Ch. 14 Autonomic Nervous Systen (What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?ANS)

Where are norepinephrine and epinephrine released into the bloodstream?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the adrenal medulla and nervous system respectively. They are the flight/fight hormones that are released when the body is under extreme stress. During stress, much of the body's energy is used to combat imminent danger.

function of the autonomic nervous system?

Involuntary nervous system, innervates cardiac and smooth muscle.

Be able to compare and contrast the following differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems (compare and contrast the effectors, efferent pathways and ganglia in each type of nervous system)

Somatic: both sensory and motor pathways Includes processes that are perceived or controlled consciously. Lower motor neuron. Effector:Skeletal muscle, NT: ACh, Effect: Stimulatory The effectors of the somatic nervous system are skeletal muscles, while the ANS innervates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands. In the somatic nervous system, the cell bodies of the neurons are in the spinal cord and their axons extend to the skeletal muscles they innervate. The ANS consists of a two-neuron chain in which the cell body of the first neuron, the preganglionic neuron, resides in the spinal cord, and synapses with the second neruon, the postganglionic neuron, reside within an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS. Autonomic: only motor pathways ANS - Visceral nervous system. Effector: Smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle and Adipose. NT: NE & ACh. Effect: Stimulatory or inhibitory The ANS differs from the somatic nervous system in that it can stimulate or inhibit its effectors.

The parasympathetic nervous system works at a much slower rate because?

acetylcholine is released at a much slower rate (both are released by postganglionic neurons).

orthostatic hypotension

becoming dizzy when standing up rapidly from lying down due to less response of sympathetic control of blood pressure and flow to the brain

What is the main part of the brain that directly controls heart rate, blood pressure and respiration?

brainstem

hypertension

caused by continual stress and an overactive sympathetic nervous system),

What is the main part of the brain that controls the autonomic nervous system?

hypothalamus

Some of the autonomic effects ONLY occur from the sympathetic nervous system including:

thermoregulation (regulating body temperature by shunting blood to areas that need it more), regulation of blood pressure, regulation of metabolism, presence of the adrenal medulla)