A People and a Nation. Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7

Three elements that influence economic development

1. The nature of the landscape 2. NewEngland's leadership in shipping 3. Impact on imperial goods

1732 Georgia

A haven for English debtors released from confinement to settle the colony. Was envisioned to be a defender of the southern flank of English settelments by it's founder

John Singleton Copley

A loyalist during the Revolutionary war American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock , one of the greatest painters in Colonial America. Paintings convey an impression, and were thoughtfully done.

Germantown

1777. Washington tries to keep Howe from getting a grip on Philly. Complicated plan that didn't sync. British victory. fairly even casualties. British took winter quarters in Philly and Washington was at Valley Forge.

Patrick Henry

29 year old lawyer who wrote the Stamp Act Resolves, He was an orator and statesman and a member of the House of Burgesses where he introduced seven resolutions against the Stamp Act. Famous for his comment "Give me liberty or give me death", he also promoted revolutionary ideals.

Boston Tea Party

3 tea ships entered Boston Harbor. Gov. Hutchinson refused to let the ships to unload the cargo or return to Britain. Samuel Adams held a meeting and it was decided that 60 men would dress as Indians and storm the ships and dump the tea cargo into Boston harbor in protest of the 1773 Tea Act.

John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence.

Saratoga

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

James Madison

A co-author of the Federalist Papers, he was an influential delegate of the Constitutional Convention later to be called the Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. By writing the Bill of Rights, he secured the faith of those who were not sure about the Constitution.

Harvard

The oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to an educated ministry

Equalitarian

a person who believes in the equality of all people

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Neolin

A shaman who urged Indians not to buy British goods, including European alcohol., preached in the 1760s that Indians must reject Christianity and European goods, particularly rum, and revitalize their ancient culture.

Daniel Boone

Adopted to a Shawnee after capture, assured Blackfish he would negotiate the surrender of his home town Boonesbourgh. He escaped and warned town of impending attack. Negotiated with the Shawnees to avoid bloodshed. Was tried for Treason and court martialed after conflict, but was cleared. That hunted him the rest of his life

7 year war

Also called the French and Indian war. France and America were allies, as they fought the British. Removed France from America.

King George's war

Also known as the War of Austrian Succession. It started out as a conflict between Britain and Spain, but then escalated when France sided with Spain.

Benjamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789).

Lexington

April 18, 1775. The minutemen waited for the British soliders to come, and when they did they were ordered by the British to go home and refused the first shot of the American Revolution was fired

Judith Sargent Murray

Author of Tracts advocating improvements in women's education., theorist who argued for women's education on the basis that women are equally mentally capable

Samuel Adams

Boston tax collector. American Revolutionary leader and patriot., Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Siege of Boston

Britain captured Boston and George Washington was working on recapturing it. Harry Knox drag the canons that Allen abtained at Fort Ticondoroga to Boston and George Washington pointed them at the city causing General Howe and the British army to retreat and leave Boston.

John Starks

Bunker Hill veteran leads New England militia and defeats Burgoyne's unit looking for supplies. , Became a General in the Revolutionary War (Known for the motto- Live Free or Die)

Chief DraggingCanoe

Cherokee indain who tried to aquire land back by attacking settelment along the western boarders of Carolinas and Virginia but a militia campain destroyed many Cherokee, and they ended up losing more land

The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved.

Colonial pamphlet printed to protest the Sugar Act and Stamp Act. This was quite ironic, because the pamphlet protesting the Stamp Act was taxed because of the Stamp Act.

Shays's Rebellion

Daniel ----------- assaulted the federal Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes.

Carlisle riots

Federalist planed to celabrate convention ratification vote by firing off a cannon, Antifederalist broke up plans, burned copy of the Constitution. After some Anti were aressted but were freed after flaw in warrant, preventing blood shed form a militia group that had come to free them.

Daniel Shays

Former officer in the Continental Army, who assaulted the federal armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, leader of over 1,000 Massachusetts farmers in an uprising after the state seized and sold their farms for non-payment of taxes

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.

Results of Seven year war on Colonies

France was off continent, spain out of florida, Indian could no longer play powers off each other, Imposed taxes to raise revenue in addition to custom duties to pay for the war.

Benjamin Banneker

Free slave who mapped out the site of Washington D.C. and disputed Jefferson's belief in African intellect.

Huguenots

French Protestants who fled religious persecution in their homeland after 1685, French Protestants, French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

Job Ben Solomon

Himself a slave trader, Wrote a letter in Arabic and so impressed his owner so much that they set him free him the next year.

James Otis

His opposition to the writs of assistance and Townshend Acts led him to declare that Parliament did not have the right to violate natural rights of colonists. He thus published The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proven.

Principle of checks and balances

I: gov't constructed in such a way with different branches holding different powers, so that power would be equally shared S: one branch of gov't could not become tyrannical

Abigail Adams

John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women.

John Dickinson

Lawyer who wrote "Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania" in response to a passage in the Townshend Act.

Alexander McAllister

Letters home brought 5000 of his country men over to America after Mid 1750's which changed the American landscape and population.

Rituals of consumption

More products provided more luxuries and the wealthy people would go shopping and then display there lavish items. Tea drinking became a ritual of consumption and showed had wealthy a person was for having nicer tea supplies.

Jonathan Edwards

Noted preacher from Massachusetts., American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated the Great Awakening, a period of renewed interest in religion in America

George Whitefield

One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees., came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening, which was a religious revival that spread through all of the colonies. He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

Joseph Galloway

Pennsylvania conservatism. He proposed a formal plan of union that would have required Parliament and a new American legislature to work together to consent jointly on all laws pertaining to the colonies, was narrowly rejected by The First Continental Congress

The New jersey plan

Provided for a single legislature in which all the states were to have equal representation.Unsuccessful

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

Chief Blackfish

Shawnee Chief named his new captive (Daniel Boone) Sheltowee or Big turtle.

The Boston Massacre

Shooting of five colonist by British soldiers against expressed orders on March 5, 1770 when colonists were protesting the Townshend Acts. They were Laborers throwing hard packed snow balls. Dead rioters became martyrs for the Resistance leaders cause.

Thomas Jefferson

Slave owner, tried to keep slaves happy by keeping families together so women continued to produce children for new slaves., author, governor, and president. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States.

Sugar Act

Taxed foreign imports into the colonies., law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Stamp Act

Taxing printed materials like newspapers and licenses

Significant Western Expansion

The British did not follow the Proclamation of 1763, and went west past the boundaries into Indian land.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. started with about 20 slave at Stono River where they killed a store owner, took guns and ammo, grew to around100 African Americans, got weapons and killed near by plantation families then tried to escape to Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

eighteenth-century colonial population growth

The population went from 250,000 to over 2.5 million. Chief reasons were the youthful ages of womenchild bearing years were late teens to early twenties resulting in 4 to 5 children, and colonies were a healthier place to live.

John Peter Zenger

This New York newspaper editor made a written attack on the corrupt royal governor and was arrested on the basis of seditious libel. However, after a trial, he was found not guilty.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

This was adopted by the First Continental Congress and it promised obedience to the king, but denied Parliament the right to tax the colonies.

Enlightenment

This was an intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that celebrated human reasoning powers. Prominent thinkers of this time emphasized the role of human reason in understanding the world and directing its events. Their ideas placed less emphasis on God's role in ordering worldly affairs. This rationalism had a major impact on American political thought.

Committees of Observation

To enforce the Continental Association, the Congress Initially charged with overseeing implementations of the boycott, with in 6 months these committees became de facto governments. The examined merchants records, publishing the names of those who continued importing British goods. They promoted home manufactures, encouraging simple modes of dress and behavior that symbolized Americans' commitment to liberty. Congress urged Americans to forgo dancing, gambling, horseracing, cardplaying, and cockfighting. developing spy networks, ESSENTIALLY BECOMES A SPY NETWORK.

Miscegenation

To forbid the mixing of races., Practice of interracial marriage or sexual contact; found in virtually all colonial ventures

Pontiac

War Chief of Ottawa Village. He laid siege to fort Detroit., Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763; which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke believed the people have the right to revolt.

The Federalist

a series of essays defending and explaining the constitution, , used tough political maneuvering and the promise of a bill of rights to win a narrow ratification of the constitution in key states written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

Robert Morris

an American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Significance: personally financing the American side in the Revolutionary War, known as the 'Financier of the Revolution'.

King George III.

exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After rejecting the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.

Virginia Baptists

baptists clashed with the genteel lifestyle. they dressed plainly and they addressed everyone as brother or sister regardless of social status. included free and enslaved members. Church rules apply to everyone. They include: no interracial sexual relationships, divorce and adultery

John Adams said between 1760-1775 as the era of true American Revolution...why?

declared the revolution ended before the fighting began,it was in the mind of most people, not involving the actual winning of independence, but the fundamental shift of alegiance form Britian to America

Sephardic Jews

the first wave of Jewish immigrants to the United States, starting in 1654, were the Sephardic Jews, of Spanish or Portuguese extraction, seeking religious freedom

Antifederalist

individuals who opposed ratification of the Constitution, feared a too powerful central goverment (Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry & Richard Henery Lee)

Rev. Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem.

Letters of a Federal Farmer

most widely read antifederalist pamphlet, listed rights that should be protected: freedom of press and religion, trial by jury, guarantees against unreasonable searches

Fort Ticonderoga

patriots led by Ethan Allen surprise an outpost on Lake Champlain and capture cannons for the Americans

Manumission

the freeing of individual enslaved persons

Emancipation

the freeing of slaves, The act or process of freeing enslaved persons

fall of Charleston

redcoats never established control of the areas they seized in South Carolina or Georgia, patriot bands operated freely, fall of Charleston spurred them to greater exertions

Yorkstown

site of the final battle of the American Revolution, French fleet defeated the Royal navy and no supplies made it to Cornwallis, thus promting him to surrender

Federalist

supporters of the Constitution and of a strong national government (George Washington & John Adams)

Rituals on the middle ground

this is the psychological and geographical space in which Indians and Europeans encountered each other. Most were trade encounters where gifts were exchanged in order to open up the trading.

The First Continental Congress

was a group of 55 delegates from 12 colonies (all except Georgia) who met in Philadelphia in September of 1774, knew many Americans would follow measure they adopted.

Genteel culture

wealthy colonists who spent their money widely. They built large houses with room specifically designed for socializing like dancing, card playing or drinking tea. Set themselves off from the lesser sort.