used to "help" hold water during marriage and funeral rituals, and was placed in the tombs of the unmarried.

true porcelain

White vitreous ware.

psykter

Wine cooler/storage

plasticity

quality of clay that allows it to be manipulated and still maintain its shape without cracking

sintering

the process caused by kiln firing which solidifies the clay but does not lead to vitrification. This occurs at low temperatures as in low-fired earthenware.

Majorca ware

tin-glazed earthenware, from Majorca