Ch. 22 Study Guide - Introduction to Plants

Identify specific structures and whether they are haploid or diploid in a bryophyte life cycle diagram.

*The gametophyte is the dominant recognizable stage of the life cycle and it carries out most of the plants photosynthesis *The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for its supply of water and nutrients *Bryophytes produce sperm cells that swim using flagella, they must be released where there is enough water for them to swim to an egg cell

Study the plant cladogram from 22-1 and answer analysis questions about it.

*algae was the first plant to come about

Compare and contrast angiosperms and gymnosperms.

Angiosperms are groups of seed plants that bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed; also called a flowering plant. Gymnosperm are groups of seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the scales of cones. They both have pollen and they both use groups of seeds

What are flowering plants that grow, flower, produce seeds, and die in one year called?

Annuals

What are the two main reasons why Bryophytes have to live in damp areas?

Because Bryphytes do not make lignin and do not contain true vascular tissue.

What are the key characteristics of green algae that separate it from other plants in classification?

Because they do not contain the specialized tissues found in other plants (they are able to absorb moisture and nutrients directly from their surroundings)

Compare multicellular green algae with land plants. What do similarities between these organisms suggest?

Both green algae and land plants can directly absorb their own water and nutrients. Both plants and algae are water dwelling organisms. Both have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments that are identical to each other. Have similar reproductive cycles. Finally, studies of their genomes suggest that they are so closely related to other plants that they should be considered part of the plant kingdom.

Where do mosses generally grow?

Cool forest in the Northern United States; places that are cool and moist

What is an advantage for green algae who reproduce sexually when conditions become unfavorable?

During the sporophyte phase, the algae can create a thick protective wall, permitting survival in freezing or drying conditions that would ordinarily kill it

Know some general information about green algae and be able to determine true statements from false statements about green algae.

Green algae have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments that are identical to plants Also, have similar reproductive cycles. Many green algae do have a diploid sporophyte phase, but some do not. Their only multicellular bodies are gametophyte. Green algae are mostly aquatic and can be found in fresh and salt water, and some in moist areas on land

What would be different about the earth's surface if plants hadn't evolved to live on land?

If the plants on earth's surface had not evolved to live on land, then the environment would not have change in ways that enabled new species to evolve, new ecosystems would not emerge, and organic matter would not begin to form in soil.

What are the haploid reproductive structures of gymnosperms?

Male- pollen cones, which produce the pollen grains. During the life cycle one of the haploid nuclei in the pollen grain will divide later to produce 2 sperm nuclei Female- gametophytes develop in the ovules, within the ovules meiosis produces haploid cells that grow and divide to produce female gametophytes

What were the main requirements for plants to be able to survive on land compared to aquatic plants?

Plants on land need sunlight to obtain energy. They need a gas exchange to help require oxygen to cellular respiration as well as carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis. Plants also need water and minerals, water is needed for photosynthesis, as plants consume water they also consume minerals.

Compare and contrast the rhizoids of mosses to the roots of vascular plants.

Rhizoids are thin filaments that anchor moss to the soil. They also help absorb water and minerals from the surrounding soil. The roots of a vascular plant are made of a vascular tissues called xylem which helps carry water upward from the roots to every part of the want. Both the rhizods and the roots of vascular plants help with providing the plant with water and minerals. Also they are both anchors for the plants

What are all the angiosperm structures, and what do they develop into?

The fruit which helps disperse the seeds inside it, carrying them away from the parent plant, and they develop into flowers The ovaries develop into fruits

How are seed bearing plants different from all other groups of plants?

The gametes of seed plants do not need standing water for fertilization.

What is the general difference between the gametophyte and the sporophyte?

The gametophyte is a gamete producing plant that produces in the haploid phase. The sporophyte is a spore producing plant that produces in the diploid phase

What would happen to a plant if it lost excessive amounts of water, quickly?

The plant would try and reach its roots further into the ground and try to get more water and nutrients from within the ground

How have the sporophyte and gametophyte structures changed in earlier, more ancient plants compared to newer, more recently appearing plants?

The structures have changed by there being a reduction in size of the gametophyte and the increasing size of the sporophyte.

In an experiment, a scientist puts a plant in a closed system and controls the amount of air the plant gets. The plant gets plenty of light, water, and nutrients. If the scientist does not allow additional air into the system, how do you expect the air to change over time? How will the plant likely be affected?

The water vapor from the plant will likely go throughout the jar, making the air more dense. The plant will likely wither and die, due to the lack of oxygen

Compare xylem and phloem.

The xylem is a vacular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant. The phloem is a vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbs produced by photosynthesis through the plant

Why are vascular plants larger than non-vascular plants?

Vascular plants grew larger because they now had a transportation systems with true vascular tissue. The vascular tissues carry water and nutrients much more efficiently than any other tissue. The efficiency caused the plants to grow high above the ground

How do animals aid in the reproduction of angiosperms?

When animals consume angiosperms, seeds from the certain angiosperm also gets eaten, the seed is now in the digestive tract of the animal and by the time the digestive tract is ready to get rid of whats inside, during this amount of time the animal has probably traveled a distance. So the animal will release the ready to sprout seed in some new place for it to grow and reproduce

What are shifts between diploid and haploid phases in the plant life-cycle called?

alternation of generations

What are gametophytes encased inside of in gymnosperms?

an embryo

Why is xylem tissue important to plants?

because they carry the water from the roots to every part of the plant

Know the difference between true false statements about general plant structures (leaves, stems, roots) and their function for plants.

body- the part of a plant that consists of 2 parts, root and shoot shoot- the above ground part of a plant that normally bears leaves, flowers, and fruits root- the below ground portion of a plant that functions in anchorage, absorption, conduction, and storage stem- the main above ground axis of a plant; consists of nodes, the point from which a leaf arises, and internodes *Leaves are fairly evenly distributed * In a corn plant, leaves are produced from the top * The scale leaves of a bulb are not part of the stem

Lilies have flower parts in multiples of three and vascular bundles scattered throughout their stems. Corn plants have fibrous roots and leaves with parallel veins. Roses have tap roots and two cotyledons. Would you categorize lilies with corn plants or roses? Explain your answer.

i would categorize lilies and corn as monocots and roses as dicots, because monocots have vascular bundles scattered through stems while dicots have vascular bundles that appear in rings and they have tap roots

What are the protective structures that seeds are produced in for angiosperms?

ovaries- develop into a fruit that protects seeds

What do most seeds have that helps them survive long periods while exposed to extreme heat?

seed coat- tough covering that surrounds and protects the plant embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out

Describe a pollen grain.

structure that contains the entire male gametophyte in seed plants