Ch. 15 THERAPY
The debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy began with a study by ______________; it showed that the rate of improvement for those who received therapy _________ (was/was not) higher than the rate for those who did not.
Hans Eysenck; was not
Mary Cover Jones' procedures were refined by __________ as the ____________ _______________. One form of this therapy, systematic desensitization, assumes that one cannot simultaneously be ___________ and relaxed.
Joseph Wolpe; exposure therapies; anxious
Rogers' technique of echoing, restating, and clarifying what a person is saying is called ________ ________. Given nonjudgmental environment that provides __________ _________ ___________, patients are better able to accept themselves as they are and to feel valued and whole.
active listening; unconditional positive regard
Also effective in calming anxious people and energizing depressed people is _______ _________, which has positive side effects. Even better is to use antidepressant drugs, which work __________ (bottom-up/top-down).
aerobic exercise; bottom-up; cognitive-behavioral; top-down
Today, many forms of ______ ______ are touted as effective treatments for a variety of complaints.
alternative therapy
Xanax and Ativan are classified as __________ drugs.
antianxiety
Drugs that are prescribed to alleviate depression are called _________ drugs. Because the most commonly prescribed drugs in this group are increasingly being used to treat strokes and other disorders, including ___________ disorders, ___________-____________ disorder, and ______________ ___________ ___________, they are more commonly called __________ ___________ __________ inhibitors.
antidepressant; anxiety; obsessive-compulsive; posttraumatic stress disorder; selective serotonin reuptake
One effect of _________ drugs such as _____________ is to help those experiencing _________(positive/negative) symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli.
antipsychotic; chlorpromazine; positive
Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors are key aspects of ___________ ____________.
behavior modification
Some forms of therapy are best for particular problems. With phobias, compulsions, and other specific behavior problems, ____________ ____________ therapies have been the most effective. Other studies have demonstrated that anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression may be effectively treated with _______ or ___________- __________ therapy.
behavioral conditioning; cognitive; cognitive-behavioral
As noted earlier, therapy involving changing the brain's functioning is referred to a ________ therapy. The most widely used biomedical treatments are the _______ therapies. Thankful to these therapies, the number of residents in mental hospitals has ________ (increased/decreased) sharply.
biomedical; drug; decreased
The relative success of this _____________ approach seems to confirm that everything psychological is also biological and that we are all social creatures.
biopsychosocial
To treat the emotional highs and lows of _______ disorder, a _________-__________ drug such as the simple salt ________ is often prescribed
bipolar; mood-stabilizing; lithium
Psychologists call the relentless, overgeneralized, self-blaming behavior of depressed people ________________.
catastrophizing
These drugs depress activity in the _________ _________ ___________.
central nervous system
Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the formative power of ____________ ___________ and their ability to mold the adult.
childhood experiences
One cluster of behavior therapies is based on the principles of _________ __________, as developed in Pavlov's experiments. This technique, in which a new incompatible response is substituted for a maladaptive one, is called _______________________. Two examples of this technique are ______________ ___________ and _____________ ___________.
classical conditioning; counterconditioning; exposure therapy; aversive conditioning
The humanistic therapy based on Rogers' theory is called _____________-___________ therapy, which is described as ___________ therapy because the therapist ________ (interprets/does not interpret) the person's problems.
client-centered; nondirective; does not interpret
Therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking are using _________ therapy.
cognitive
An integrative therapy that combines an attack on negative thinking with efforts to modify behavior known as ________-________ therapy. This type of therapy is an effective treatment program for anxiety and mood disorders, because they share a common problem: _________ _________. It is also useful for _______-_______ _________; people are taught to relabel their problem behaviors.
cognitive-behavioral; emotion regulation; obsessive-compulsive disorder
In this type of group, therapists focus on improving ___________ within the family.
communication
Aside from testimonials, there is very little evidence based on __________ research for such therapies.
controlled
In hopes of better assessing psychotherapy's effectiveness, psychologists have turned to ____________ research studies.
controlled
Another treatment being investigated for treatment of patients with depression is _____-_____ stimulation of a neural hub that bridges the frontal lobes to the limbic system.
deep-brain
Another effective drug in the control of mania was originally used to treat epilepsy, it is ___________.
depakote
ECT is most often used with patients suffering from severe __________. Research evidence _______ (confirms/does not confirm) ECT's effectiveness with such patients. The mechanism by which ECT works is ____________.
depression; confirms; unknown
Generally speaking, psychotherapists' personal values ________ (do/do not) influence their therapy. This is particularly significant when the therapist and client are from different ________. Another area of potential value conflict is ___________.
do; cultures; religion
Studies show that when people seek psychological treatment , their search for other medical treatment _______ (does/does not) decrease. Thus, psychotherapy is ________-effective.
does; cost
The antipsychotic drugs work by blocking the receptor sites for the neurotransmitter ____________.
dopamine
Today, most psychosurgery has been replaced by the use of _________ or some other form of treatment.
drugs
Some therapists blend several psychotherapy techniques and so are said to take an ___________ approach.
eclectic
The therapeutic technique in which the patient receives an electric shock to the brain is referred to as __________ therapy, abbreviated as ________.
electroconvulsive; ECT
Clinical decision making that integrates research with clinical expertise and with patient preferences and characteristics is called __________-_________ ___________.
evidence-based practice
When used in combination with _________ _________, these drugs can help people relieve the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
exposure therapy
The type of group interaction that focuses on the fact that we live and grow in relation to others is _______ _________.
family therapy
One example of this type of drug is __________, which works by blocking the reabsorption and removal of _________ from synapses. Increased serotonin promotes _____________, the development of new brain cells. Drugs that work by blocking the reabsorption or breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin are called _______-__________ drugs. These drugs have __________ (more/fewer) side effects.
fluoxetine (prozac); serotonin; neurogenesis; dual-actions; more
Freud's technique in which a patient says whatever comes to mind is called __________ _____________.
free association
To promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists exhibit _________, __________, and ____________.
genuineness; acceptance; empathy
Although _______ therapy does not provide the same degree of therapist involvement with each client, it does save time and money and permits therapeutic benefits from _______ interaction.
group; social
The first step in systematic desensitization is the construction of a ___________ of anxiety-arousing stimuli. The second step involves training in _______ ________. In the final step, the person is trained to associate the _______ state with the __________-arousing stimuli.
hierarchy; progressive relaxation; relaxed; anxiety
All forms of psychotherapy offer three benefits: _________ for demoralized people; a new _________ on oneself; and a relationship that is ________, __________, and __________.
hope; perspective; caring; trusting; empathetic
The American Psychological Association suggests that a person should seek help when he or she has feelings of ____________, a deep and lasting ______________, _____-__________ behavior, disruptive __________, sudden _______ shifts, and ____________ rituals, for example.
hopelessness; depression; self-destructive; fears; mood; compulsive
In North America, Europe, and Australia, most therapists reflect their culture's ___________.
individualism
The goal of Freud's psychoanalysis, which is based on his personality theory, is to help the patient gain __________.
insight
Without embracing all aspects of Freud's theory, these therapists aim to help people gain _______ into their childhood experiences and ____________ dynamics.
insight; unconscious
Albee's views remind us that disorders are not just biological and not just environmental or psychological because we are all an ____________ _________________ system.
integrated biopsychosocial
Today, psychoanalysis ___________(is/is not) commonly practiced in the United States. Critics point out that psychoanalysts' interpretations are hard to _________ ___ _________ and that therapy takes a long time and is very ______________.
is not; prove or disprove; expensive
Behavior therapy applies principles of ____________ to eliminate troubling behaviors.
learning
In the 1930s, Moniz developed an operation called the ________. In this procedure, the _________ lobe of the brain is disconnected from the rest of the brain.
lobotomy; frontal
A statistical digest of the results of many studies is called _____-________. Overall, the results of such analyses indicate that psychotherapy is, on average, __________ (some-what effective/ineffective).
meta-analysis; somewhat effective
Difference in values may help explain the reluctance of some ________ populations to use mental health services
minority
One variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse clients' ________ beliefs about themselves, their situations, and their futures, which is often associated with _________, by helping them see their irrationalities. This therapy was developed by ___________.
negative; depression; Aaron Beck
In aversive conditioning, the therapists attempts to substitute a ___________ (positive/negative) response for on the is currently _________ (positive/negative) to a harmful stimulus. In this technique, a person's unwanted behaviors become associated with _____________ feelings. In the long run, aversive conditioning ___________ (does/does not) work.
negative; positive; unpleasant; does not
Comparisons of the effectiveness of different forms of therapy reveal _______ (clear/no clear) differences, that the type of therapy provider ______ (matters greatly/does not matter), and that whether therapy is provided by an individual therapist or within a group __________ (makes a difference/does not make a difference).
no clear; does not matter; does not make a difference
Therapies that influence behavior by controlling its consequences are based on principles of __________ conditioning.
operant
Clinicians tend to ________ (overestimate/underestimate) the effectiveness of psychotherapy .
overestimate
Three tips for listening more actively in your own relationships are to __________, __________ ___________, and __________ __________.
paraphrase; invite clarification; reflect feelings
Psychotherapies and biomedical therapies locate the cause of psychological disorders with the __________. An alternative viewpoint is that many psychological disorders are responses to _________________________________.
person; a disturbing and stressful society
According to this viewpoint, it is not just the __________ who needs treatment but also the person's _________ ____________.
person; social context
Although people with depression often improve after one month on antidepressants, studies demonstrate that a large percentage of the effectiveness is due to natural recovery or a ________ __________.
placebo effect
To guard against the _________ effect and normal ___________, neither the patients nor the staff involved in a study may be aware of which condition a given individual is in; this is called a ________-____________ procedure.
placebo; recovery; double-blind
One advocate of _____________ mental health, George Albee, believes that many social stresses undermine people's sense of ____________, ___________ __________, and _____-_______. These stresses include ___________, work that is ____________, constant __________, ___________, __________, _________, and ___________.
preventive; competence; personal control; self-esteem; poverty; meaningless; criticism; unemployment; racism; sexism; heterosexism
Therapists who are influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis but who talk to the patient face to face are _____________ therapists. In addition, they work with patients only ________________ (how often?) and for only a few weeks or months.
psychodynamic; once or twice a week
Mental health therapies are classified as either ___________ therapies or ____________ therapies.
psychological; biomedical
The field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior is _______________________.
psychopharmacology
The biomedical therapy in which a portion of the brain tissue is removed or destroyed is called _______________.
psychosurgery
In the best studies of the effectiveness of therapy, researchers randomly assign people on a waiting list to therapy or no therapy and later evaluate everyone. These are _________ ________ trials.
randomized clinical
A painless procedure called _____ _______ ________ _________ aims to treat depression by presenting pulses through a magnetic coil held close to a person's skull above the right eyebrow. Unlike ECT, this procedure produces no __________, ___________ loss, or other side effects. Although how it works is unclear, one explanation is that it energizes the brain's left _________ __________, which is relatively inactive in depressed patients.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; seizures; memory; frontal lobe
Freud's theory aimed to bring ___________ feelings into __________ awareness where they can be dealt with.
repressed; conscious
Lifestyle changes may also help prevent some disorders by building an individual's ___________. Struggling with challenging crises can also lead to ___________ _____________.
resilience; posttraumatic growth
When, in the course of therapy, a person omits shameful or embarrassing material, ___________ is occurring. Insight is facilitated by the analyst's ______________ of the meaning of such omissions, of dreams, and of other information revealed during therapy.
resistance; interpretation
A majority of psychotherapy clients express _______ (satisfaction/dissatisfaction) with their therapy.
satisfaction
For people with a ________ ________ of depression symptoms, timed ______ ________ therapy may be beneficial.
seasonal pattern; light exposure
Humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their potential for _________. Like psychodynamic therapies, humanistic therapies attempt to reduce inner conflicts by providing clients with new ______________.
self-fulfillment; insights
Many people also participate in ______-_______ and _______ groups. One such group is _______ _________.
self-help; support; Alcoholics Anonymous
As a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems that are _________ (specific/nonspecific).
specific
Antianxiety drugs have been criticized for merely reducing ______________, rather than resolving the underlying _____________. These drugs can also create a __________ ___________.
symptoms; problems; learned response
Long-term use of antipsychotic drugs can produce ________ ____________, which involves involuntary movements of the muscles of the __________, ________, and ___________.
tardive dyskinesia; face; tongue; limbs
These therapists focus on _______ across important relationships.
themes
The emotional bond between therapist and client--the ________ ________--is a key aspect of effective therapy. In one study of depression treatment, the most effective therapists were those who were perceived as most ________ and __________.
therapeutic alliance; empathetic; caring
A recent approach to therapy promotes ___________ ___________ change, which includes regular aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplementation.
therapeutic lifestyle
One application of this form of therapy to institutional settings is the ________ _________, in which desired behaviors are rewarded.
token economy
When strong feelings, similar to those experienced in other important relationships, are developed toward the therapist, ________________ has occurred.
transference
In one popular alternative therapy, a therapist triggers eye movements in patients while they imagine __________ ________. This therapy, called _______ _______ ______ ___________ ________, has proven __________ (completely ineffective/somewhat effective) as a treatment for nonmilitary ________-__________ _______ _________. However, skeptics point to evidence that ________ ________ is just as effective as triggered eye movements in producing beneficial results. The key seems to be in the person's _______ traumatic memories and in a _________ effect.
traumatic events; eye movement and desensitization reprocessing; somewhat effective; post-traumatic stress disorder; finger tapping; reliving; placebo
One reason clinicians' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are inaccurate is that clients justify entering therapy by emphasizing their ___________ and justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their ________-_________.
unhappiness; well-being
An electrical device implanted in the chest stimulates a nerve deep in the neck; the device periodically sends signals to the limbic system. This is called _______ ________ __________.
vagus nerve stimulation
For those who are unable to visually imagine an anxiety-arousing situation, or too afraid or embarrassed to do so, _______ ________ __________ therapy offers a promising alternative.
virtual reality exposure