Ch. 21 Bio exam
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. 4 to 6 10 to 12 22 to 24 12 to 18 16 to 20
12 to 18
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. 1.0 cm; 10-15 1.0 cm; 15-20 2.5 cm; 40-50 2.5 cm; 15-20 None of the answers is correct.
2.5 cm; 15-20
A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits. 15 2 4 12 6
4
Carbonic anhydrase can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. is an enzyme. can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. is in RBCs. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in a decreased rate of gas exchange. a loss of surfactant. increased tendency to alveolar collapse. increased surface tension in the alveoli. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Functions of the nasal cavity include which of the following? humidifying the air trapping airborne particles filtering the air warming the air All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
In emphysema, which of the following occurs? Compliance increases. There is elevated PCO2 in the blood. Alveoli collapse. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center. pneumotaxic apneustic ventral respiratory group (VRG) dorsal respiratory group (DRG) All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The respiratory defense system is important because it keeps out pathogens. keeps out debris. helps filter the air. helps warm the air. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
What happens to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? It dissolves in plasma It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid, All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
All of the answers are correct.
If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens? Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases. Alveolar PO2increases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases.
Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.
Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles. Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. None of the answers is true.
Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles.
________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). External respiration rate Vital capacity Pulmonary ventilation rate Alveolar ventilation rate Respiratory minute volume
Alveolar ventilation rate
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent. Congestive heart failure Myasthenia gravis Cystic fibrosis Parkinson's disease MRSA
Cystic fibrosis
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? It causes RBCs to swell. It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. It is driven by a rise in PCO2. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs.
It causes RBCs to swell.
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages. It is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages. It is also called the windpipe. It ends in the mediastinum.
It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true? More than 50% of lung cancer patients have a 5-year survival rate. Twenty-five percent of lung cancers are the direct result of cigarette smoking. Anaplasia is reversible if a person stops smoking. Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery. The incidence of lung cancer among women has declined since 1992.
Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.
Which of these age-based changes is false? The lung's compliance changes. Costal cartilages become less flexible. Vital capacity increases. Respiratory muscles weaken. The lungs lose elastic tissue.
Vital capacity increases.
Which of the following statements about bronchioles is false? Bronchiolar mucosa forms folds in the lumen, Pulmonary lobules branch from terminal bronchioles. Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation. Extreme bronchoconstriction occurs in asthma, Walls are made of cartilage.
Walls are made of cartilage.
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, a person would stop breathing. the respiratory minute volume would increase. tidal volumes would increase. alveolar ventilation would increase. pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly.
a person would stop breathing.
Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to several alveolar sacs. a single alveolar duct. about 6500 bronchioles. a single pulmonary lobule. over 150 million alveoli.
a single pulmonary lobule.
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the terminal bronchioles. alveoli. pleural spaces. falciform ligaments. bronchioles.
alveoli.
Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. movement of air into and out of the lungs.
amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.
Asthma is characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. an obstructive tumor. a collapsed lung. an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as anatomic dead space. minimal volume. respiratory minute volume. functional residual capacity. alveolar ventilation volume.
anatomic dead space.
A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air is termed respiratory distress. apnea. hypoxia. anoxia. apneustic breathing.
apnea.
Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. pneumotaxic baroreceptor apneustic expiratory chemoreceptor
apneustic
At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur? in the alveolar ducts at the respiratory membrane between type II pneumocytes and red blood cells at the interconnections between adjacent alveoli within the red blood cells
at the respiratory membrane
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin. carbonic acid. bicarbonate ions. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. solute dissolved in the plasma.
bicarbonate ions.
A mucosa consists of stratified squamous cells. an underlying layer of areolar tissue. an epithelium. both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue. both an underlying layer of areolar tissue and stratified squamous cells.
both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. in ionic form as solute in the plasma. carried by white blood cells. bound to hemoglobin. dissolved in plasma.
bound to hemoglobin.
The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain. brain stem cerebrum cerebral cortex diencephalon cerebellum
brain stem
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is sodium ion. hemoglobin. carbon dioxide. bicarbonate ion. oxygen.
carbon dioxide.
If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except some elastic fibers. cartilage plates. a branch of a pulmonary vein. alveolar ducts. a lymphatic vessel.
cartilage plates.
The "C" in COPD stands for chronic. congestive. cumulative. critical. compliant.
chronic.
The measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract is termed elasticity. compliance. resistance. inflation index. rebound response.
compliance.
The conchae provide an opening to paranasal sinuses. create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus. provide an opening into the pharynx. divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. form part of the soft palate.
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? cool outgoing air dehumidify the incoming air trap particulate matter dehumidify the outgoing air humidify the incoming air
dehumidify the incoming air
The apneustic centers promote inhalation by stimulating the pre-Bötzinger complex. dorsal respiratory group (DRG). ventral respiratory group (VRG). pneumotaxic centers. None of the answers is correct. The apneustic centers cannot promote inhalation.
dorsal respiratory group (DRG).
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will double the rate of breathing. reduce the vital capacity by 10%. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. decrease the rate of breathing. decrease pulmonary ventilation.
double the rate of breathing.
The term "hypercapnia" refers to elevated PO2. an increase in pH. labored breathing. the cessation of breathing. elevated PCO2.
elevated PCO2.
The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called emphysema. bronchitis. tuberculosis. asthma. pneumonia.
emphysema.
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the corniculate cartilage. thyroid cartilage. cricoid cartilage. epiglottis. cuneiform cartilage.
epiglottis.
The openings to the nostrils are the external nares. vestibules. internal nares. conchae. nasal apertures.
external nares.
The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called segments. notches. grooves. fissures. sutures.
fissures.
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the soft palate. hard palate. cribriform plate. internal nares. pharyngeal septum.
hard palate.
The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures. base hilum root cardiac notch apex
hilum
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as hyperoxia. hypoventilation. hypercapnia. hypoxia. anoxia.
hypoxia.
Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium. nasopharynx oropharynx trachea larynx nasal cavity
oropharynx
The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone. pharynx oropharynx epiglottis trachea laryngopharynx
oropharynx
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? alveoli bronchi larynx bronchioles oropharynx
oropharynx
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx. glottis. vestibule. larynx. trachea.
pharynx.
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces phonation. articulation. whistling. ululation. speech.
phonation.
What branches from the trachea? alveolar ducts terminal bronchioles tertiary bronchi secondary bronchi primary bronchi
primary bronchi
The inflation reflex is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. protects the lungs from damage due to overexpansion.
protects the lungs from damage due to overexpansion.
The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of surfactant cells. moist cuboidal epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
The technical term for "breathing" is external respiration. internal respiration. gas exchange. alveolar ventilation. pulmonary ventilation.
pulmonary ventilation.
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange? respiratory digestive urinary All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
respiratory
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is COPD. respiratory distress syndrome. pulmonary embolism. anoxia. pneumothorax.
respiratory distress syndrome.
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? expiratory reserve volume minimal volume respiratory minute volume anatomic dead space inspiratory reserve volume
respiratory minute volume
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. right secondary left primary right primary left secondary None of the answers are more likely.
right primary
In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the terminal bronchioles. bronchioles. primary bronchi. tertiary bronchi. secondary bronchi.
secondary bronchi.
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of moist cuboidal epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. surfactant cells. ciliated squamous epithelium.
simple squamous epithelium.
The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the pharyngeal septum. soft palate. cribriform plate. hard palate. internal nares.
soft palate.
Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule. secondary bronchi terminal bronchioles primary bronchi trachea alveoli
terminal bronchioles
The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as gas diffusion. a bicarbonate exchange. the Bohr effect. the chloride shift. the BPG pathway.
the chloride shift.
The glottis is the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. a flap of elastic cartilage. the opening to the pharynx. the opening to the larynx. part of the hard palate.
the opening to the larynx.
All of the below are sensory stimuli that can modify the activities of the respiratory center except chemoreceptors. baroreceptors. stretch receptors. thermoreceptors. irritant chemical or physical particles.
thermoreceptors.
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________. two lobes; two lobes two lobes; three lobes three lobes; two lobes three lobes; three lobes None of the answers is correct.
three lobes; two lobes
The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. thyroid epiglottal cuneiform arytenoid cricoid
thyroid
The ________ extends from the larynx to the mediastinum. pharynx cricoid cartilage primary bronchus upper respiratory system trachea
trachea
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the bronchiole. trachea. alveolar duct. bronchus. laryngopharynx.
trachea.
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the upper respiratory tract. alveoli. lower respiratory tract. bronchioles. lungs.
upper respiratory tract.
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the vestibule. conchae. nasal septum. nasopharynx. internal chamber.
vestibule.
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus. uncontrollable laryngospasms. production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport All of the answers are correct.
inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport
Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as gas diffusion. internal respiration. external respiration. pulmonary ventilation. alveolar ventilation.
internal respiration.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because it dries out the mouth. there is less resistance to flow. it combines olfaction with respiration. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
Which of the following is false about the pharynx? The nasopharynx is superior. The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. Solids, liquids, and gases pass through. The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.
it is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. large masses of air can pass through the trachea. it facilitates turning of the head. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.
The vocal folds are located within the bronchi. oropharynx. trachea. larynx. nasopharynx.
larynx.
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? right primary bronchus right lung left primary bronchus left lung both left lung and left primary bronchus
left lung
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the nasal cavity. nose. pharynx. paranasal sinuses. lips.
lips.
Secondary bronchi supply air to the lobules of the lungs. alveoli. lungs. alveolar ducts. lobes of the lungs.
lobes of the lungs.
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the respiratory mucosa. upper respiratory tract. alveoli of the respiratory tract. lower respiratory tract. internal respiratory tract.
lower respiratory tract.
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles. remove carbon dioxide from the blood. maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. remove air from dead air space. supply oxygen to the blood.
maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except the cerebral cortex. limbic system. hypothalamus. medulla oblongata. None of the answers is correct.
medulla oblongata.
The pneumotaxic center of the pons modifies the rate and depth of breathing. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. prolongs inspiration.
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. utilization of oxygen.
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the conducting portion of the respiratory tract. respiratory defense system. lamina propria. respiratory mucosa. mucus escalator.
mucus escalator.
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the internal nares. hard palate. cribriform plate. nasal septum. soft palate.
nasal septum.
The auditory tubes open into the larynx. nasal cavity. oropharynx. laryngopharynx. nasopharynx.
nasopharynx.
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the aortic sinuses. medullary chemoreceptors. olfactory epithelium. carotid sinuses. All of the answers are correct.
olfactory epithelium.
