Ch 17. Endocrine System Lecture
The endocrine system has many functions including ______.
controlling movement of food through the digestive tract, regulating blood ion concentrations, and maintaining blood volume
biogenic amine
modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception)
The more receptors a cell has for a hormone, the ______________ sensitive it is to that hormone.
more
Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has
more widespread and long-lasting effects
Parathyroid glands are located in the ______.
neck
The thyroid gland is located in the ______
neck
Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If the target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is an example of ______ stimulation.
paracrine
Identify the cells found between the follicles.
parafollicular cells
Which of the following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus?
parathyroid gland
An example of a peptide hormone is ______.
parathyroid hormone
principal cells produces
parathyroid hormone
The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland synthesize and release ______.
calcitonin
Ultraviolet light is involved in the synthesis of
calcitriol
A single target cell of a hormone ______.
can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone
Steroid hormones are a type of lipid derived from ______.
cholesterol
Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from
cholesterol
The anterior pituitary gland secretes ______ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release ______.
TSH; TH
______ diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Type 1
Select all that are examples of endocrine system functions.
- maintaining blood volume - regulating blood ion concentrations
Choose the accurate statements about how communication by the nervous and endocrine systems differs. Check all that apply.
- the nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells - the endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days - the endocrine system communicates by means of hormones
What are the effects of glucagon that end up increasing blood glucose levels?
-decreased glycogenesis in the liver -increased glycogenolysis in the liver -increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
All type ______ diabetics require daily injections of insulin.
1
Place the events that describe the regulation of the release of cortisol order. Start with the earliest event.
1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior Pituitary releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Place the events of how a lipid-soluble hormone affects a cell in order. Start with the earliest event first.
1. Lipid soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor 2. Hormone receptor binds with hormone response element 3. mRNA is synthesized 4. mRNA is translated into a new protein
Place the following events in the order that describe TH regulation. Start with the earliest event.
1. The hypothalamus releases TRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH 3. The thyroid releases TH
People with type ______ diabetes can often be treated with changes to their diet and increased exercise without the use of medications.
2
The hormone that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids is ______.
ACTH
Which hormone directly stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol?
ACTH
synergistic example
estrogen and progesterone are more powerful together than alone
TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of ______.
TSH
Insulin promotes lipid storage.
True
zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Water-soluble hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors, which initiate a signal transduction pathway with which of the following processes? Check all that apply.
First messenger hormone docking with plasma receptor First messenger hormone docking with plasma receptor Activated protein kinase enzymes Second messenger pathways including G proteins and phospholipase Second messenger pathways including G proteins and adenylate cyclase
In signal transduction pathways, once a hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface, it can activate a complex called the _______ protein.
G
In signal transduction, adenylate cyclase is activated by a ______.
G protein
Which is NOT correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?
GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin
Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone?
GHIH
When the hypothalamus releases ______, the anterior pituitary then releases growth hormone.
GHRH
Which hormone directly causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone?
TSH
Identify the cells within the red circle that produce glucagon.
alpha cells
In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of ______ from the hypothalamus.
TRH
Eicosanoids are a primary type of local hormone.
True
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?
a decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood low body temperature
When a water-soluble hormone binds to the target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?
activation of enzyme pathways growth increased secretions
The anterior pituitary is also called the ______.
adenohypophysis
The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the
adenohypophysis
The hormone leptin is released by the
adipose tissue
The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
adrenocorticotropic hormone
The testes produce the male sex hormones called ______, many of which are converted into testosterone.
androgens
One hormone inhibits the secretion and action of another hormone, or has an opposite effect
antagonistic effect
Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels.
antagonistically
The bulk of the pituitary gland is composed of the ______ pituitary.
anterior
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the
anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland
Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of ______ stimulation.
autocrine
Menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins which are both produced by and affect the uterus. Because they are produced by and affect the same area of the body they are considered ________ hormones.
autocrine
Often a viral infection triggers a(n) ______ condition where the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed resulting in type 1 diabetes.
autoimmune
If blood glucose levels are high, what type of cells of the pancreatic islets produce the needed insulin?
beta
If someone has type 1 diabetes, it is because the _______ cells in their pancreas are no longer producing insulin.
beta
Identify the cells within the red circle that produce Insulin.
beta cells
Lipid-soluble hormones
bind to a DNA molecule, initiating transcription of a gene
Amines that are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid are called _________ amines.
biogenic
Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a
biogenic amine that is lipid soluble
Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the _______
blood
Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be
both hormonal and humoral
Lipid-soluble hormones travel in the blood joined to a protein carrier and are thus called ______ hormones.
bound
The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as
corticosteroids
Chronic inflammation is often treated with the glucocorticoid called
corticosterone
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ______.
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
If a rat is hypophysectomized (the pituitary gland is removed), cortisol levels will
decrease
If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general, it will ______ the number of receptors it has for that particular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis.
decrease
Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or ______
decreased insulin effectiveness
Insulin ______ the level of all nutrient molecules within the blood.
decreases
steroid
derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble
Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?
diet exercise medications that enhance insulin release
If a target cell is continually overstimulated by a hormone, it will decrease the number of receptors it has through ______ regulation.
down
Glands that are ductless organs that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream are called _________ glands.
endocrine
What are the two major controlling systems of the body?
endocrine and nervous system
Hormones that are transported in the blood are released from ______.`
endocrine glands
A lipid-soluble hormone passes freely through the plasma membrane and
enters the nucleus, where it binds to the DNA molecule
A hormone only has receptors on one type of cell in the body.
false
All cells require insulin for glucose uptake
false
Both the endocrine and nervous systems stimulate target cells. However, endocrine stimulation typically results in a faster response time.
false
Lipid-soluble hormones are easily dissolved and travel freely in the blood.
false
Lipid-soluble hormones require a transport protein in order to pass through the plasma membrane of a target cell.
false
Lipid-soluble hormones, which bind to nuclear receptors, produce a faster response than water-soluble hormones that stimulate secondary messengers.
false
T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells
false
The nervous system, through the release of hormones, can communicate with any body cell that has receptors for it.
false
The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds.
false
The thymus gland secretes erythropoietin in response to low blood oxygen.
false
follicle-stimulating hormone
follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males
Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?
follicle stimulating hormone
______ diabetes is associated with some pregnant women.
gestational
antagonistic example
glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively
adrenocorticotropic hormone
glucocorticoid hormone secretion
zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Insulin promotes ______.
glycogenesis
This person has an enlargement of their thyroid known as a
goiter
zona reticularis
gonadocorticoids (androgens)
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ______.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Multi-step signal transduction pathways provide ______ opportunities to regulate pathway activity than direct pathways.
greater
_____ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles.
growth hormone
Target cells of a hormone are cells that ______.
have receptors for the hormone
The pituitary gland is located in the ______.
head
A lipid-soluble hormone binds to its intracellular receptor and then binds to a portion of DNA called a ______ element (HRE).
hormone-response
The endocrine system releases chemical messengers called ________ into the bloodstream.
hormones
The endocrine system uses ________ to maintain homeostasis.
hormones
Elevated levels of blood glucose are to type 1 diabetes, as decreased levels of blood glucose are to
hypoglycemia
The regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland arrive from the hypothalamus by way of the ______.
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
Sometimes called the "Master Control Gland", the ______ gland oversees most of the endocrine activity in the body.
hypothalamus
The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the ______.
hypothalamus
Which structure produces ADH?
hypothalamus
If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects?
immunosuppression
How are most hormones transported once they are released from an endocrine gland?
in the blood
Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.
increase, decrease
growth hormone
increased growth in tissued
Insulin has which of the following effects on cells?
increased lipogenesis in adipose cells increased glycogenesis by liver cells increased uptake of glucose by most cells
When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?
increased permeability of the cell membrane muscle contraction
Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin)
increases water retention from renal tubules
The thymus is relatively large in:
infants
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus through a thin stalk called the ______.
infundibulum
What is the support structure that suspends the pituitary below the hypothalamus
infundibulum
As thyroid hormones increase body temperature, TRH release is
inhibited
Because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells ______.
inside the cell
Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?
insulin
Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
In T3, the 3 refers to the number of __________ molecules in the hormone.
iodine
In signal transduction, activated adenylate cyclase increases cAMP levels which then activates the enzyme protein ______ A.
kinase
Prolactin is produced by cells called _____.
lactotropes
Which hormone is released by adipose tissue and is associated with decreasing appetite?
leptin
_____________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors.
lipid soluble; water soluble
Lipid-soluble hormones are
lipophilic
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by ______.
low to no insulin secretion
Calcitonin ______ blood calcium levels.
lowers
Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones involved in the fight/flight sympathetic response, are produced in the region of the adrenal gland called the adrenal
medulla
The adrenal ______ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland.
medulla
The outer region of the adrenal gland is the cortex, within which lies the inner region called the adrenal
medulla
Which hormone helps set your internal 'biological clock'?
melatonin
prolactin
milk production in lactating women
In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by
negative feedback
The endocrine system works closely with the ______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body.
nervous
The nervous system affects target organs through the release of chemicals called ________
neurotransmitters
The nervous system uses nerve impulses and ______ to transmit information.
neurotransmitters
Gestational diabetes ______.
occurs typically in the later half of the pregnancy can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications
Water-soluble hormones bind to their target cell receptors found ______.
on the surface on the plasma membrane
The adrenal glands are located ______.
on top of the kidneys
permissive
one hormone allows another to function
Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?
ovaries and testes
luteinizing hormone
ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males
permissive example
oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin
Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin, ADH
If someone suffers from type 1 diabetes mellitus, which organ transplant would benefit them most?
pancreas
If you remove the stomach you will find the ______ posterior to it.
pancreas
The class of hormones called ________ hormones are formed from chains of amino acids.
peptide
A hormone enhances an organ's response to a second hormone, or increases the activity of the second hormone.
permissive effect
In a signal transduction pathway, activated G proteins can then activate which of the following enzymes?
phospholipase C adenylate cyclase
The gland that is an endocrine gland and is found in the epithalamus of the brain is the
pineal gland
The gland that is also known as the hypophysis and lies inferior to the hypothalamus is the ______ gland.
pituitary
Oxytocin is a hormone released by the ______ pituitary gland.
posterior
In females, ______ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.
prolactin
Which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?
prostaglandins leukotrienes thromboxanes
In signal transduction, phospholipase C is activated by a G ________
protein
Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________ hormones.
protein
Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore
proteins
Only cells with specific ________ for the hormone respond to that hormone.
receptors
Only cells with specific _________ for the hormone respond to that hormone.
receptors
The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "master control center" of the endocrine system because it
regulates most endocrine function of the body
The endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following?
regulating blood consumption, controlling metabolism, and overseeing reproductive functions
GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogenesis; as a result, blood sugar levels
rise
GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogenesis; as a result, blood sugar levels ______.
rise
Once activated by G proteins, phospholipase C creates DAG and IP3, which are considered to be two ______ messengers.
second
protein
short chains of amino acids and water-soluble
Because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a transduction _____________ pathway.
signal
The pancreas is located between the small intestine and
spleen
Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone?
steroid hormone
The adrenal cortex synthesizes more than 25 different ______
steroid hormones
Which of the following hormone examples are lipid soluble? Select all that apply.
steroid hormones thyroid hormone
The kidneys secrete a hormone that performs which of the following functions?
stimulate production of red blood cells
Two or more hormones work together to produce a result.
synergistic effect
Cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called ________ cells.
target
Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and increase body ______.
temperature
Testosterone is produced by the ______.
testes
Which of the following is classified as a steroid hormone?
testosterone
When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is
the first messenger
The thymus is located in the ______.
thoracic cavity
An example of a biogenic amine hormone is ______ hormone.
thyroid
The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the _____ gland.
thyroid
The _______ secretes triiodothyronine.
thyroid gland
Which of the following hormones are lipid-soluble?
thyroid hormone and steroids
thyroid-stimulating hormone
thyroid hormone secretion
Thyroid-stimulaitng hormone (TSH) is also called:
thyrotropin
A target cell may have receptors for more than one type of hormone.
true
Generally, only severe cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus require insulin injections.
true
Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver.
true
Lipid-soluble hormones must bind to a transport protein to be transported in the blood.
true
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are amines.
true
One advantage of signal transduction pathways is that the binding of a few hormone molecules can affect millions of molecules within the cell.
true
Paracrine hormones don't circulate through the blood, but instead have their effect on neighboring cells.
true
T3 and T4 are secreted by thyroid follicles
true
T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid follicles as part of thyroglobulin.
true
The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are amines.
true
The posterior pituitary does not produce its own hormones but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
true
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion
true
antagonistic
two hormones work in opposition to one another
synergistic
two hormones work together
__________ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind to cellular receptors.
unbound (Free)
If a target cell is continually under stimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through ______________ regulation.
upwards
Protein hormones are
water soluble
A lack of dietary iodine can render the thyroid gland unable to synthesize TH. Without the negative feedback of TH, the anterior pituitary ____________, ultimately resulting in the development of a goiter.
will increase the release of TSH
Which layer of the Adrenal Cortex releases glucocorticoid?
zona fasciculata
Order of zones in adrenal glands
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis