Ch 22 23, 24

A Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1720, Watteau

(Fig 22.1)___________________ ____________________ (1717) By_________________________

Kaisersaal Residenz, 1720-40, Tieplolo/Neumann

(Fig 22.10)___________________ ____________________ (1719-1744) By____________/_____________

Royal Academy, prejudice, male nude, history, Senate, violate, second class, deceived, women's right, planarity, Rococo, reserved

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Angelica Kauffmann Among the most important artists in the development of neoclassicism in England. She was born in Switzerland, study in Tome and moved to London in 1766. She befriended the Portrait Painter Joshua Reynolds and was a founding member of the __________ _____________ in 1768, which Reynolds was president. She was one of only two women admitted into the academy, a statistic that on a negative note reflect male __________ and on a positive one the high International esteem in which she held She was denied access to study the _______ ________, then considered critical to a ____________ painter's success this made her accomplishments all more remarkable She rated Greek and Roman literature for her subjects. Fig 23.4 Papirius Praetextatus Entreated by His Mother to Disclose the Secrets of the Deliberation of the Roman Senate by Kauffmann 1775 Oil on canvas Shows a Roman matron beseeching her son to reveal that day's confidential ___________ discussions, which he has attended with his father Woman were not allowed in the senate or even to know this secret proceeding, and the moral is that papirius did not __________ the Senate's Trust. To palpate his mother, he concocted a story that the Senate was debated whether it was expedient for husbands to have two wives or wives have two husbands. Next day woman showed up demanding it be wives who would be permitted to have two husbands the senators puzzled by bizarre request that came from nowhere. Artist produced pendants to present the story, one painting shows the mother's beseeching, second the matrons looking like fools, confronting the bewildered Sanders at the doors of the Senate. Artist made one picture which allows for a second interpretation of her painting: women were treated as ___________________ Citizens and furthermore they were __________ by men > subversive protest painting arguing for ____________ _______ which artist was particularly sensitive to since she had been ostracized from academic training and encouraged to Champion human rights by Enlightenment thought Her support of women's issues is reflected in her permanent membership in London's Blue Stocking Society, a loose organization formed by wealthy women dedicated to furthering their education. Many of the artist's paintings Champion women Here she crossed a Roman setting of grand columns and toga clad figures who are presented in classical profile. Columns, the socle they rest upon, the bench, and the figures are aligned parallel to the picture plane, the same ___________ as we saw in Mengs >planarity is reinforced by circular two-dimensional on of the two figures, which Echoes the tondo shape of the image. Artist retains elements of the Rococo and her artwork > male and female figures retained __________ Elegance as well as delicate facial features, hands, and feet > how it is still love, her fabric glistens with watteau like sensuousness ( pastel colors) Rococo and Neoclassical Co-founder of British royal Academy Round painting Rococo- its pastel colors, soft brush Strokes, in drapery Story is Roman Women are oppressed by men ( men lie to women) Composition has no drama ( __________- Noble simplicity and quiet grandeur), subject in foreground evenly balanced and centrally placed, compressed space Roman and Greek subject in Roman and Greek architecture

modern, neoclassicism, virtuous, logic, morality, philosophe,

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Rise of enlightenment, emerge mid-eighteenth Century ushered in the __________ era Transition period from old to Modern, from rule by aristocracy in church to democracy, from privilege to meritocracy, from agriculture to Industry, from rural to urban life, and from Superstition and myth to logic Art was often changing and complex, several almost contradictory attitudes existing in a single work. > Associated with this period is _____________________, meaning new classicism, Illustrated what were considered ____________ actions and deeds of the ancient Greeks and Romans. > Numerous attitudes and styles coexisted in neoclassicism Neo-classicism based on ________ and __________ of Enlightenment, which were perhaps best expressed by the ______________ Voltaire. Voltaire plays, poems, novels, and tracts, used logic to attacked what he called " persecuting in privilege Orthodoxy" such as church and state or any illogical institution or concept fair game for his satire Believe science would Advanced civilization and that logic presumed a government that benefited the people, not just aristocracy (he modeled his new civilizations after republics of ancient Greek and Rome) Neo-classicism took its vocabulary from ancient art, as well as from classically inspired Renaissance and great 17th century classical French painter Nicolas Poussin Second thread appeared in art, _____________, which was flip side of the Enlightenment coin since it was equally preoccupied with morality and individual freedom. > came to age an 1800, when the term was invented in order to describe the sweeping change in worldview then occurring. Originally dated two mid-century Instead of neo-classicism logic and its desire to control the forces of nature through science, Romanticism valued ___________ and institution and belief in the supremacy of law, on restricted nature. Example: Jean-Jacques Rousseau Discourse on the Arts and Sciences- advocated a return to ___________, arguing that humans are born good, not in sin, and that they use innate senses or instincts to distinguish between good and bad, that is, between what makes them happy and what makes them sad. Feeling that determines their choices, not rational thought, which used to explain choices, not to make them. Society believe through its mores, values, and conventions, eventually imposes its own rational standard in humans, distracting them from praise what they call sincere "noble savage," steeped in nature, and he denounced contemporary civilization for its pretensions, artificiality, and those social restraints that prevent us from tapping into the power of our basic virtuous emotions. Romantic emotionalism may seem antithetical to Enlightenment logic, it nonetheless similarly Champion the individual and freedom and relied on empiricism and observation to arrive to a conclusion thoroughly rejecting religious beliefs, mythology, hearsay, Superstition comment all thinking and values based merely on tradition Rational and emotional survived side by side and art and sometimes elements of each appeared within the same work, through usually not the same proportions. Proportions of the attitudes and aggressively rejected Rococo art. 1780s the painting of Jacques-Louis David and the sculpture of Antonio Canova did Neoclassicism style reach full flower New classicism would appear in many guises, sometime containing elements of Rococo elegant, a reminder that the Rococo was still persistent deep into the century. Romantic fascination with strong emotions, with the irritation and inexplicable, and powerful force of nature was developing which ironically would overshadow neo-classicism by 1792, decade following David's rise and the French Revolution of 1789 England and France dominated or second half of century and focus of neoclassicism, like the enlightenment, was an International movement well respected in Scandinavia, Austria, Germany, and Russia

Portrait of Madame de Pompadour, 1760, Boucher

(Fig 22.3)___________________ ____________________ (1756) By_________________________

Oath of Horatii, David, 1780

(Fig 23.15)___________________ ____________________ (1783) By_________________________

emotional, French Revolution, Napoleonic, Enlightenment, exotic

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 No precise moment when Neoclassicism died and Romanticism was born Neoclassical and Romantic elements- rational and emotional- coexisted in Arts of Enlightenment era >they thrived ssde by side from 1789 to 1848, years bracket by French Revolution and European workers' revolts Romantic- ___________ components No matter how Neoclassical in look or style, wok produced during this later period is still imbued with Romanticism Changed in Western world occurred towards 1800 >part triggered upheavals accompanying the ______________ _____________, which resulted in overthrow of monarchy and Catholic Church in the execution of 17,000 people in France Revolution was followed by ____________ Wars, wrecked havoc throughout Europe until 1814 Momentous events were accompanied by disorienting rise of industrialization and urbanization, which saw huge migrations from countryside to city, where poor live in miserable conditions and were forced to work interminable hours for subsistence pay Complementing rise of new proletariat with continued development of bourgeois, as new wealthy middle class was labeled. >Group threatened dominance of aristocracy >in response to this, Marx and Engels published their "Communist Manifesto" that year that saw the outbreak of European-wide Revolution by workers _______________ failed. Instead social reform and progress, there was turmoil and dislocation Endless succession of crises, West found need to believe in something other than ENglishmen values of logic and scientific empiricism- arose belief in subjective emotion of individual >Jean-Jacque Rousseau in France promoted it first Strong undercurrent now surfaced as defining psychology of Western world Artist, writers, composers, intellectuals now placed premium on powerful emotion, intuition, unrestrained creative genius Era "Cult of the Individual"- for intellectual and cultural clite, total liberation of imagination and creative freedom replace rules, standards, and logic French Romantic writer Victor Hugo " all system are false;only genius is true"- from this perspective, mind was conduit of nature, the only means of accessing elemental universal forces and goal of artist was to was to tap into reserve of higher reality and express it sincerity and truthfulness were now critical. Enlightenment morality not applied and Powerful emotions in response to violence, suffering, chaos, and ugliness or Just the _______ and wondrous replaced virtuous and Noble actions and the Perfection associated with ideal beauty. Uniqueness became a strong value in art, not copying someone else's Romanticism was not a style but a attitude, it was licensed to abandon logic and do follow one's genius wherever it led

Napoleon in the Pesthouse at Jaffa, 1800, Gros

(Fig 24.9)___________________ ____________________ (1804) By_________________________

fantasy, aristocrats, love, poetic, simple man, fete galante

Ch 22- The Rococo France, Rococo style linked with Louis XV becuase corresponds roughly to his lifetime- the heart of 18th century. Rococo style: ____________ Baroque: theater on grand scale Rococo: smaller and more intimate stage, evokes enchanted realm that presents diversion from real life >Rococo in France manifest a shift in taste among _______________, who asserted their power as patrons and began to favor stylized motifs from nature and more domestic art- private rather than public- to decorate their new homes in Paris Rococo was coined in 19th century as disparaging term, taken from French word rocaille (means pebble) and Portuguese word Borrocco (baroque) to refer to perception then current of taste of early 19th as excessive and ornate Word Rococo refers to playful, irregular pebbles, stones, and shells that decorated the grottoes of Italian garden and became principal motifs of French interior design Artist developed new subject of _______ and lose, inspired growing interest in _________ genre of pastoral Patrons were increasing take with notion of "____________ ____________" existing in idealized nature French Royal Academy still important and provided lectures on Raphael and Poussin >yet recognized new Rococo style by establishing a new category called _____ _________, a type of painting introduced by Jean-Antoine Watteau Style celebrated eroticism and tradition of love, broadened range of human emotion depicted in art Most directly associated with France, Rococo exerted wide geographical influence that affected arts in England, Western and Central Europe Germany and Austria: devastation of 30 years war was followed by period of rebuilding that often reflected style of Italy from earlier in the century Italian artist, Tiepolo painted ceiling frescos in central European churches and palaces in new elaborate and elegant style, produced similar works for his native city of Venice Canaletto painted vedute, or scenes of the city a souvenirs Performing arts: >Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi produced innumerable operas >German composer Johann Sebastian Bach wrote choral music >London became home to establishment of legitimate theater notably in Haymarket and Drury Lane Covent Garden district European colonization of New World continued in 1700s, Armies battled to secure distant lands, deplating nations' treasuries, yet succeed in sending back to their homelands exotic objects that collectors coveted and artist used in creation of new art

mistress, time, library, educated, Venus, casual, curvilinear

Ch 22- The Rococo Francois Boucher: Rose to prominence in French painting Built repetition on his imaginative compositions pastoral landscapes, scenes of bourgeois daily life Served as court painter to Madame de Pompadour (godmother of the Rococo)- was Louis XV's _______, as well as long-term political adviser and major patron of the arts >painted her portrait numerous times and his lifesize portrait Fig 22.3 Portrait of Madame de Pompadour by François Boucher 1756 Oil on canvas Life size portrait of Madame de Pompadour He established (orchestrated) her self fashioning as femme-savante- an educated, cultured, accomplished woman who was also elegant, beautiful, and sophisticated Born Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, became Royal Mistress She had came from nonaristocratic family, but because of her relationship with king had been made duchess, marchioness, and in years this painting was executed (no longer his mistress) she was named Lady-in-Waiting to queen, highest non royal title at court >suggested that background clock indicates the actual ______ she received this title She is shown amid luxurious surroundings wearing a dress that signals wealth (opulence) Voluminous nature of shimmering fabric, its turquoise blue color and intricacy of its more than 100 bows and sewn roses also shows off her small, narrow waist She sits in her boudoir/_______ which reflects range her accomplishment Rosewood writing table set with pen, ink, and envelopes and well-used book in her hand as well as many in cabinet and on floor confirm and define her level of literacy and qualify her as _________ woman >also identifies herself with _______ Cupid by clock, roses on her dress and her feet, and pearl bracelets (pearls from sea) are each attributes that suggest her affinity with the love goddess She does not sit formally upright on daybed (chaise longue) but leans on its pillows The pose suggests a relaxed, __________ mood- nonchalance and luxury of leisured aristocracy Passage of time Madama had her own space and was popular ( well-rounded, comfortable in the court) Small feet feminine, (more delicate the person is Casual, leaning pose in her space and reading ( educated) Cherubs, roses- Venus Mirror reflection Writing letters, important and educated Soft brushstrokes, romantic, _____________ lines, pastel colors

The Swing, 1770, Fragonard

(Fig 22.5)___________________ ____________________ (1767) By_________________________

Papirius Entreated, 1780, Kauffmann

(Fig 23.4)___________________ ____________________ (1775) By_________________________

The Death of General Wolfe, 1770, West

(Fig 23.5)___________________ ____________________ (1770) By_________________________

Raft of the Medusa, 1820, Gericault

(Fig 24.10)___________________ ____________________ (1818) By_________________________

Scenes from the Massacre at Chios, 1820, Delacroix

(Fig 24.11)___________________ ____________________ (1824) By_________________________

The Haywain, 1820, Constable

(Fig 24.3)___________________ ____________________ (1821) By_________________________

The Slave Ship, 1840, Turner

(Fig 24.4)___________________ ____________________ (1840) By_________________________

Abbey in the Oak Forest, 1810, Friedrich

(Fig 24.5)___________________ ____________________ (1809) By_________________________

The Oxbow, 1840, Cole

(Fig 24.6)___________________ ____________________ (1836) By_________________________

Grande Odalisque, 1810, Ingres

(Fig 24.8)___________________ ____________________ (1814) By_________________________

decorative, irregular, motifs, Curves, illusionistic, color, spatial boundary, limitless, ethereal

Ch 22- The Rococo Balthasar Neumann Work of Balthasar Neumann who design buildings excluding lightness and elegance, is the culmination of the Rococo in central European trained as military engineer, he was named a surveyor for the Residenz in Wurzburg after his return from a visit to Milan in 1720. The basic plan was already established and although he greatly modified it, he was required to consult the leading architect of Paris and Vienna in 1723. The result is a skillful blend of latest German, French, and Italian ideas. Fig 22.10 Kaisersaal Residenz by Tieplolo/Neumann 1719-1744 Is a great over hall decorated in the favorite color scheme of the mid-eighteenth century: White, gold, and pastel Shades. Artist had minimize the sculptural importance of the column, pilasters, and architraves in favor of their ____________ role. >Continuous, ribbon-like molding frame the windows and vaults segments, and __________ ornamental design cover the White surface. >Lacy, curving _________, the Hallmark of the French style, are now matched with the lightness of the soaring oval Hall to create a more grand, spectacular, and Visionary experience that it becomes characteristic of German Rococo architecture. Painted decoration by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo completes the rich and organic structure. The abundant daylight, the play of __________ and counter curves, and the weightless Grace of the stucco sculpture give the Kaisersaal an airy lightness far removed from the Roman Baroque. The vaults and walls seem thin and pliable, like membrane easily punctured by the extensive power of space Imperial Hall at Wurzburg Palace Fresco by Tiepolo Neumann→ Germany international artist influenced by Vatican, French Polychrome marble, gilded sculpture, chandlers, gilded stucco Painting celebrated ancestors > Apollo bringing a new bride to an ancestor on the throne Figures spill onto the stucco area Play with nature ( fantasy is organic nature to urban people) Shapes, Contours, Peach Sky, playful nature Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Illusionistic Ceiling Decoration The last and most refined stage of Italian _______________ ceiling decoration manifested itself in the work of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Spent most of his life in Venice, where his work Define the Rococo Style. Mastery of light and _______, his grace and masterful touch, his power of invention made him famous for Beyond his home territory. Lived two years in Germany, and in the last years of his life worked for Charles III in Spain as the last in the long line of Italian artist who were invited to the Royal Palace in Madrid He painted Wurzburg frescoes at the height of his artistic power. The tissuelike ceiling gives way so often to illusionistic openings, both painted and sculpted, that we no longer feel it to be a ___________ ___________ Unlike Baroque ceilings these openings do not reveal Avalanches of figures, propelled by dramatic bursts of light. Rather pale blue skies and sunlit clouds are dotted with in occasionally winged creature soaring in the ___________ expanse. Artist's vast and fluid series of paintings is here set within an extravagant, curvilinear, molded ceiling, and parts framed in white trimmed with gold, so that the pale, sunlit colors of the central themes seem ___________ and suggest pastel heavens we now expect from the age of Rococo

island of love, melancholic, foreground, narrative, cupids, Venus, delicate colors, graceful, idyllic, longing, definition

Ch 22- The Rococo Fig 22.1 A Pilgrimage to Cythera by Jean-Antoine Watteau 1717 Oil on canvas His reception piece for Academy Painting evocation of love and includes elements of classical mythology Cythera came to be viewed as ________ ____ _________, as one of the settings for Greek myth of the birth of Aphrodite who rose from the foam of the sea Painting appears in academy records as fete galante, perhaps the first use of this term Artist creates delightful yet slightly _______________ scene Unclear whether couples are arriving or leaving the island Action unfolds in _____________ from right to let like continuous _____________, which suggest that the features may be about to board the boat Two lovers remain engaged in their amorous tryst >behind them another couple rises to follow a third pair down the hill as reluctant young woman casts longing look back at goddess's sacred grove Young couples with swarms of _________, pay homage to _________, whose garlanded sculpture appears on far right _____________ ________- pale greens, blues, and pinks- suggest gentle nature of lovers' relationships Subtle gradations of tone displayed artist's debates to Rubens and helped established supremacy of Rubenistes Artist's figure: slim, __________, small in scale Landscape doesn't overwhelm the scene, echoes its ________ mood Artist produces sense of nostalgia with implication of _____________ and unrealized passions >achieves this with figures and their gentle touching and hesitance and also through sympathetic parallel found in artist's landscape and sculptures in it Won Prix de Rome (won at annual salon, voted on by Academy to study in Rome for 5 years) Cythera- Island of Venus Line of people, sitting couples Fete Galantes- (outdoor part of upper class) new, popular subject matter, Poses, graceful, air of aristocracy Brushstrokes or feathery, whispery (Soft, lack opaqueness) No care in the world, the whimsical Lack of ____________ background ( blurry), focus on foreground ( exotic, overgrown, lack of detail)

freed, paris,

Ch 22- The Rococo France: rise of the Rococo After death of Louis XIV, nobility, previously attached to court at Versailles were now ______ from royal control. Louis XV would not be crowned until 1723. This early period of Rococo- is known as Regency, so called because France was governed by Philip acting a regent >Aristocracy regained much power and authority and abandoned strict, demanding court life of Versailles. >Many chose to live in _______, where they built elegant townhouses or hotels with small intimate rooms They were decorated with paintings, porcelain, small sculptures that created lavish, light-hearted mood Paintings played had one part in creation of ambiance of refinement that permeated pre-Revolutionary France. Paintings (interior designs) would influence the decor of Western and Central Europe throughout the century

Rubenistes, outdoor entertainments

Ch 22- The Rococo Jean-Antoine Watteau ____________ Born in Valenciennes, part of Southern Netherlands Moved to Paris in 1702, became significant contributor to new Rococo style, as well as to new subjects associated with it . Painted visions of fantasy show idyllic images of aristocratic life, elegant figures luxuriously dressed in shimmering pastel colors and set in dreamlike outdoor settings. Carefully posed figures evoke forlorn love, regret, or nostalgia (popularity of this theme spread) Because artist fantasies had little historical or mythological basis, his paintings broke many academic rules and did not conform to any established category. To admit Watteau as member, the French Academy created a new classification of paintings called fetes galantes (elegant fetes or ________ ___________________)

colorist, private collectors, erotic fantasy, teasing, conspiracy, Secrecy, fantasy,

Ch 22- The Rococo Jean-Honore Fragonard Transforming fantasy into reality in paint was the forte or at least that was his reputation Brilliant _______, artistic descendant of Watteau and student of Chardin who also worked with Boucher, Fragonard won the distinguished Rome Prize Upon his return to Paris he worked mostly for private collectors. Fantasy, flirtatious, and licentiousness- the spirit of the Rococo, a continuous tradition begin with Watteau- coalesce in The Swing Fig 22.5 The Swing by Fragonard 1767 Oil on canvas Anecdote side interpretation of the painting. According to the story, another artist, Gabriel-Francois Doyen, was approached by the Baron de Saint-Julien to paint his mistress > Doyen decline the commission but directed it to fragonard An example of "intrigue," a collision in _______ __________ between artist and Patron, with clergy as their Unwilling dupe. The Boudoir painting offers through of sexual opportunity and voyeurism, but here in stage-like outdoor setting. Innocence of the public arena heightens the ___________ quality of the motion of the Swing towards the patrons viewer. Painted sculpture of a cupid to the left, holding a finger to his lips, suggest a ___________ at the erotic escapade in which we have the viewers are no participant. Artist used painted sculpture in many of his Works to Echo or reinforce their themes. The dense and overgrown landscape, providing ___________, lit by radiant sunlight, invokes the warmth of spring or summer and overtones of sexuality and fertility. Glowing pesto colors create an otherworldly haze that enhances the sensuality of the _______ spun by the artist It's long enough to see Rococo go out of style and won Prix de Rome Took from a Commission of another artist: man on the ground, looking up the skirt of his mistress > woman on swing kicks off shoe symbolizes undressing > man's hat covers "other parts" Overgrown Garden can symbolize fertility and sexual, (passion) Gardening tools and bishop pulling swing back Soft brushstrokes, pastel color Playful, fantasy, love Cherub: one behind girl ( with Dolphin symbolizing Venus) and another to the left ( shushing, private moment) Little white dog→ fidelity

Poussinistes, line, mind, Rubenistes, color, everyone,

Ch 22- The Rococo Painting: Poussinistes vs Rubenistes Towards end of 17th century, dispute arose among members of French Academy, who then formed two factions: Poussinistes and Rubenistes Neither Poussin nor Rubens was still alive at the time of this debate, which focused on issue of drawing versus color. French were familiar with Poussin's paintings and knew Rubens work from Marie de Medici Cycle. The conservative ____________ defended Poussin's view that _______ (appeals to _______) was superior to color (appealed to senses) _______________ (Flemish) favored _______, rather than drawing as being truer to nature. Pointed out drawing appeals only to the expert few, whereas color appeals to ____________ It suggested that layperson should be judge of artistic values and this challenged Renaissance notion that painting as a liberal art could be appreciated only the educated mind

Catholic, intense, princes, prelates,

Ch 22- The Rococo The Rococo in Central Europe: Rococo architecture with a refinement in miniature of the curvilinear, elastic Baroque of Borromini. Fused readily with the architecture of Central Europe, where the Italian Baroque head firmly taken root. It was not surprising that the Italians style receive such a warm response there. In Austria and Southern Germany, ravaged by the Thirty Years War, patronage for the Arts was limited in the number of new buildings remains low until near the end of the 17th century. By the 18th century these countries, especially the _________ areas, were beginning to rebuild. The Baroque was an imported style, practice mainly by visiting Italians. Not into 1690s did Native Architects come to the fore. They followed period of ________ activity that lasted more than 50 years and gave rise to some of the most imaginative Creations in the history of architecture. Purpose of these monuments was to glorify _________ and _________ who are otherwise generally remember as only lavished patrons of the art. Rococo architecture in Central Europe is a larger than scale and more exuberant than that in France. Moreover paintings and sculpture are more closely linked with their setting. Palaces and churches feature ceiling frescoes and sculpture unsuited to domestic Interiors, however lavish, although they reflect the same taste that provide the Rococo French hotels

pebble, wealthy

Ch 22- The Rococo Usually associated with Louis XV French word rocaille- __________, little Stone ( Grandous- decorated with shells) French Academy begins 17th century Division between Poussinistes (line (mind)- intellectual in understanding the painting, color is a distraction) and Rubenistes (color- story, whimsical) Age of Aristocracy: > focus on leisure activities of _____________ > patrons, private paintings and interior General characteristics= intimate, much smaller scale Fantasy, Enchanted world, and Escape in paintings Playful, whimsical, light-hearted, feminine Soft, curvilinear forms, pastel colors Often romantic or sweet themes

Rene Descarte, Diderot, morality, johann winckelmann, romanticism, emotion, nature

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Age of Enlightenment- philosophy and science Scientist focused on empirical thought >Newton, Pascal, _______ ____________----> "I think therefore I am" Philosophes- _________ Encyclopedia (French and Salon) > classification of everything Renewed interest in classical era and antiquity ( geometric Harmony, rational _________, idealism, perfection) > Pompeii and Herculaneum- renewed interest was by the discovery in 1739 (By Spanish king) >excavated in 1748 _____________ __________________- First Art historian "Noble Simplicity and quiet grandeur" Prix de Rome- Artist to Rome

Planarity, Linearity, austere, moralistic,

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Artistic Foundations of Neoclassicism: Mengs and Hamilton Influenced by received interest in Antiquity, several artists worked in Rome, headed especially by Mengs and Hamilton, begun to lay the foundation for neo-classicism ______________: objects and figures or parallel to the picture plane _______________: objects and figures have crisply drawn contours Planarity, linearity, austere, imperceptible brushwork, and classical figures and themes- prominent role in new classical Style- ____________, __________________ subject

neoclassicism, contemporary history, witnessing, modern classic, lamentation, contrapposto, drew, contours, directional lines, noble grandeur

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Benjamin West responsible for popularizing contemporary history paintings Quaker born and raised just outside Philadelphia, went to Rome where he studied with Menges, befriended Gavin Hamilton, and immersed himself and into antiquity and classically influenced Renaissance Masters, especially Rafael Permanently settled in London and within three years he was a success, in part because of his Innovative _____________. He was a founding member of the Royal Academy and he became its president in 1792 During his life he was a mentor for many American artists and always remain proud of his new world heritage, even supporting the American Revolution. Fig 23.5 The death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West 1770 Oil on canvas Was shocked the London art world when he announced that he was working on a _____________ ____________ painting and placing the event in realistic setting >1759 Quebec during the French and Indian War British general won the Battle of Quebec which became a turning point in the war, making him a national hero. Upon hearing of West plan, King George III declared he would never purchase a picture with his soldiers in modern uniforms and Reynolds frowned on the pictures breach of convention, which required in allegorical apotheosis scene, that is Wolf dressed like a saint rising to heaven When exhibited at the Royal Academy, painting was immediately applauded by the public. Scene was so convincing that the audience felt so it were indeed ___________ its great nations hero at the very moment he sacrificed his life for his country in a far-off land, an exotic touch that fascinated the public, which way to look at pictures the way we view in movies today painting was also successful because artist aggrandized and classicized as his figures and the event, in effect creating a _________ __________. Contemporary viewers recognized that they were in the presence of what amounted to a traditional ______________ scene and got their hero with a modern-day Christ or martyr. The surrounding Apostle's Express remorse and concern but they're powerful emotions were worthy of Poussin and are Noble and controlled in keeping with the classical rule of decorum. Figure straight ______________ pose, stand in profile, and have sculptural qualities of an ancient low relief or Raphael stain, apostle, or Greek philosopher- they are simultaneous modern and Classical. Artists took the cue for his painting technique from Mengs, for he first ________ and then colored in the figures, allowing crisp ___________ to enable them American artists Battle, contemporary subject, clothes, and foreign people ( Native Americans) French and Indian War- battle of Quebec Main subject in foreground, background is setting Light comes from above and Shines on the General, Circle of men focus on the general _____________ ___________→ flag towards the General and men leaning in, looking at the general General is like a martyr- contemporary history in makes it religious Graceful ____________ _____________- looks like he's fainting, not screaming Bright oil paint red orange blue green

simple, curvilinear, virtuous action, state, shallow, planarity, geometry, linearity, romanticism, symmetrical

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Fig 23.15 Oath of Horatii by Jacques-Louis David 1783 He finished it in Rome where it would be seen by international audience Instantly became a sensation, with endless procession of visitors filing through to see this revolutionary work Arrived in Paris a few days after opening of 1784 Salon, it's delayed Grand entry in hand the public clamor Theme for picture comes from Roman 17th century BC story found in both Livy and Plutarch, recounting how a border dispute between Rome and neighboring Alba was settled by a sword fight by three soldiers from each side > representing Rome were three Horatii brothers and three Curiatii brothers for Alba >Horatii sister, Camilla was engaged to a Curiatii brother while one of the Horatii brothers was married to a Curiatii sister Only Horatius of Horatii brothers survived violent fight and David had been instructed to paint the moment when he returns home and slays his sister after she curses him for killing her fiance > instead painted a scene that does not appear in the literature: Horatii, led by their father taking an oath to fight to the death Composition was _________ and striking: >contrasts virile, stoic men, their bodies locked in rigorous determination, with slack, _____________ heaps of distressed women -Camilla and Curiatii wife will lose a brother, husband, or fiance Dramatic movement made one of the hallmarks of Neoclassical history painting, allowed him to create tableau vivant championing noble and _____________ _____________dedicated to supreme but necessary sacrifice of putting the ________ before family Severity of Horatio's dedication is reinforced by severity of competition >clear in austerity of __________ space, and even in artist's selection of stark, baseless Tuscan columns Relentless ___________- that aligns figures and architecture parallel to picture plane and harsh _____________ of floor, arches, and grouping of warriors Surface- sharp linear contours of figures, making them seem as solid and frozen as statues In this planarity and ___________ David is more "Poussiniste" than his idol Poussin, from whom he borrows figures Lines and geometry, vehicles of reason now clearly prevail over sensual color and brushwork of Rococo Caravaggesque naturalism and intensity that makes this image powerful and distinguish it from Renaissance and Baroque classicism. Sharpening edges and heightening the drama of paintings is harsh light that casts precise shadows, effect derived from Caravaggio as in attention to textures and such details as chinks in floor marble Picture is startlingly life-like, with setting and costumes carefully researched to recreate 7th BCE Rome Painting can we proceed the quintessential neo classical picture, one several severity David made it came to define the style and give it a new severity and virility, it is filled with undercurrents of _____________. It is a horrific scene, one that frightens onlookers, then shows up their spines Image is not just moral resolve and logic, reflecting Cassius who declared "true republican's only father and son are virtue, god's, laws, and country" Tension under stillness of bloodbath to soon come Tension in father's brightly lit fingers, which echo the stridency of swords Painting is about impending violence, from which the nurse in ominous background shadows tries to shield the children Picture is reminder that within 20 years Western world will enter Age of Romanticism Was involved in Revolution, minister of propaganda for republic Three Brothers swear to their father, the Fatherland, represent masculine strong how people should be ( strong standing with the King and Nation) Woman represent the weak Composition is ____________, linear perspective with Roman architecture in Dark Shadows, quiet drama and nobility in men Use of line, moral subject in foreground

literature, poetry, Rome,

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Neoclassicism in Britain: Britain was predisposed to embracing Neoclassicism and not just because Englishmen was first developed in Britain, but because the nation had intense involvement with antiquity in ___________ Augustan or Classical Age of English __________ was in full bloom- John Dryden, Alexander Pope, and Samuel Johnson, emulating form and content of writers active during reign of Roman emperor, Augustus (British poets translated) Britain at this time enjoy peace and prosperity, which in part was responsible for the identification with Augustus' reign, similarity marked by stability, economic prosperity and flourishing of culture Liberal fraction of British aristocracy modeled itself on ancient _______, relating the British parliamentary government that shared power with the king to democracy of Roman Republic that preceded the Caesars By 1720s these liberals, who compared themselves with Roman senators, wanted country homes based on Roman prototypes

new classical

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Painting: Historicism, Morality and Antiquity British particularly receptive to ________ __________ Foundation established by Mengs and Hamilton. Hamilton's moralistic scenes set in Antiquity especially had a major impact and the list of artists inspired by them is extensive, starting with a handful in 1760 and extending to dozen in the following decades. However taste for the classical could be just that a taste for style or look, with little consideration for a moralistic messages. Especially true for decorative Arts

Gothic Revival, nature

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Painting: The Coexistence of Reason and Emotion __________ __________ Thrive among the Revival of classicism in Britain, romantic paintings coexisted with the neoclassical period romantic undercurrents even appear in pictures that were essentially classical, a paradox it underscores the limitation of labeling. Like a moth to a flame, Taste of the period was increasingly drawn to the awesome power of ________, experience of unfettered Elemental emotions and instincts, and even The Wonder of the irrational. The enlightenment and empiricism could deny its very Foundation of logic and imperialism in permit itself to be swept away by the emotional pull of the Exotic, wondrous, terrifying, explicable. Thirst for Sublime experiences could Prevail by the end of the century

emotions, greeks, romans, sublime, psychology, Beauty, sublime, strongest,

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Rome Towards 1760: Romanticism Second Art current coming out of Rome in 1715 was an emphasis on evoking powerful ________ in a viewer, a quality that is called romantic. Source of this is Giovanni Battista Piranesi, a printmaker who is renowned for his Vedute, or views of Rome, which Gentleman on The Grand Tour took home as souvenirs of their visit Wickman's glorification of the _________ and belittling of ____________ head infuriated piranesi, which he did by producing Roman Antiquities a four-volume or completed in 1756 it Illustrated with several hundred a change of ruins > intended to inform and evoke a sense of astonishment and even fright Before the 18th century was out the awe that Piranesi was trying to induce would be identified as being caused by what the period called the "___________"- was not a style but a quality or attribute Piranesi's publication, when the British statesman Edmund Burke published a treaty titled A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful >Burke's study was directed more towards _____________ than aesthetics, but its impact on the world of art was tremendous He Define __________ as embodying such qualities as smoothest, delicacy, and grace which produced feeling of Joy, pleasure, and love ___________ was obscurity, Darkness, power, vastness, and infinite, anything that generated feeling of Terror, being overwhelmed, and wonder > the sublime produced" the ____________ emotion which the mind is capable of feeling" > more artists embrace the Sublime, catering to viewers demands to be on or move by paintings, sculpture, and architecture

Orientalism

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 _______________: 19th century Western fascination with the culture of the Muslim world of North Africa and near East, whispered in part by Napoleon's campaign in Egypt, the first archaeological excavation and detailed description of the region and its culture and customs in a 24 volume government-sponsored publication called Description de l'Egypte. Oriental derived from Latin oriri, meaning "to rise" and it was thus employed in the Western World to describe the East, the area that which the sun rises. Respond to orientalism, Europeans invested the Middle East with several false stereotypes. It was seen as a sensual Paradise, full of mysteries, enticing Pleasures but also primitive and right for colonization by the superior Western Nations

Painting, energetic

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Painting: ____________ is most closely associated in our minds with romanticISM because unlike sculpture and architecture, it allowed for a spontaneous outpouring of emotions. Art historians think of the study or sketch, weather painted or drawn, as quintessential romantic medium. Some of the most famous examples of romantic paintings are Baroque in their dramatic handling of paint and __________ composition, romantic work can just as really be tightly painted and composed in Accords with neoclassical plane, resulting in Frozen images that project chilling emotions

grand tour, antiquity, tome, Greek, moral,

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Rome Towards 1760: The Font of Neoclassicism Rome was the center of the art world in the 18th century and virtually anyone aspiring to become a painter, sculptor, or architect felt compelled to study there, experiencing Roman Antiquities and the riches of the Renaissance and Baroque period at first hand Gentleman's education was also completed with a ________ _________ of Italy, including the North and Naples, jumping-off point for Herculaneum and Pompeii, perfectly preserved Roman cities that were excavated in 1738 and 1748. Archaeologists excavations, as well as those in Athens, Palmyra, Baalbek, split, and Ionia, fueled interest in into ____________ and fired the imagination of artist through illustrations published in large folio format. But climax of the Grand Tour was ___________, an enormous archaeological site German scholar Johann Joachim Winckelmann, librarian to the Greek Antiquities collector Cardinal albani, who's Villa Albani in Rome was one of the Antiquities Museum that every Gentlemen on The Grand Tour had to visit. > He wrote Reflections on the Imitation of Greek aRt in Painting and Sculpture and produced his magnum opus, History of the Greek Art His publication elevated _________ culture to a position of supreme that it never quite held in classical tradition: an era of perfection that was followed only by imitation and decline in Roman era. > he saw __________ qualities that parallel and enlightenment thought: Greek masterpieces is "noble Simplicity and calm grandeur" ( Neoclassicism would be the creation of moral works embodying this)

historicism, contemporary, protraying, classical,

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment The Birth of Contemporary History Painting Enlightenment empiricism had major impact on history paintings in two ways 1) strong emphasis on _________- when portraying a scene set in the historical past, costume, setting, and props had to be convincing and true to the. 2) impact affected the presentation of major _____________ events that the feature would perceive as historically important > until now, such moments were generally presented using allegory in symbols, not by ____________ the actual scene or Figures were dressed in ___________ grubs in order to give them the sense of decorum and importance that the event apparently required. But with Enlightenment paintings had to be logical and real and every bit as convincing to contemporaries as we expect period films to be today > this applies to historical past and contemporary events 1768 King George II founded the Royal Academy of Art in London in order to encourage the visual arts in Great Britain. The academy was inspired by the French Royal Academy. In addition to honoring and educating artists, the academy offered an annual exhibition for its members. This exhibition became the primary vehicle for artists to present their work to the public and advertise themselves, since there were few commercial galleries. Previously, artist showed at Society of artists, founded in 1761 and hosting exhibitions until 1791. Joshua Reynolds, who helped establish Society artist was the first president of the Royal Academy

simplifying, naturalism, sculptural,

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment The Climax of Neoclassicism: Jacques-Louis David's paintings: Reign of genre paintings in Enlightenment France was short, with Greuze's popularity peaking in 1765. Tide again to turn towards history paintings in 1774 when Charles-Claude d'Angiviller, new director general in charge of buildings and art inference in overseer of the Royal Academy of painting and sculpture, made it his personal mission to Snuff out what he considered Rococo licentiousness and replaced it with moralistic history paintings > 1777 he regularly commissioned " Grand machines" as these elaborate oils work called because of the elaborate equipment needed to install them and many were based on the noble and virtuous Deeds of the Ancients as well as exemplary moments from French history. The project request and even a heated competition among artists to Produce the great history painting. David's images were so revolutionary that they were virtually come to epitomize Neoclassicism thus _____________ a very complex period and a very complicated term that encompasses much more than David's style Covered his mature artistic voice while studying in Rome from 1775-81 and it came as a result of copying a painting from The Last Supper by Bologna's powerful _____________ and dramatic lighting, which curved out crisp ____________ figures and objects

genre, diberot, encyclopedia,

Ch 23- Art in the Age of the Enlightenment Theoretical Beginnings and Rational Classicism Jacques-Francois Blondel launched attack on Rococo in a speech at Royal School of Architecture to condemned the ornate flamboyance of the style. He called for return to classicism of great 17th century architects, Claude Perrault. He demanded buildings be logical, simple, functional, and symmetrical, and constructed with right angles, not curves. Abbe Marc Antoine Laugier, major developer in Rational Classicism >built the two identical facades framing the Rue Royale on Place de la Concorde Painting and Sculpture: Expressing Englishmen Values: There no parallel in French painting and sculpture with swing toward Classicism occurring in French architecture in 1750-60s. 1780s Enlightenment emphasis on reason and morality was best represented not by history paintings but by lower stratum of _________ painting A genius in many Fields, including a natural science, and a novelist, dramatist, poet, and art critic, Denis ___________ Is still best known as the compiler an editor of the French ____________________, staggering 28 volume compendium of natural and physical science, and political science. His fellow philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a contributor to the Encyclopedie

new york, landsacpe, land, manifestation of God, Transcendentalists

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 America: Landscape as Metaphor Art has not been a priority for the struggling British colonies in America during the seventeenth century and eighteenth centuries, and only Art Market that existed was largely for portraitures Sculpture was mostly limited to weathervanes and tombstones. This did not change dramatically in the Federalist period and opening Decades of the nineteenth Century, although the first academies and galleries were founded in the first quarter of the century- Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Boston Atheneum, New York's National Academy of Design > _________ _________ New York surpass Philadelphia as largest and wealthiest city in the nation and became nations are capital 1820 __________________ painting begin to acquire status and by 1840 it was a eclipse portraiture has the most esteem form of American art. A Young Nation with little history, United States became preoccupied with a search for its identity, one that would a distinguished it from its old-world roots. Literary Figures such as William Cullen Brent and Ralph Waldo Emerson identify the _________ itself as America's wealth and contrasted its unspoiled virginity to the densely populated, resource impoverished lands of Europe. America was overflowing with natural resources, veritable Garden of Eden. These writers also interpreted this pristine land as a ______________ ______ _________, whose presence was to be seen in every blade of grass, Ray of sun, and drop of water. The meditate on nature was communion with God, a theory promoted by American _______________, such as Emerson in NATURE and Henry David Thoreau in WALDEN. Landscape became the symbol of Young America

christ, poison, tight, center passionate, exoticism

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Antoine-Jean Gros He entered David Studio . During turmoil the French Revolution, David was able to secure a pass for Gros to go to Rome although by the time he arrived the city was close to the antipapist French. Through circumstance, Napoleon in Milan, traveled with his army and impress the general with his art. Napoleon charged him with painting his battles and glorifying his campaign. > Bonaparte who is brilliant at propaganda as he was a military strategy, carefully control his Public Image and relied heavily on art to reinforce his political position. Make sure his compositions were shown at the salon where they would be seen by everyone and reported in the Press Napoleonic era was a catalyst for French romanticsim. Drama, Glory, Valor, and Adventures and Napoleonic Wars provided endless material for artistic imagination. > North African campaign took Europeans into forbidden Arab world and introduce them to wonders, exotic subject matter, which they brought back to European anxious for new experiences fig 24.9 Napoleon in the Pesthouse at Jaffa by Gros 1804 Exhibited at that year's Salon to huge acclaim 23 foot wide picture was commissioned not only to promote Emperor's bravery and Leadership but to reinforce his humanitarian image, which was propagandistically essential considering the enormous human loss tallied in many of his battles, especially in Jaffa, then in Palestine but today a section of Tel Aviv, Israel. During campaign, Bubonic plague broke out among French rank. Legend has it that to calm his troops, Napoleon fearlessly entered the pesthouse and walked among the patients. We see the general, like ________ Healing The Sick, courageously touching the open sore of a victim, his presence virtually willing the dying to rise. Painting ignores the fact that Napoleon _________ the same sick trips when he retreated from Jaffa While Gros's drawings and brushwork are relatively tight and Davidian, picture has overt turbulent drama, created by dark shadows, bursts of light, splashes of bright red, rapidly receding perspective of the arcade, and Cloud filled sky Chaos prevails, although Napoleon is placed in ______ of composition anchor, he's momentarily lost in turmoil of scene. Our eyes goes to circle of dead, dying, and sick surrounding him which includes Michelangelesque figures in foreground Shadows and resurrected nudes next to him. Male nude is no longer heroic, as in David, but helpless and disturbing Napoleon's courageous act had a vie for a viewer's attention with dark mood of physiological and physical suffering and exoticism to Western eye, of the Arab attendance and Islamic architecture. Monumental arches must pay commission all homage to David both of the horatii, but instead of supporting narrative neoclassical stoicism and Clarity they contribute to a ___________, romantic ___________ and foreboding of horrifying uncertainty Plantrity Monumental painting became propaganda and contemporary subject shows Napoleon sympathizing and touching the victim's, give him god-like immunity Everyone is withering away light is on the side with Napoleon, civilized nature Compressed in the foreground Centrally placed subject, Muslim architecture, King's touch, power of healing

poets, nature

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Britain: The Bond with Nature British painters during the Romantic Era followed the lead of such _________ as William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley and steeped themselves in _________, emotionally Swept Away by its beauties and moods or awed by its supplying power and intimations of the infinite English romantic Style- industrialization to people out of rural areas into factories and urban cities > Charles Marx, classify society Parks, sidewalks, gas lamps were developed in cities: walking at night Trains, working-class go outside City Public Museum of Louvre by Napoleon Malls (arcades), 1820s window displays and shopping Appreciation for nature and outside Romanticism ( German)- art, philosophy, literature French, Theodore Rousseau: let the self go, all about emotions in nature > rational mind, encyclopedia Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Intuition, inner mind, creative mind Back to Michelangelo as a poet Napoleon off the throne during the Battle of Waterloo

suffering, individual freedom, turmoil, intense colors, blurry

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Eugene Delacroix Emerged as a standard-bearer of painterly romanticism, the position Gericault dearly coveted. 7 years younger than Gericault he came from a similar background- Parisian and wealthy. Essentially independent in self-taught, studying the great masterpieces at the Louvre especially Rubens, Titian, and veronese His greatest excitement came from when visiting the studios of Gros and Gericault Fig 24.11 Scenes from the Massacre at Chios by Delacroix 1824 Salon 1824, presents a compendium of misery and ___________ in the foreground was obviously inspired by the groupings of the dead and dying of Gros's. 1821 the Greeks had revolted against the ruling Ottoman Empire, launching the Greek war of Independence and the following year the Turks raided the Greek island of chios, destroying villages in either massacring or enslaving virtually the entire populace of 20,000 Delacroix's painting was based upon this event and made to show support for Greek Independence as well as to expressed romantic passion for democracy and _______________ freedom Burning and slaying takes place in a blur of smoke and confusion in the middle and background of the painting, while foreground focuses on a group of Greeks gathered for execution or enslavement, is remarkably devoid of violence Resignation, desperation at the impending loss of loved ones and hopelessness Reign, this pessimism symbolism by the forbidding silhouette armed ottoman guards. Delacroix Reinforces _________ of violence and background through twisting and turning of foreground figures and their undulating Contours as well as by chaotic piling up of bodies. ____________ _________ of painting have darken considerably over time exposure the blues and reds, which originally created an optical snap of light and dark that was reinforced by the bravura of the brushstrokes Clearly Rubens is Behind These qualities as well as to be symmetrical compositional pyramids organized the foreground groups and diagonal recession into deep space Delacroix infienced by color and brush Strokes of constable who had 3 Landscapes, the haywain in the same Salon. Upon seeing them he repainted the sky at the last minute, giving it a brilliant Luminosity and worked Vivid colors into the Garment Poet and critic Charles baudelaire Describe the word establishing Delacroix as the great romantic painter. First time the term romantic was applied to a visual artist, and making him the artistic equivalent of the composer Hector berlioz in the writer Victor Hugo, Both of whom would rise to fame in the next decade. Contemporary subject in monumental Painting is a vertically placed Background is a ___________, weird Sky influenced by constable Foreground has stylized Turk and out of place ( flat) No central place subject, muddled of figures and different poses Open space, exotic , lacks organization, striking color is confusing, lack of form and modeling, confusing composition ( can't tell if they're dead or alive)

Romanticism

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 France: Painterly Romanticism and Romantic Landscape While Ingres was taking Neoclassicism deep into the 19th century, although in the Romantic vehicle, Antoine-Jean Gros, a second student of David opened up a alternative course, one that would abandon line, order, clear rational space, evenly diffuse flight, and classical response for bold brushstrokes, dazzling color, impetuous drama, confused space, irrational lighting, and extreme emotions It is Wake Theodore Gericault and Eugene Delacroix brought painterly ____________ to fore in 1820, with the result that the word Romanticism previously reserved for literature and music was now applied art. In 1820, landscape paintings in France begin to emerge from under the shadow cast by neoclassicdim. French romantic landscape paintings was never in apocalyptic as British nor as pantheistic as in Germany and America. Instead it was more Serene and poetic

life, pantheism, linear, metaphorical, hope, resurrection, afterlife, solem, time

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Germany: Fredrich's Pantheistic Landscape He was treated with a chilling bleakness and unsettling science in the sublime landscape of the German artist Caspar David Friedrich Turner focus on significance of all ______ and Endeavors in the face of all power cosmos, Fredrich's answering is the passage from the physical way-station of Earth to spiritual being of Eternity. His Landscapes virtual Express ____________, especially German phenomenon, and he invest his detail, realistic scenes with metaphysical properties that give them an aura of divine presence Born to prosperous family of candle and soap manufacturers born in Harbor Town of Greifswald then part of Sweden. Here he found austere landscape that served as the source material for his drawing, which formed the foundation of many of his paintings. He studied drawing at the Academy of Copenhagen and continued his training in Dresden, where he would maintain a studio throughout his life Worked extensively and drawing stunning historical themes and instead making topographical Landscapes, including many of the Baltic region Paintings would retain the hard __________ draughtsmanship that he developed in these years Gradually his landscape drawings became _____________, often presented in pairs with cynical themes such as times of day or the seasons. He continue this practice in his early paintings which include MONK BY THE SEA, paired with... Fig 24.5 Abbey in an Oak Forest by Friedrich 1809 Oil on canvas MONK BY THE SEA: vertical figure of a standing monk his back to us against a vastness of an overwhelming, explosive sky. Traditionally interpret the funeral depicted as that of this monk First picture depicts life contemplating death, the second is an image of death, as suggested by a frozen snow-covered Cemetery, lugubrious funeral procession, twisting bearing oak trees, skeletal remains of a Gothic Abbey, in a somber winter sky at Twilight Abbey and oaks, obviously equated, form a gate that the burial cortege will pass under. Religious _________ is stated in the crucifixion mounted on the portal. The oval at the peak of the tracery window is echoed by the silver of a new moon in the sky, a symbol of ______________________ We sent a rite of passage, direct connection between abbey and Sky. Just as new moon goes through a cycle as it is for reborn, Twilight yields to night followed by sunrise and day, and Winter gives way to spring, summer, and fall- suggested death will be followed by an __________ or rebirth This is a very gloomy picture that leaves Our Fate after death in doubt, making Astrid the unknown on the other side of their her eyes Germany drawing then went to painting making linear quality Landscape with people included in it→ nature pantheistic Monk by the sea is contemplating life existing And this painting it is the conclusion, __________, contemplating on death Ruins of Gothic Cathedral with the pointed Arch, monks walking, gravestones, casket, passing through the arch New Moon represents a new cycle, a new beginning , Passage through ______ Darkness of the world, brightness of the afterlife Landscape, passage of time, Manifest Destiny, pantheistic as in God's manifest station on Earth > time of the day, seasons, man's transition in life

flashy

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Goya The third of May fig 24.2 Artist whips up the horror and emotional turmoil of the scene by abandoning neoclassical type paint handling, linearity, planarity, and evenly lit scenes, replacing the aesthetic with ________ painterly ( that is Broad paint handling) brush work, dramatic contrast of light and dark, and compositional turmoil on the left and a traumatic receding Baroque line of soldiers on the right started as tapestry designer in Rococo Style Sick then went dead then he was ostracized in came back and dark paintings

exotic, concubine, orientalism, line

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres The greatest painter to come out of David's Studio was Ingres Would inherit the mantle of neoclassicism from David and carry it well into the 19th century. Ingres enter David Studio in 1797 and 1801 he won Rome Prize > because of Napoleonic Wars he would not take advantage of his award until 1806 once in Rome he studied ancient arts and fell in love with classicism of Raphael. But romantic, his interests were broad, even __________, and led him to Medieval, Byzantine, and early Renaissance art. After his four-year, stayed on in Italy at his own expense for additional 14 years often impoverished and like romantic artist painted what he wanted Periodically he sent pictures back to Paris for exhibition they were generally met with derision. Fig 24.8 Grande Odalisque Ingres 1814 Commissioned by Caroline Murat, Napoleon sister and queen of Naples At the time considered very exotic picture for it represents a Turkish concubine and is one of the earliest painting examples of Orientalism- which reflects European imperialism in its accompanying sense of superiority, which viewed non-Christian Arab culture as not only different and exotic but also inferior Exotic subject give artist license to paint a female nude who was not a Greek goddess, although she recalled numerous Renaissance and Baroque painting of reclined Venus and sculptures of ariadne from antiquity To make figures more appealing to Paris audience, artist gave his odalisque European features, even a Raphael face and coiffure. Although the figure is alluringly sensual, and the hashish pipe, incense burners, fan, and turban " authenticate" exotic scene, painting as a whole project a smoothing sense of cultivated Beauty, refinement, and idolization that seems classical Artist trademark is a beautiful classical _____ which we can see if he focuses on the odalisque flesh. Bathed in caressingly chiaroscuro, the body gently swells and recede with delectable Elegance. Its Contours languidly undulate with sensual it, the sharply defined edges and the tan color contrasting with the objects around it. The opulent color of the objects and Lush Fabric and peacock feathers enhance the sensual Aura of the picture. Salon viewers noted that the concubine's back had too many vertebrae and certainly her elbowless right arm is too long but as far as the artist was concerned the sweeping curve both were essentially components of the graceful composition, the line of the right arm even being continued into the folds of the drapery Show the picture at the salon at 1824 to favorable reviews and was hailed as the great Survivor of classical tradition. With the final fall under napoleon in 1815, David who had been named painter to the emperor was exiled to Brussels and the careers of all the students had stalled at the same time, displaced by a new generation of painterly romantic artists Ingres was crowned the protector of classicism, the champion of line over color, in the Savior the wholesome tradition of the great art and ideal beauty over the unfettered emotionalism of the Romantics. In 1825 elected to French Academy in soon became its director. He was awarded the legion of honor and his Studio became destination of choice for aspiring young history painters Painting of Napoleon's sister, queen of Naples Use of line, illusion in texture, clear color, romantic subject Nude Venus, Twisted to Exotic ( Turkish harem) line is Simplicity, foreground is simplicity- Greek vase painting Raphael in the purity of the face, idealism, shadowing and line Mannerism in the long back and hip, left foot is twisted, foot is an awkward position use of S curve Ornateinism- Jewels, faton, peacock feathers

landscapes, scientific, anecdote, heartfelt, nationalism, antiurban, sublime, allsuion, white

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 John Constable: ___________ gradually became a major vehicle of the search for the truth. This is not surprising considering the importance of Nature in romantic ideology- the need to bond with it and to express it as personally experienced. John Constable one of two British artists who stand out in this period for the landscapes. Spent most of his life painting Rich Farmland which until then had been considered to ordinary and this not sustainable subject matter. Instead of working at family prosperous farm and mill receive parental support to study at the Royal Academy school in London He realized that he was just learning to replicate painting conventions and return to Bergholt to make laborious studies from nature > drawing and oil sketches he worked on into finished pictures in the studio book retained the freshness and details of the original source. > considered Landscapes __________ > especially Adept at capturing the ephemeral properties of nature- clouds, light, and atmosphere Pictures of packed with emotion that welled within him when experiencing the beauty of the Stour Valley Fig 24.3 The Haywain by Constable 1821 Oil on canvas Both scientific and subjective blue sky pushing out darker clouds in an atmosphere of moisture that makes everything glisten. Vibrant flakes of paint and color dissolve the material world and make the atmosphere Sparkle. This sky is a symphony of subjectivity, presenting a range of emotions, as does the land. Can be dark and undulating, as in dramatic, energize twisting of tree branches, or bright and Placid, as in the horizontal spread of the distant Hayfield fills picture with detail ___________: besides the haywain, there is the dog, the boat, the Harvesters in the distant field, and the puffs of smoke coming from the mill No perfect world representing ideal beauty or classic Arcadia, rather it is particular site presented in all of it ____________ specificity Intentionally in English scene, reflecting the welling ______________ that was overtaking all of Europe has artist now painting their own Countryside, not classical Italy ___________, respect nature Contemporary subject and Monumental size Romantic artist were all about the sublime→ the vast, little scary, beautiful Trained in London and left and studied and painted outside Landscape painter Two people on a cart, Cottage, dog, horse and wagon, Village in the background ___________ to urbanization and industrialization- smokestack represent industrialization with the dark clouds Not idealized, lifelike Use of light ( _________)- like impressionist Stippling, using the other side of the brush to create dots Nature nostalgic feel (quiet, homelike)

landscape, intangible, epic, atmospheric blur, abstract, contemporary, haze, newspaper, sufferung, ambiguity, fictional, sublime

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Joseph Mallord William Turner Second major British landscape artist in this. Constable painted with scientific accuracy the land he knew intimately, Turner aspired to rival great history painting and consequently investors use with a rich overlay historical multi, references to the Old Masters in metaphorical themes Because career in typographical watercolors for hire and became associate of the Royal Academy. While he made numerous ____________ studies a specific role scenes he drove to artistic greatness let him to take on the great landscape in Marine painters of the whose work his landscape resembles in composition, subject, and atmosphere. The reason for this mimicry was to outdo them at their own game; his sun was brighter, atmosphere moisture, Haze Haze ear, and perspectival space deeper. Like constable's his handling of ________ properties of nature (wind, light, Reflections, atmosphere) was magical His quest for grandiose and his Rich imagination led him to in embed spectacular mythological and historical moment in his Landscapes, creating historical and escapes on an ______, Sublime scale The direct experience of nature became stronger and his late work. Now the image begins to disappear, replaced by __________________ ______ of paint and color that seems to sit on the surface of the canvas making the viewer feel immersed in it. Today best known for he's like um a more ____________ style which he developed towards 1838 in which is seen in the slave ship or slave Traders throwing overboard the dead and the dying typhoon coming on Fig 24.4 The Slave Ship by Turner 1840 these works were condemned it in his own time and his contemporaries thought he had gone mad for they found the works of virtually unreadable and certainly unintelligible His epic stories were no longer drawn from mythology or history but from seemingly minor _______________ events Earlier Works may have been atmospheric but there was always enough drawing to suggest precise objects in spatial recession and relationships- later this readability evaporate in a ______ of color and paint that represents the essence of mist, light, and atmosphere Shows the sick and dying human cargo thrown into the sea during a typhoon > inspired by James Thomson's THE SEASONS, where the poet describes how sharks follow a slave ship during a typhoon, lured by the scent of steaming crowds or rank diseases and death > was influenced by a recent _________ account of a ship captain who jettisoned slaves in order to collect the insurance, which paid for cargo lost at sea but not for the death from illness Gives close up of human _____________: > outstretched hands pleading for help, a leg about to disappear into the deep for a last time, gruesome Blackness of flailing chains and manacles, frenzied predatory fish in blood stain water all dominate the immediate foreground Background: slave ship heading into fury of typhoon and its own struggle for survival its distance and silence a metaphor for callous indifference of the slavers Searing brilliance of sun bathes the sky in blood-red aura, seemingly infinite reach complementing the omnipotence of raging sea This is tragic, horrific scene painted a few years after Britain abandoned the slave trade. Turner certainly makes us feel the callous inhumanity of the slavers encouraging us to despise them and yet the picture has a haunting thematic and moral ___________: birds eat fish in human carcasses, fish feed on other fish and discarded human, and slavers fight for their lives in the face of a storm > what about struggle of daily life and the role of Fate as it is about the immorality of the slavers, only constant being the frightening power of nature English artist, like abstract art A ___________ play with color Horizon with white, swirls of color around it creating a blurred Turbulence activities ( storms, waves) The ________→ fearful object in front of you Artist was possessive of his work Poetic statements of his artwork Contemporary subject in a way In the foreground we see legs and hands in shackles and fish eating them Storm to the left, epic scenes Colors, energetic brushstrokes

colorists,

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Theodore Gericault Without Napoleonic campaigns to feed his imagination, Gros careers soon waned. David outstanding students of others were simultaneously Eclipse. Future now represented by Theodore Gericault, who was independently wealthy and largely self-taught, frequently did Napoleon Museum, where he copied the great ________: Ruben, Van Dyke, Titian. Gros, was his role model and he and Rubens were clearly artistic sources for his submissions to the salon of 1812 Charging chasseur, work filled with energetic brush Strokes, sharp diagonal recessions, bold contrast of light and dark, Rippling Contours, flashes of color all which could not be farther from David or closer to Ribbons. Completely gone is the Davidian planarity that structured the turmoil of pesthouse > revealed his lack of formal training, namely his inability to draw. > Independent study, now works from classical models, copping High Renaissance painters at the Royal Museum as the Louvre was called after the second fall of Napoleon and the establishment of Louis XVIII restoration monarchy. Went to Italy to draw Michelangelo's Medici tombs before going to Rome to study Antiquities. Gig 24.10 Raft of the Medusa by Theodore Gericault 1818 Medusa, a government vessel Foundered off West African Coast with approximately 400 people on board. The captain commandeered the six lifeboats for government officials and officers with remaining hundred and fifty passengers set adrift by the crew, consigned to a makeshift raft at the mercy of the sea. Will the passengers were finally rescued after two weeks later, only a handful survived. This callous Captain was incompetent, Aristocrat who had been politically appointed by the government of Louis XVIII and headline-making event was condemned in the press as a reflection of Corruption of Louis Administration Artist decided to paint the moment when the survivors First Sight a ship, not more politically charged moments when the captain set adrift Painting is about harrowing mental and physical experience of survival rather than accusations of Injustice. Artist seems to have latched onto his subjects after revisiting Napoleon in the penthouse, for the foreground is littered with Michelangelosque nudes. From the bodies of the dead and the dying in the foreground, composition received in traumatic Baroque __________, climaxing in their group supporting the frantically waving black man. Our eyes following this line of writhing, twisting bodies, remove from __________ to __________. Painting has no Heroes, no exemplary moral fortitude, rather the theme is the human species against __________ and the artist's goal was to make a viewer feel the trials and Tribulations of a Castaway. Academic, classically proportioned Monumental figures are a catalog of human ___________, reflecting the death, cannibalism, fighting, Insanity, sickness, exhaustion, hunger, and thirst that torment the victims. Stark realism, obtained in part through some what type brushstrokes, heightens our visceral connection to the dramatically lit event; we too are on crude raft, Pitch about in high seas, aimlessly buffered by the wind Gericault five years later after this Salon Idea of the passage of time, horrific between life and death Contemporary and political subject on Monumental scale Stuck at sea for 13 days and eventually spotted by and rescued by a ship, only 15 survived out of the hundred and thirty Two of them were doctors who wrote newspaper articles Wanted to make a statement, rebuilt the raft to get realism Did study of dead bodies Compositional→ _____________, triangle, diagonal from left to right and from Mast to body and the right bottom From Death To Life, hope at the top

primordial, wilderness, cultivated, environmentalist

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 Thomas Cole and the Hudson River School America's first art movement, based on landscape painting in born in 1820 is called the Hudson River school, because artist most with studios in New York were initially centered on the Hudson River Valley before Fanning out to all of New England in 1830 through 1850s. Spring through fall, artist traveled through New York and New England making studies, generally drawings, of the unique land, sketches which they then developed into large paintings in their New York Studios during the winter. We figure in this group was Thomas Cole who produced his first major landscape after 1825 summer sketching trip up the Hudson. Initially his few were filled with Sublime, presenting a wild, ___________ nature, often with storms pummeling the forest, dark cause blackening the Earth, and lightning blasted trees. Despite depicting specific sites, style relied on European landscape conventions in formulas, with little attention given to detail 1830 however his paint handling became tighter, his picture less for Malik and more specific, embracing romantic truth to Nature as we still and Constable Environmentalist Appreciation of landscape and art and literature Westward expansion through train travel and Lewis and Clark Manifest Destiny God's will to explore and spread out Hudson River School New York artist did it landscape seeing showing Sublime of nature > The Good, the Bad, and political commentary Fig 24.6 the Oxbow by Cole 1836 Taking view from a top mount Holyoke in Western Massachusetts, artist present natural wonder of American landscape. For rent in a Sublime __________, with blasted, Windswept trees and dark storm clouds dumping Sheets of Rain. Except for the representation of coal next to his parasol looking up at us there is no sign of humans in the foreground Glow with Sun Valley is the Connecticut River and its plain. Closer inspection review not just a natural plan but a ______________ field and settlements. But they are in such harmony with nature that they seem to blend in. Hear the garden of Eden As Americans describe their land but by the Divine light breaking through the clouds. Artist underscores God's presence in the land by roughly itching under the guise of cleared Forest the name Noah into the distant Hill upside down, these letters become Hebrew letters for the shaddai, meaning Almighty First and foremost the picture is a paean to the glory of the American land. Captures immense scale of American landscape and its many moods, from Wild Sublimity of the foreground to the Pastoral Tranquility of the valley to the Majestic vastness of the distance Hills Also a political painting which viewers at the 1838 exhibition would have recognized. While Hudson River School painter depicted the glory of God as Manifested in the American land, a handful following Cole's lead used landscape paintings also to comment on the economic and social issues consuming and Nation. A trip to Europe gave Cole first-hand knowledge of Turner's paintings and reinforced his interest in using landscape as a vehicle for themes of historical significance. For example he painted 5 picture series titled the course of Empire, which Trace transformation of the same site from a primitive State, to agrarian Society, to thriving Empire, to a decadent Empire, and lastly to the state of ruin His audience would recognize in the course of the Empire a statement reflecting the heated debate about progression then consuming the country. On one side were those Americans arguing for a Jeffersonian agrarian America; on the other side where Advocates of Jacksonian laissez-faire economy, which embraced unrestricted industrial, commercial, and financial development- development of an Empire. Cole, Liked the novelist James Fenimore Cooper was an early ___________________, found the rapid destruction of the Wilderness and disrespectful and disheartening. He's vision of healthy development stopped at Jeffersonian society, where Americans lived in harmony with the land. He equated Jacksonian politics with Empire which would result in not only the destruction of the land but also the eventual downfall of America Storm clouds and white clouds atmospheric perspective In the foreground we see the wild nature Untouched by man In the background we see agricultural economy and farming Noah means Almighty manifestation of God on Earth ( with the side touched by man)

Pantheistic,

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 ________ (all god)- is it believed that God in the universe are ultimately identical and that everything that exists is therefore a Divine Unity. Although the term itself was first used in 1705 by the British author John Toland, they do has an ancient wide-ranging history. Two of the world's major religions Hinduism and Buddhism draws upon the pantheistic view as does the works of many philosophers and authors Seeing the power of God in all the natural forces of the univers

Fete Galante, moral virtue, monumental,

Ch 24- Art in the Age of Romanticism 1789-1848 ____________ __________- pilgrimage to Cythera- outdoor celebration, aristocracy leisure,Rococo Examplum Virtutis- Oath of Horatii- to be __________ _________, devoted to the Fatherland Grand Manner- death of General Wolfe- ______________ ( originally history paintings but now contemporary in battle scene) > Leads neoclassical > Hero/martyr death, quiet and Grand Manner -is an Idealized style of portraiture -incorportated Visual metaphors and Lavish surroundings -to suggest nobility, class, and the elite status of subjects.

empiricism

Chapters review Industrial revolution- begin 1st in Britain mid 18th century and gradually spread worldwide in 19th century Political Revolutions of the United States and France in 1776 and 1789 > democracy, personal Liberty, capitalism, socialism, industrialization, technological Innovation, urbanization, in doctrine of Prague Enlightenment: modern philosophy that surfaced in Britain, France, Germany, and United States in 18th century > foundation for new thought lay in 17th century Britain with the philosopher John Locke and Isaac Newton- both stressed _____________: deriving of Knowledge from sense-experience- faces for philosophy and Science and advocated rational thought Newton= empiricism needed data and observation Locke= empiricism established experience is the only basis for formulating ideas > upset fundamental Christian notion of original sin when he declared all humans are born good and have a natural right to life, liberty, and property > defined function of government has obligation to protect these natural rights and failure to do so granted citizen the license to remove their government, even if they required Revolution Philosophes: French intellectuals are commonly referred to ( Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot) edited 28 volume encyclopedia, the world's first encyclopedia, which intended to document the world and all knowledge epitomizes enlightenment empiricism Enlightenment established basic human rights, logic, and new moral order and ushered modern science > electricity oxygen were discovered, and chemistry and natural science as we know and today were established Help launch the Industrial Revolution: first factory workers, new working class (proletariat), and miners >Perfection of steam engine by James Watt aided mining and textile industries >allowed Robert Fulton to send steamboat chugging up Hudson River against current Bourgeois new Dominic car that controlled capital and production and gradually rival and replace aristocracy Apex of society towards the end of the 19th century Bourgeois and proletariat conflict, between employers and employees cause Karl Marx and Frederick Engels to publish Communist Manifesto, book argued for communal property in order to rectify the disparity between the classes Urbanization growing cities as people abandon agrarian communities to seek employment in Factory