exam modules 4-5

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

In operant conditioning, ______________is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a_______________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

obstructive sleep apnea occurs when _________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Who described the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung

Although B.F Skinner and John B. Watson refused too believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, _____________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from __________.

Jet lag

_____________is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

What is an example of variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch off lottery tickets

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Knowing you will get to play mini golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars from your reward chart

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of_____________learning.

associational

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing _____________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

The _________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

circadian

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ______________reinforcement.

continuous

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

alcohol is considered a _____________because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

external

What are in a behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

_________reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a system of _________ leg syndrome.

restless

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

sleep

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In a ___________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lucid

Sleepwalking is also referred to as __________.

somnambulism

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

If slamming a door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent______________.

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park