ch. 11

reinforcement

A desired consequence or the ending of a negative consequence, either of which is given in response to a desirable behavior.

group incentive plan

A financial incentive plan that rewards a team of workers for meeting or exceeding an objective.

gainsharing

A group incentive plan in which the organization encourages employees to participate in making suggestions and decisions, then rewards the group with a share of improved earnings.

profit-sharing plan

A group incentive plan under which the company sets aside a share of its profits and divides it among employees.

Based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is an example of an employee's security needs at the workplace?

A medical checkup

Identify a pay plan that is often used to pay independent contractors, that is, people who are self-employed and perform work for an organization.

A piecework system

flextime

A policy that grants employees some leeway in choosing which 8 hours a day or which 40 hours a week to work.

An intrinsic reward

A reward that comes directly from performing a task. A sense of increased self-esteem after accomplishing a challenging task

Theory X

A set of management attitudes based on the view that people dislike work and must be coerced to perform.

Theory Y

A set of management attitudes based on the view that work is a natural activity and that people will work hard and creatively to achieve objectives to which they are committed.

Identify a true statement about providing feedback to employees.

A supervisor should give employees feedback about their performance as employees need to know how well they are doing.

Identify the researchers whose content theories of motivation are widely used.

Abraham Maslow Frederick Herzberg David McClelland

job sharing

An arrangement in which two part-time employees share the duties of one full-time job.

job enlargement

An effort to make a job more interesting by adding more duties to it.

punishment

An unpleasant consequence given in response to undesirable behavior.

How can supervisors treat employees as individuals by building a sense of cohesion and belonging?

By using team-building activities

_____ is an example of a social need as proposed by Abraham Maslow.

Companionship

Identify an example of a social need as suggested by Abraham Maslow.

Desire for love

_____ ensures that no employee feels threatened or intimidated in any way in an organization.

Enforcing a zero tolerance policy on workplace bullying

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, opportunity for recognition is considered a hygiene factor.

False

An example of an extrinsic reward would be a sense of increased self-esteem after accomplishing a challenging task.

False

Bonuses are payments linked to the amount of sales completed.

False

Maslow's theory assumes that different people have different patterns of needs.

False

True or false: According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, satisfaction results from the absence of hygiene factors.

False

True or false: In the context of motivation theories, supervisors need not offer a variety of rewards for employees.

False

____ ____ are referred to as the payments for meeting or exceeding objectives.

Financial incentives

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is an example of a person's physiological needs?

Food

Identify a way to motivate employees in an organization.

Gamification

_____ theory of motivation maintains that people's behavior is influenced largely by the consequences of their past behavior.

Skinner's reinforcement

Identify the major process theories of motivation.

Skinner's reinforcement theory Vroom's expectancy-valence theory

Identify a common element of most motivation theories.

Supervisors must consider individual differences in designing rewards.

Pygmalion effect

The direct relationship between expectations and performance; high expectations lead to high performance.

Which of the following should be met in order for money to work as a motivator for employees in an organization?

The employees must believe that they can attain the financial rewards offered by the organization.

job enrichment

The incorporation of motivating factors into a job—in particular, giving the employee more responsibility and recognition.

behavior modification

The use of reinforcement theory to motivate people to behave in a certain way.

According to Douglas McGregor's theory of motivation, a manager who follows _____ assumes that people wish to avoid responsibility and would prefer to be directed and that their primary need is for security.

Theory X

According to Douglas McGregor, _____ refers to a set of management attitudes based on the view that people dislike work and must be coerced to perform.

Theory X

Which of the following are true of process theories of motivation?

They concern the mechanism involved in motivation.

cross-training

Training in the skills required to perform more than one job.

Job rotation involves moving employees from job to job to give them more variety.

True

Job rotation requires that employees have relatively broad skills.

True

The objective of motivating employees is to lead them to perform in ways that meet the goals of the department and the organization.

True

True or false: According to the content theories of motivation, money inspires people when it meets their needs.

True

True or false: Linking rewards to the achievement of realistic objectives is a way to help employees believe they can attain desired rewards

True

True or false: Praise is an important kind of feedback.

True

True or false: The way a pay plan is structured can influence the degree to which employees are motivated to perform well.

True

True or false: To motivate employees with the possibility of a raise and a belief that pay rates are fair, an organization must let them know what they can hope to earn.

True

Vroom's expectancy-valence theory and Skinner's reinforcement theory are process theories that focus on the process of motivation rather than specific motivators.

True

Vroom's theory is based on employees' perceptions of rewards and whether they are able to achieve them.

True

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, _____ is an example of a self-actualization need.

a greater interest in corporate social responsibility

According to Abraham Maslow, _____ is an example of a person's security needs.

a home in a safe neighborhood

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, a person's esteem needs can be met through _____.

acceptance

David McClelland's theory of motivation is called the _____.

achievement-power-affiliation theory

In a sales department, employees may earn _____, or payment linked to the amount of sales completed.

commissions

Some theories of motivation, such as Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, have focused on what things motivate workers. These are called _____ theories.

content

Vroom's expectancy-valence theory of motivation is based on _____.

employees' perceptions of rewards and whether they are able to achieve them

According to Victor Vroom's expectancy-valence theory of motivation, _____ refers to the perceived likelihood that a particular behavior will lead to a desired outcome.

expectancy

is a policy that grants employees some leeway in choosing which 8 hours a day or which 40 hours a week to work.

flextime

McClelland's theory of motivation considers _____, whereas Maslow's theory of motivation does not.

individual differences

In the context of Victor Vroom's expectancy-valence theory of motivation, _____ refers to the perceived likelihood that a promised reward will actually be attained.

instrumentality

Ashley and Andrea work on the same project in a software company. They both manage the duties of a single position in the company. They only work for six hours every day as both of them have infants. This is an example of _____.

job sharing

Giving people incentives that cause them to act in desired ways is known as

motivation

McClelland's theory of motivation is based on the assumption that _____.

people develop various needs through their life experiences

The rewards a supervisor uses should be linked to employees' _____ to help employees believe they can attain desired rewards.

performance

In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the most basic needs are _____ needs.

physiological

According to Abraham Maslow, esteem needs of a person can be met through _____.

praise

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, satisfaction results from the _____.

presence of motivating factors

Employees may receive a basic wage or salary plus an incentive that consists of a payment for each unit made. This pay plan is called a _____.

production bonus system

An advantage of flexible work arrangements is _____.

reduced employee turnover

According to _____, high expectations lead to high performance.

the Pygmalion effect

A pay plan that pays people according to how much they produce is known as _____.

the piecework system

Vroom's expectancy-valence theory of motivation says that _____.

the strength of motivation equals the perceived value of an outcome times the perceived probability that a behavior will result in the outcome

In the hierarchy of needs theory, Abraham Maslow assumes that people are motivated by _____.

unmet needs

According to Victor Vroom's expectancy-valence theory of motivation, _____ refers to the value an individual places on the result of a particular behavior.

valence

Identify an advantage of flexible work arrangements.

Reduced employee absence

_____ is an effort to make a job more interesting by adding more duties to it.

Job enlargement

_____ involves moving employees from job to job to give them more variety.

Job rotation

____ ____ is an arrangement in which two part-time employees share the duties of one full-time job.

Job sharing

_____ theory of motivation assumes different people have different patterns of needs, whereas _____ theory of motivation assumes the same pattern of needs for all people.

McClelland's; Maslow's

Identify an example of a self-actualization need according to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Membership in a religious organization

job rotation

Moving employees from job to job to give them more variety.

piecework system

Payment according to the quantity produced.

commissions

Payment linked to the amount of sales completed.

financial incentives

Payments for meeting or exceeding objectives.

Identify a statement given by Skinner's reinforcement theory of motivation.

People keep doing things that have led to consequences they like, and people avoid doing things that have had undesirable consequences.

intrinsic reward

Personal satisfaction that comes directly from performing a task.

Match the basic categories of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column).

Physiological needs - Shelter Security needs - Medical checkups Social needs - The desire for companionship and friendship Esteem needs - Respect Self-actualization needs - The wish to live up to one's full potential

Match the needs of individuals as proposed by Abraham Maslow (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Physiological needs - These needs are required for survival. Security needs - These needs keep people free from harm. Social needs - These needs are satisfied through the time people spend with family, friends, and co-workers. Esteem needs - These are the needs for the respect of others. Self-actualization needs - These needs describe the desire to live up to one's full potential.

Identify a typical compromise between maintaining privacy and sharing information in an organization.

Publishing pay ranges

The direct relationship between expectations and performance is known as the ____ effect.

Pygmalion

An extrinsic reward

Recognition or compensation that is extraneous to the task accomplished An Olympic gold medal

extrinsic reward

Recognition or compensation that is extraneous to the task accomplished.