Ch 24 HW

__________ is the key hormone regulator of the postabsorptive state. Cortisol Parathyroid hormone Glucagon Insulin

Glucagon

Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description? Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures citric acid cycle: aerobic pathway anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones glycolysis: anaerobic respiration

Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures

A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance. True False

False

________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Chylomicrons LDLs VLDLs HDLs

LDLs

Which of the following molecules is most directly involved in the transfer of energy from food to the proton pumps depicted in this figure? Manufacture of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ADP oxygen ATP NADH

NADH

Redox reactions __________. rarely involve enzymes are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron do not occur under physiological conditions are characterized by the exchange of water molecules

are characterized by one substance gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron.

Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH2 molecules shown in this figure? Pathways of electrons through the electrons transport chain and the production of ATP by ATP synthase. the citric acid cycle both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle glycolysis neither glycolysis nor the citric acid cycle

both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells? minerals electrolytes carbohydrates vitamins

carbohydrates

Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body? carbohydrates: hormones proteins: structural materials in the body lipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes vitamins: act as coenzymes

carbohydrates: hormones

Which nutrient molecule CANNOT be used in the oxidative pathways? protein cholesterol fatty acids glucose

cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT an end product of the citric acid cycle? CO2 NADH citric acid FADH2

citric acid

The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process. mitochondria; aerobic cytosol; aerobic cytosol; anaerobic mitochondria; anaerobic

mitochondria; aerobic

Which of the following describes the event depicted on the right side of the figure? Pathways of electrons through the electrons transport chain and the production of ATP by ATP synthase. oxidation of ADP ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation active transport of H+ ions substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation

Examine the reaction below, and then answer the question. A+B⟶Enzyme1C+D⟶Enzyme2E+F⟶Enzyme3G+H Absence of which enzyme would cause the greatest reduction in the production of G and H? Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.

Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.

__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are used to build larger molecules. Catabolism Carboxylation Metabolism Anabolism

Anabolism

Which of these happens during the postabsorptive state? Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range. Glycogen is formed. Fat reserves are built. Glucose is broken down in the liver.

Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range.

Which letter(s) indicate(s) the process during which oxygen is consumed? Locations of key reaction pathways and ATP production within the cell. A B C D and E

C

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities. The basal metabolic rate Chemical thermogenesis Food-induced thermogenesis Total metabolic rate

The basal metabolic rate

Examine this reaction: If there is the normal amount of amylase present but less disaccharidase than usual, which of the following would most likely happen? No starch could be broken down to disaccharides. There would be less disaccharide and less monosaccharide produced. The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced. There would be no overall impact because the normal amount of amylase is present.

The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis? This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain? This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

What serves as the energy source for the proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation? Manufacture of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen glycolysis oxidation of oxygen the Krebs cycle

electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen

The movement of H+ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of __________. Manufacture of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. hydrolysis active transport simple diffusion facilitated diffusion

facilitated diffusion

Most ATP in cellular respiration is regenerated in substrate level phosphorylation. True False

false

Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H+ ions __________. Pathways of electrons through the electrons transport chain and the production of ATP by ATP synthase. from intermembrane space to cytoplasm from matrix to cytoplasm from matrix to intermembrane space from cytoplasm to matrix

from matrix to intermembrane space

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? electron transport chain ATP production by ATP synthase citric acid cycle glycolysis acetyl CoA formation

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______. an elevated rate of glycolysis in blood plasma due to the elevated level of glucose in the plasma a reduced rate of glycolysis in blood plasma due to the elevated level of glucose in the plasma reduced rates of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis ketosis

ketosis

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? chloroplast lysosome nucleus Golgi apparatus mitochondrion

mitochondrion

Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because ______. anabolic reactions are increased in muscles and bones catabolic reactions are decreased in muscles and bones the rate of exergonic reactions is increased atrophied tissues (e.g., muscle tissue) compensate for their decreased mass by increasing their synthesis of macromolecules

the rate of exergonic reactions is increased

One of the reasons why statins are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease is ______. they increase the transport of cholesterol away from the liver they reduce the protein content of LDLs they decrease the incidence of cholesterol deposition in arterial walls All of the listed responses are correct.

they decrease the incidence of cholesterol deposition in arterial walls

What is the primary function of cellular respiration? to metabolize nutrients to regenerate ATP to produce proteins to oxidize glucose

to regenerate ATP

Glycogenesis occurs when ATP levels are high and glucose is abundant. True False

true

Which of the following is NOT an essential role of the liver? urea disposal carbohydrate metabolism protein metabolism biotransformation functions

urea disposal

Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________. ketones; liver ketones; kidney urea; kidney urea; liver

urea; liver

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? vitamin D vitamin K vitamin B vitamin A

vitamin B

Which of the following is NOT correctly matched in regards to BMR (basal metabolic rate)? increased stress: increased BMR younger age: lower BMR high body temperature (nonfever): higher BMR low thyroxine: low BMR

younger age: lower BMR