Ch. 10 Quiz

Describe how experiments using the following physiological techniques have provided evidence of parallels between imagery and perception: single neuron recording

found category specific neurons in MTL that respond to some objects but not others (i.e. faces) in same way when seeing AND imagining

What is the relationship between food craving and visual imagery? How has visual imagery been used to reduce food craving?

imagining food can increase craving nonfood imagery can decrease craving. stronger effect for visual imagery bc it uses some of the capacity of the visuospatial sketch pad, so food-related imagery is reduced. auditory images would affect the phonological loop but not the visuospatial sketch pad

Is imagery just a "laboratory phenomenon," or does it occur in real life?

it occurs in real life

Under what conditions does imagery improve memory? Describe techniques that use imagery as a tool to improve memory. What is the basic principle that underlies these techniques?

method of loci and pegboard technique

What is the tacit knowledge explanation? What experiment was done to counter this?

proposed by Pylyshyn saying that people may unconsciously use knowledge abt the world when making judgements (i.e. know irl it takes longer to travel longer distances) Finke and Pinker had part. judge whether arrow pointed to prev. seen dots. when arrow was farther from dot, RT increased (took longer to mentally travel)--tacit k does not explain this bc there was not enough time to memorize dots

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that A. imagery and perception are two different phenomena. B. imagery and perception can interact with one another. C. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. D. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

B.

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _________ processing and imagery starts as a ________ process. A. bottom-up; bottom-up B. top-down; top-down C. bottom-up; top-down D. top-down; bottom-up

C.

Mental-scanning experiments found A. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image. B. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. C. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does. D. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

D.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery A. actually exists. B. can be used to inform non-visual sensory systems. C. is identical for all people. D. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

D.

Some of the neuropsychological results demonstrate parallels between imagery & perception, and some results do not. How has Behrmann explained these contradictory results?

results that do not demonstrate parallels: double dissociation b/w RM/Guariglia patient (ok perception, bad imagery) and CK (bad perception, ok imagery); Lee brain imaging (vis. cortex for perc. but high vis. areas for imagery) Behrmann said mechanisms for perception/imagery only overlap partially perception: bottom up processing, uses higher and lower visual centers imagery: top down, only higher visual centers would say that RM had high levels damaged and CK had low levels damaged (doesn't explain MGS)

Describe the spatial and propositional explanations of the mechanism underlying imagery. How can the propositional explanation interpret the results of Kosslyn's boat & island image-scanning experiments?

spatial rep: imagery relies on spatial rep. just like perception propositional: relationships can be repped by abstract symbols/statements you can rep the boat/island propositionally, i.e. instead of imagining pic of boat and traveling along it, you think "anchor, attached to front deck, behind cabin..."

What are some differences between imagery and perception? What have most psychologists concluded about the connection between imagery and perception?

-double dissoc. b/w RM and CK -Lee (vis cortex act. for perc. but high vis. area act. for imagery) -easy to "flip" duck-rabbit image when looking at it but not when perceiving it -perception = automatic/stable -imagery = effortful/fragile most psychologists say imagery and perception are more similar than different

Describe how experiments using the following physiological techniques have provided evidence of parallels between imagery and perception: brain imaging

1. Le Bihan: activity in visual cortex similar for perception and imagery (fMRI) 2. Kosslyn: visual cortex organized as topographical map-specific locations on vis. stim. activate specific locations in cortex 3. Ganis: same activation for perception/imagery in front of brain but differs towards back 4. Amedi: deactivation of nonvis. areas during vis. imagery 5. Lee: vis. cortex act. predicted perception, higher vis. area act. predicted imagining

Describe how experiments using the following physiological techniques have provided evidence of parallels between imagery and perception: neuropsychology

1. MGS gave much diff. answers in mental walk task b4 and after removal of R occipital lobe, showing vis. cortex is important for imagery 2. patients w/ unilateral neglect, ignoring obj in 1/2 of vis. field (usually parietal lobe damage), show this for imagery and perception 3. Guariglia's patient had ok perception but neglect in imagery 4. RM had ok perception but poor imagery (can't draw from mem/answer ?s involving imagery) 5. CK had poor perception (visual agnosia-can't recognize obj) but ok imagery (can draw from mem)

Mental imagery involves A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. B. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. C. sensory representations of a stimulus. D. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

A.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? A. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." B. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish. C. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. D. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it.

A.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined next to A. an anteater B. a bumblebee C. a rhinoceros D. a wolf

B. a bumblebee

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that A. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. B. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. C. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. D. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

D.

Describe how experiments using the following physiological techniques have provided evidence of parallels between imagery and perception: deactivation part of brain

TMS to vis. cortex increased RT for both perception and imagery tasks (shows vis. context plays causal role in both)

How did Kosslyn use the technique of mental scanning (in the boat & island experiments) to demonstrate similarities between perception and imagery? Why were Kosslyn's experiments criticized, and how did Kosslyn answer Pylyshyn's criticism with additional experiments?

part. memorizes a pic of an object, makes mental image of it, and is asked to "scan" object to determine if certain parts are there (i.e. imagine boat. go from anchor to motor--say yes if motor is there and no if not). it takes longer to "find" objs farther from starting point. Kosslyn used this as evidence to say imagery and perception are both based on spatial mechanisms Pylyshyn said spatial rep. is an epiphenomenon (it's not the real mechanism responsible) and imagery could be explained by propositional mechanisms (imagery repped by abstract symbols like equations/statements)