CH 1 (for A&P 1 and 2)
anterior or ventral
the front surface/ the belly side ex. the umbilicus(navel) is on the anterior/ventral surface of the trunk
cranial or cephalic
toward the head
medial (medial vs lateral)
toward the midline
proximal (proximal vs distal)
toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk of the body ex. the shoulder is proximal to the wrist
caudal
toward the tail (coccyx in humans)
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
When I discussed the pleural cavities and specifically the 'mediastinum', how far did I mention the mediastinum extends anteriorly and posteriorly?
from the sternum to the vertabrae
the 11 organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
viscera
internal organs that are enclosed by the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
In which abdominopelvic quadrant and region is the stomach predominantly found?
left upper quadrant and the epigastric region
Are the following anatomical landmarks visible from the anterior or posterior view: dorsal, gluteal, calcaneal?
posterior
posterior or dorsal
the back surface/ the back ex. the scapula is located posterior to the rib cage
mediastinum
the central tissue mass that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities
physiology
(function) how living organisms perform their vital functions
anatomy
(structure) study of internal/external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts
abdominal cavity
-This cavity contains the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine. -The organs are partially or completely enclosed by the peritoneal cavity -A few organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. Those organs are said to be retroperitoneal (retro, behind)
pericardial cavity
-a small chamber that surrounds the heart. The relationship between the heart and the pericardial cavity resembles that of a fist pushing into a balloon -mediastinum also contains this
the thoracic cavity
-contains the lungs and heart; associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems -subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities (holding the lungs), separated by a mass of tissue called the mediastinum -Each pleural cavity surrounds a lung and is lined by a slippery serous membrane that reduces friction as the lung expands and recoils during breathing.
microscopic anatomy
-deals with structures that we cannot see without magnification -two major subdivisions: cytology (study of internal structure of individual cells) and histology (examination of tissues)
abdominopelvic cavity
-extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis
the pelvic cavity
-inferior to the abdominal cavity -bones of the pelvis form the walls of the pelvic cavity, and a layer of muscle forms its floor -contains the urinary bladder, various reproductive organs, and the distal (farthest) portion of the large intestine
gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy
-involves examining fairly large structures -many different forms of gross anatomy: ex. surface anatomy, regional anatomy, sectional anatomy, systemic anatomy (organ systems 11), developmental anatomy, etc..
peritoneal cavity
-potential space lined by a serous membrane known as the peritoneum -The parietal peritoneum lines the inner surface of the body wall. A narrow space containing a small amount of fluid separates the parietal peritoneum from the visceral peritoneum, which covers the enclosed organs.
pleura
-serous membrane lining a pleural cavity. -The visceral pleura covers the outer surfaces of a lung, and the parietal pleura covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall.
anatomical position
-standard anatomical reference for the human form -To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward, viewed from the anterior surface
The diaphragm divides the
-the (superior) thoracic and (inferior) abdominopelvic cavities. -The thoracic cavity consists of two pleural cavities (each surrounding a lung) with a central tissue mass known as the mediastinum. Within the mediastinum is the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart. ---The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity and contains the peritoneal cavity, a chamber lined by the peritoneum, a serous membrane.
homeostatic regulation involves two general mechanisms:
1) autoregulation: process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change. For example, when the oxygen level decreases in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that widen, or dilate, blood vessels. This dilation increases the blood flow and provides more oxygen to the region. 2) extrinsic regulation: process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system. These organ systems detect an environmental change and send an electrical signal (nervous system) or chemical messenger (endocrine system) to control or adjust the activities of another or many other systems simultaneously. ex) when exercising your nervous system issues commands that increase your heart rate so that blood will circulate faster.
How many total organ systems did I mention there were within the body?
11
If the deep knife wound had been superior to the diaphragm, what body cavity would the knife have entered, and what organs does it contain?
A deep knife wound superior to the diaphragm would have entered the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs and heart; associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems; the inferior portions of the esophagus; and the thymus.
At which level of organization does a histologist investigate structures?
A histologist investigates structures and properties at the tissue level of organization.
midsagittal plane
A plane passing through the midline of the body that divides it into left and right halves.
Explain how a positive feedback system works.
A positive feedback system amplifies or enhances the effects of a stimulus.
What besides blood clotting, is used as an example of positive feedback?
child birth
Define eponym
An eponym is a commemorative name for a structure or clinical condition that was originally named for a real or mythical person.
Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related.
Anatomy and physiology are closely related because all specific functions are performed by specific structures
distal (distal vs proximal)
Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk ex. the fingers are distal to the wrist
If a person's body temperature gets too high, the body will respond by decreasing its temperature to restore homeostasis. What are the homeostatic responses to an increase in body temperature?
Blood vessels constrict, sweating decreases.
body cavities of the trunk have two essential functions:
Body cavities protect internal organs and cushion them from thumps and bumps that occur while walking, running, or jumping. Body cavities also permit the organs that they surround to change in size and shape without disrupting the activities of nearby organs.
Define equilibrium.
Equilibrium is a dynamic (constantly changing) state in which two opposing forces or processes are in balance.
Which general mechanism of homeostatic regulation always involves the nervous or endocrine system?
Extrinsic regulation is a type of homeostatic regulation resulting from activities of the nervous system or endocrine system.
difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy?
Gross anatomy (often referred to as macroscopic anatomy) involves studying body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye. Microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures using a microscope to magnify the objects.
Besides the liver and most of the large intestine, what other major organs are in the abdominal cavity?
In addition to the liver and most of the large intestine, the abdominal cavity contains the stomach, spleen, and small intestine.
Why is it difficult to separate anatomy from physiology?
It is difficult to separate anatomy from physiology because the structures of body parts are so closely related to their functions; put another way, function follows form.
Identify the organ systems of the body and cite some major structures of each.
Major organ systems (and some structures of each) are the: -integumentary system (skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails), -skeletal system (bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, and bone marrow), -muscular system (skeletal muscles and associated tendons), -nervous system (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs), -endocrine system (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, and other endocrine tissues), -cardiovascular system (heart, blood, and blood vessels), -lymphatic system (spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils), -respiratory system (nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli), -digestive system (teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas), -urinary system (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra), -male reproductive system (testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal glands, prostate gland, penis, and scrotum), and female reproductive system (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, and mammary glands).
Explain the function of negative feedback systems
Negative feedback systems provide long-term control over the body's internal conditions—that is, they maintain homeostasis—by counteracting the effects of a stimulus or environmental change.
Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism?
Physiological systems can function normally only under carefully controlled conditions. Homeostatic regulation prevents potentially disruptive changes in the body's internal environment.
Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature?
Positive feedback is useful in processes that must be completed quickly, such as blood clotting. In contrast, it is harmful in situations in which a stable condition must be maintained, because it tends to increase any departure from the desired condition. Positive feedback in the regulation of body temperature, for example, would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results. For this reason, physiological systems are typically regulated by negative feedback, which tends to oppose any departure from the norm.
quadrants
RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ
When I broke down the term 'homeostasis' into two words ('homeo' and 'stasis'), what did I say those two words meant respectively?
Same and state of standing
Identify several specialties of physiology.
Several specialties of physiology are: -cell physiology (study of cell function), -organ physiology (study of function of specific organs), -systemic physiology (includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems), -pathological physiology (study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions).
Name the book that serves as the international standard for anatomical terms.
The book used as the international standard for anatomical vocabulary is Terminologia Anatomica.
Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex
The major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex are as follows: chemical level → cellular level → tissue level → organ level → organ system level → organism level.
What is the purpose of anatomical terms?
The purpose of anatomical terms is to provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body.
Describe the various body cavities of the trunk.
The thoracic cavity includes the pleural and pericardial cavities, which enclose the lungs and heart, respectively. The diaphragm forms the boundary between the superior thoracic cavity and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the peritoneal cavity, which contains the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity.
What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down?
When homeostasis fails, organ systems function less efficiently or even malfunction. The result is the state that we call disease. If the situation is not corrected, death can result.
When the body continuously adapts by using homeostatic mechanisms, it is said to be in a state of _____ equilibrium.
When the body continuously adapts by using homeostatic mechanisms, it is said to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
lateral (lateral vs medial)
away from the midline
prone position (prone vs supine)
lying face down with palms facing the floor
supine position (supine vs prone)
lying face up, with palms facing anteriorly. Think UP or In order to carry a bowl of soup, your hand must be in the supine position.
regions
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
