Ch 21 Immune System

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The molecules that help to attract phagocytes to foreign cells are called

COMPLEMENT PROTIENS

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we ____________

receive vaccines

Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?

Constant Region

Inflammatory chemicals predominant producers are Helper T cells and Macrophages and activate many other immune cells

Cytokines

Kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft rejection

Cytotoxic T Cell

The study of immunity and the immune system is called endocrinology T or F

FALSE - The study of immune system is Immunology

The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils T or F

False - Macrophages dispose of cell debris

What does fever accomplish?

Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process

Vasodilatation is part of the second line of defense because it results in greater flow of WBCs to the infected site. What chemical causes the vessels to dilate?

HISTAMINE

Which of the following types of immune responses involves the T cells stimulating the B cells to produce the antibodies?

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

Binds with a specific antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Helper T Cell

Coordinate humoral and cellular immune responses

Helper T Cells =

Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?

Helper T Cells, Without helper T cells, there is no immune response.

Some viruses cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called

Helper T cells

When a virus infects cells, some cells have the ability to release ________ which are chemicals that activate other cells to defend themselves against the virus.

INTERFERONS

What is artificially acquired active immunity?

Induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen

Small proteins known as _____________ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected.

Interferons

Small proteins that bind with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and prevent viruses from binding are called

Interferons

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?

Interferons

Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus?

Interferons, Interferons turn on genes for antiviral proteins

IgA

Is found in body secretions such as milk, saliva, and sweat

What cells will develop antigen receptors when they mature?

LYMPHOCYTES

IgE

Levels are greatly elevated during severe allergic responses

An example of an APC (antigen presenting cell) is a

MACROPHAGE

When a cell is invaded by a virus, the cell begins to produce foreign protein molecules. In order for the immune system to recognize that something is wrong, the abnormal proteins bind to a ________________________________________ and then display on the surface.

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX I MOLECULE

Helper T cells "pick up" foreign antigens from macrophages and deliver these antigens to the B cells. The B cells become activated and begin to manufacture antibodies. Helper T cells get these foreign antigens from ____________________________________

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX II PROTEIN

Macrophages will phagocytize a foreign cell. It then incorporates the foreign cell's antigen with the __________________________________ This is the macrophages way of presenting the foreign antigen to other immune cells.

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX II PROTEIN.

Which cells are responsible for producing immunity against a disease after the first exposure of the same disease?

MEMORY B CELLS

When a person becomes infected with a pathogen that has a foreign antigen, the T cells and B cells respond. The various lymphocytes will kill the invader and then the patient is said to immune to that pathogen. They are immune to it because the second time they encounter the same pathogen, their ____________

MEMORY B CELLS will respond quickly.

A common APC

Macrophages

The final disposal of cell debris in acute inflammation is done by

Macrophages

Invoke inflammation when IgE cross-links to them

Mast Cells

May exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent meetings with the same antigen

Memory cell

IgG

Most abundant antibody found in the plasma

A cell with an abnormal or altered major histocompatibility complex is considered to be a __________

NONSELF cell.

The inflammatory response is part of the

NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called?

Neutralization

What is the chief way the body responds to antigens?

Neutralization

Diapedesis happens when

Neutrophils squeeze through walls of capillaries into the tissues

Where are the major histocompatibility complex molecules located in reference to the cells?

ON THE OUTER LAYER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

What is naturally acquired passive immunity?

Occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal blood into the fetal blood in the form of IgG or in breast milk after birth.

The process of transferring antibodies from mom to baby is known as

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Vaccines work to prevent a person from getting a specific virus during the flu season because the vaccine stimulates the

PRODUCTION OF MEMORY B CELLS

Immunity gained from injections of clonal antibodies to fight off a current pathogen invasion

Passive Artificial

Immunity gained from transport of antibodies across the placental membrane or through the mother's milk

Passive Natural

Chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis

Perforins

Neutrophils are

Phagocytes that will migrate to the site of an infection within a few hours

Cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)

Plasma Cell

Produce immunoglobulins

Plasma Cells

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?

Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies

Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called __________

Precipitation

Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's temperature

Pyrogen

Slows or stops B and T cell activity once infection has been conquered

Regulatory T Cell

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is

Skin and mucous membranes

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of

T cells

A secondary response, triggered by memory cells, occurs much more rapidly than a primary response T or F

TRUE

Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of a vaccination. Usually, dead or attenuated pathogens are used T or F

TRUE

An antigen is a nonself substance that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response T or F

TRUE

Antibodies bind to foreign antigens, which attract macrophages. True or False

TRUE

Complement Proteins usually works with antibodies in the "classical pathway" to open pores in the target cell membrane T or F

TRUE

Cytotoxic T cells cause cell lysis through the insertion of perforins into the target's membrane T or F

TRUE

Humoral Immunity involves antigens binding directly to the B cells causing the production of antibodies True or False

TRUE

IgE antibodies are involved in causing basophils to release histamine True or False

TRUE

Injured cells release chemicals such as histamine and kinins that dilate vessels, attract phagocytes and activate pain receptors T or F

TRUE

Leukotrienes cause dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area T or F

TRUE

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) is involved with specific defenses T OR F

TRUE

SKIN would be considered a nonspecific barrier T or F

TRUE

T cells get their name from the fact that they develop in the thymus T or F

TRUE

The constant (C) regions of antibodies: 1) The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies. 2) The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody. 3) The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed. 4) The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role. T or F

TRUE

The innate (nonspecific) defense system and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the immune system T or F

TRUE

The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. T or F

TRUE

NK cells lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated T or F

TRUE - NK cells are unique as they have the ability to recognize stressed cells in the absence of antibodies and MHC, allowing for a much faster immune reaction

Without T lymphocytes there is no adaptive immune response T or F

TRUE - T cells, B cells, and other antigen presenting cells are all major cell types in adaptive immune response

Pyrogens target the hypothalamus and raise the body's temperature above normal T or F

TRUE - These chemicals are carried by the blood to the brain, where they disturb the functioning of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body temperature.

Toll-like receptors are found on macrophages T or F

TRUE - Toll-like receptors are a group of single membrane spanning proteins found on the surfaceof sentinel cells such as macrophage and dendritic cells and play a key role in the innate immune response.

Antibiotics are chemicals that are harmful to bacteria. True or False

TRUE - you cannot kill a virus with antibiotics, they work on bacteria

Memory cells can circulate for years and respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen. T or F

TRUE in Adaptive Immunity - Immunological Memory is used can lead to faster response to recurrent or subsequent infections

Exudate seeps from

the capillaries and contains clotting factors and antibodies

The activity of antigens and antibodies are involved in

Third line of defense - specific resistance

The defense system that recognizes precise foreign antigens is the body's

Third line of defense - specific resistance

The production of antibodies is the body's

Third line of defense - specific resistance

Interferons are substances released by some cells to fight

VIRUSES

The region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody is called the ___________________

Variable or V Region

Chemotaxis is described as the movement of cells along

a chemical gradient

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of

acute inflammation

The third line of defense involves the

adaptive response mediated by lymphocytes

Each chain forming an antibody has a variable (V) region at one end and a much larger constant (C) region at the other end. Antibodies responding to different antigens have very different V regions, but their C regions are the same (or nearly so) in all antibodies of a given class. In each arm of the monomer, the V regions of the heavy and light chains combine to form an antigen-binding site shaped to "fit" a specific antigenic determinant. Consequently, each ____________________________________________________

antibody monomer has two antigen-binding regions.

The major role of ______________________ is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments.

antigen-presenting cells

helper T cells bind to

antigen-presenting cells to begin the process of co-stimulation

Chemotaxis is the process

by which white blood cells are attracted to the site of an injury

Leukocytosis is

chemicals released from injured tissues stimulate rapid proliferation and release of cells

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of

complement fixation

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called

complement fixation

The process that begins when a helper T cell binds to a class II MHC protein on a displaying cell is known as

costimulation

Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called ___________

cytotoxic T cells.

Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to

delayed hypersensitivity

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called

diapedesis

Edema is caused by

excess blood flow to the injured area; helps to dilute harmful substances and brings in excess oxygen

Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called

haptens

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?

helper T cells

Hyperemia is the

increased blood flow due to vasodilation of blood vessels entering the injured area

Chemotaxis is

inflammatory chemicals that attract neutrophils to the injured areas

IgM

large antibody released by plasma cells in a primary response

Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species are known as ______________

xenografts

Cytotoxic T cells attack and

lyse cells that are not "self"

five major immunoglobulin/Antibody classes are

1) IgA, 2) IgD, 3) IgG, 4) IgE, 5) IgM

5 autoimmune disease

1) Multiple sclerosis = disease that destroys the myelin sheaths of the brain and spinal cord 2) Graves' disease = thyroid gland becomes hyperactive 3) type I diabetes mellitus = condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin 4) rheumatoid arthritis = disease that destroys the linings of joints 5) myasthenia gravis = disease that impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles

The inflammatory response is a normal response to tissue damage or the presence of foreign invaders. What is the correct sequence of events leading up to inflammation?

1) cells release histamine 2) vasodilation and permeability occurs 3) phagocytes arrive at the site and begin to engulf the foreign invader

The inflammatory process begins with releases of chemicals, which

1) dilate blood vessels, 2) attract phagocytes to the area, 3) cause capillaries to become leaky and 4) activate pain receptors

4 common vaccines are used for

1) pneumonia, 2) tetanus, 3) measles, 4) polio

What triggers the immune response?

1) pollen grains, 2) bacteria, 3) fungi, 4) virus particles

The four most common indicators of inflammatory response are?

1) redness, 2) heat, 3) swelling, 4) pain

There are molecules on the surface of cells that provide identity for the cells. The body either recognizes these cells as "self" or "nonself." Which of the follow are molecules that are NOT involved in cell identity?

1. Antigens 2' ANTIBODIES 3. major histocompatibility complex

Like all other blood cells, lymphocytes originate in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. During development, lymphocytes are "educated." The aim of this education is

1. Immunocompetence. Each lymphocyte must become able (competent) to recognize its one specific antigen by binding to it. This ability is called immunocompetence. 2. Self-tolerance. Each lymphocyte must be relatively unresponsive to self-antigens so that it does not attack the body's own cells. This is called self-tolerance.

An antigen is any substance capable of

mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.

Memory B Cells is capable of

mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in secondary immune responses

Immunity gained through injections of dead or attenuated strains of the disease-causing agents

Active Artificial

Immunity gained from being exposed to the pathogen and developing the illness

Active Natural

Margination happens when

neutrophils attach to Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) on the endothelial linings in the injured area

What is artificially acquired passive immunity?

An immediate, but short-term immunization provided by the injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells.

List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense.

Answer: 1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathogens that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured.

How do Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) work?

Answer: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf an antigen and present part of it on the membrane in combination with one of the APCs' own glycoproteins. T cells require the presentation of the antigen for activation and clonal selection. Without the presentation of antigens by APCs, the immune process would be severely impaired. T cell clone classes provide for cell-mediated immunity and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory cells.

The adaptive (specific) defense system issues an attack specific to

particular foreign substances

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor that do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ___________

passive immunity

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called _______________

pathogens

What is naturally acquired active immunity?

person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response

Macrophages are

phagocytes derived from circulating monocytes

Why is the adaptive immune system described as a specific body defense?

Answer: The adaptive immune system is the specific line of defense which defends us from specific invaders. This system consists of humoral immunity B cells and Cellular immunity T Cells. This system differs from the innate system since it must be exposed to the invader before it can form a response.

Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins.

Answer: The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increased permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury.

Why is the innate immune system described as a nonspecific body defense?

Answer: The innate immune system is the system we have when we're born. This system includes the skin and mucous membranes, called 1st line. The inflammatory response and proteins already present in our cells. They are internal defenses and considered 2nd line. This system is the first one to come into contact with a pathogen and thus is always prepared to defend the body. Therefore, we think of the innate system as the nonspecific body defense.

Contrast the primary humoral response with the secondary humoral response.

Answer: The primary humoral response occurs during the first encounter with an antigen. An antigen binds to a specific receptor on a specific B cell. The activated B cells proliferate to form a clone. While most of the B cell clone members become plasma cells that will secrete antibody molecules, B cells that do not become plasma cells will become memory cells. Memory cells exist for years and are capable of responding to the same antigen at a later meeting (immunological memory). Secondary humoral responses are the later immune responses that are faster, more prolonged, and more effective than the primary humoral response because preparations for this attack have already been made.

Humoral immunity is provided by?

Antibodies

Plasma Cells secret what?

Antibodies

Protein secreted by activated B cells in response to an antigen

Antibody

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response is called an

Antigen

Engulfs and presents parts of antigens on the membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen

Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Lymphocytes are the main cells involved in our immune system. There are many types of lymphocytes, each with a specific function. Which ones are involved in producing antibodies?

B CELLS

The displaying of antigens on the surface of helper T cells or APCs will ultimately activate

B CELLS.

Progeny (clone members) of this cell form plasma cells and memory cells

B Cell


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