Anthropology Exam 3
Although the iconography of the "Presentation Theme" was once thought to be real, the discovery of the tomb of the Lord of Sipán proved that the images were pure fantasy: there was no "warrior priest" and the scenes were never enacted in real life.
False
Following the demise of Teotihuacán, a unified Late Classic Maya political empire emerged: the cities of the Maya lowlands became united under one king who ruled from the famous site of Tikal.
False
Fortunately, the bubonic plague of the fourteenth century, which perhaps originated in China, did not spread far and so population losses were minimal.
False
Guinea pigs were domesticated in South America to serve as pets, and were not used as a source of food.
False
Most Greek city states contained:
an agora an acropolis a necropolis
Tell
an artificial mound formed from the accumulated refuse of generations of people living on the same site for hundreds or thousands of years
The collapse of Teotihuacán was probably caused:
by internal, factional conflict
According to the text, the four important major themes of past change that are relevant to the present and future are:
demographic increase, intensification and degradation, biological exchange, and climatic impacts on human societies
The site of Vix:
is a famous burial in France that contained a large Greek bronze vessel
Moche rulers:
lived in opulent quarters atop the Huaca del Sol
Geographically, Mesoamerica incorporates:
today's central Mexico to El Salvador
Stela
upright stone slab decorated with inscriptions or pictorial relief
Maya farmers, who made up the majority of the population of the empire, ________.
used several types of intensive farming systems, such as terraces and drained fields
The Forum of Trajan:
was copied as a focal point in most imperial towns served a function similar to the Greek agora contained open spaces, basilicas, libraries, and imperial statuary
How has illicit looting impacted the archaeological record of northern Peru? Where has much of this looting occurred, and why?
Batan Grande was hallowed ground with more than 10,000 interments. Due to the extensive looting, the site looks many craters. The looting has resulted in much of the Andean goldwork in museums and private collections around the world.
Llama herding spread north from South America, through Central America, and into the whole of North America, becoming a vital part of the subsistence economy of the entire continent.
False
Maize was a remarkably easy plant to domesticate, and the people of Mesoamerica adopted it quickly; they became sedentary quite early on.
False
Scholars have yet to find any evidence of ritual or cult activity from the European Bronze Age.
False
The Inca called their realm "Tiwanaku."
False
The introduction of European diseases into the Americas had a relatively small impact on indigenous populations, and most areas saw only small decreases in population size.
False
The only part of the Roman empire obliged to pay taxes was Rome itself. Taxes paid by and grain grown by people within the city walls of Rome supported the rest of the territory controlled by the Romans.
False
Without question, the Olmec culture was the mother culture for all of Mesoamerica.
False
The people we call the Phoenicians originated in present-day:
Lebanon
______ was the site of a panhellenic festival of games, including wrestling, boxing, and foot races, which occurred every four years from 776 BCE until the late fourth century CE.
Olympia
What is the "Maritime Hypothesis"?
Rather than agriculture, early complex societies relied heavily on fish, marine mammals, and mollusks for food. Study of coprolites confirms that fish was a major part of the diet, but so were wild and domesticated plants. Andean civilization.
Bell Beaker
Reflects the spread of an ideology/belief system and associated practices through Neolithic communities The culture is named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel.
During Rome's earliest regal period, many of its famous urban features were founded, such as:
necropoleis beyond the city walls the Forum Romanum shrines and temples deidicated to the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Juno, and Minerva
The southern Maya lowlands were:
never politically unified
When the great southern kingdoms of the Maya collapsed:
northern Yucatán polities weathered the crisis and even benefited from it the population began to expand greatly in the Puuc region of northwest Yucatán imposing centers—such as Sayil, Kabah, Labná, and Uxmal—rose in the Puuc area
The Mediterranean does not always receive equal attention in archaeological textbooks because:
of the basic difficulty of defining the Mediterranean world some of its cultures are so famous that others are overshadowed it was long the domain only of Classical archaeologists who focused mainly on the art and architecture of large sites and civilizations
Mesoamerican glyphs were:
painted or inscribed on ceramic vessels, jewelry, bones, and shells painted in accordion-fold books called codices carved or painted on stone stelae, altars, thrones, tombs, and architectural elements
Moche ceramic ritual vessels:
represented divinities, people, and animals were made in multi-piece molds took the form of spouted globular bottles
The earliest South American crops were:
roots and tubers, such as arrowroot, ullucu, and potato
The kuraka class:
ruled as divine intermediaries between heaven and earth
Significant climate deviations since the last Ice Age include:
the halting of the Gulf Stream by water from glacial Lake Agissiz around 6200 BCE
One of the surprising drawbacks stemming from agriculture is that:
the health of early farming populations was poorer than that of hunter-gatherers
The site of Poverty Point:
is the site of elaborate earthworks dates to the Late Archaic period is located in Louisiana
The sociopolitical stratification of Mycenaean society:
is visible in its mortuary architecture and monumental residences
The Upper Xingu region is important because:
it displays cultural continuity between prehistoric Arawaks and contemporary Xinguano
Cantona, a Classic center east of Teotihuacán, ________.
lacked monumental sculpture or other preserved symbolic statements, aside from ball courts
By the time of European contact, c. 1500 to 1550, Amazonian societies included:
large and powerful confederacies that lacked rigid hierarchies small, egalitarian groups that sometimes preyed on the settled peoples large polities ranked into regional hierarchies
Megalithic
large rock that forms a prehistoric monument, all over UK and Ireland
Megalith
large rock, all over UK and Ireland - huge stone
"Megalithic" means:
large stone
The First Palace period on Crete:
lasted from c. 2000 to c. 1700 BCE saw the emergence of Knossos, Mallia, and Phaistos as palace complexes was ended by destructive earthquakes
Monte Albán:
lay atop a large hill or mountain, with its population dwelling on hillside terraces
The Epiclassic center of La Quemada:
lay far to the north, almost outside of Mesoamerica
The large platforms at Preceramic sites along Peru's desert coast:
likely served as pilgrimage structures rather than residences
The Mediterranean:
linked many different cultures through contact and exchange is a landlocked body of salt water, with only one natural outlet to the Atlantic Ocean is the world's largest inland sea
The hunter-gatherers of the ErtebØlle culture:
lived both in large, permanently occupied settlements and in smaller seasonal camps
Examples of South American domesticated animals include:
llamas, alpacas, and ducks
The Bandkeramik culture is known for the building of:
longhouses
The Chinchorro people of coastal Peru and Chile:
made the world's oldest intentionally prepared mummies
Studies of population genetics in Europe:
mainly support the incoming farmer hypothesis
By far, the most important domesticated crop to the cultures of Mesoamerica was...
maize
Amazonia can be subdivided geographically into:
major floodplains coasts uplands
What was the primary indigenous staple upon which the chiefdoms of southern Amazonia depended?
manioc
In coastal Peru during the Archaic period:
maritime resources became increasingly more important
Codex
accordion-fold books used by Mesoamerica peoples, made of bark paper or animal parchment pages sized with washes of lime plaster and enclosed in wooden covers
The Inca political economy was based on:
agricultural taxation textile tribute work draft
The crucial innovation in human demographic history that allowed populations to grow dramatically was...
agriculture
Otzi
the ice man - 3300 BC, Bronze Age and natural mummification in Alps, healed wounds and arrow in back
Agora
the marketplace in Ancient Greece
Among the feats of Roman engineering were:
amphitheaters, temples, and walls aqueducts roads
Krater
an Ancient Greek wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water
State
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
Much of the detail of Minoan religion is unknown; however, evidence for cult and ritual practice at Minoan sites includes:
an emphasis on fertility and female forms peak sanctuaries images of double axes and horns of consecration bull imagery including "bull leaping"
Cenote
natural wells on the Yucatan peninsula
At the site of Chan Chan, the term ciudadelas or citadels has been applied to the enormous enclosures where...
the paramount rulers and their kin held court and were buried.
Evidence for Teotihuacán's influence throughout Mesoamerica is seen in:
the presence of Pachuca obsidian in areas far from the Basin of Mexico the dynastic lines of Tikal and Copán Teotihuacán architectural elements discovered at several sites
Some archaeologists believe that states formed in late prehistoric Europe, a suggestion based on:
the presence of oppida the minting of coins bearing the names of rulers and peoples Roman authors mentioning "kingdoms"
Southern Scandinavian Bronze Age rock art emphasizes the importance of ________ to local cultures.
the sea
Around 6200 BCE, evidence from the Greenland ice core shows that the global climate went into a sharp cold phase that lasted for around 200 years. The cause is thought to be...
the sudden emptying of Lake Agassiz, a vast freshwater lake on the US/Canadian border, into the North Atlantic.
For the purposes of studying prehistory, the Andes (or Andean region) is often taken to include:
the western slope of the mountain range the Pacific coastlands the eastern slope of the mountain range
Teosinte
the wild ancestor of maize
One striking fact about the people of the Mexican Archaic period is:
their reliance on a mobile hunting-gathering lifestyle, despite the increased number of plants becoming domesticated
When Late Archaic people in Southwest North America incorporated maize into their lifeway, ________.
they rapidly adopted it as a significant food source
Among the Maya:
titled male and female lords and officials served governmental and ritual functions women could serve as regents or rule as queens in their own right members of a royal family might sometimes be artisans or scholars of calendrical lore
Bottle gourds appear to have been used by prehistoric peoples for:
use as net floats, rattles, or containers
Archaeologists now believe that bell beakers were:
used to contain a drink made with honey
The domestication of plants during the Archaic period in the Americas...
was a late economic strategy, which was developed without the presence of "founder crops" spread by colonizing farmers.
Chichén Itzá:
was associated with a huge cenote, or sinkhole, that became a major pilgrimage center declined around 1200 or 1250 CE displays many central Mexican architectural features
The famous site of Stonehenge:
was built over a long period and involved many stages
The Inca empire:
was composed of eighty political provinces had four geographical territories, known as suyu was linguistically diverse, and used a lingua franca called Runa Simi
The naval battle of Actium in 31 BCE:
was fought between Octavian, heir of Julius Caesar, and a rival general, Mark Antony, together with Cleopatra VII marked the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt marked the beginning of Rome's imperial era, when the victorious Octavian (Augustus) made himself emperor, and, eventually, a god
Bronze:
was made mostly of copper and tin
The Inca site of Machu Picchu:
was re-discovered by Hiram Bingham in 1911
In the Roman empire, Christianity ________.
was seen initially as problematic, and Christians were persecuted was used as a means of undercutting Rome was made the official religion of the empire by Constantine in 312 CE
During the last Ice Age:
Northern Europe was covered by ice sheets
Adobe
dried mud a brick or building material of sun-dried earth and straw
Increased agricultural productivity led to:
social and economic complexity
Who were the Minoans? What do Early Minoan tholos tombs look like, and how were they used? What Minoan writing has been deciphered? What kinds of traits are associated with Minoan cult and ritual practice?
- First advanced civilization in Europe. Linear B has been deciphered. Tholos toms were communal circular tombs that contained hundreds of remains and were associated with relatively small communities. - Peak sanctuaries -- shrines located on hill and mountain-tops. some were very elaborate and used by large numbers of people across Crete, others were more provincial used entirely by local peoples. - art, sculpture. large open central courtyards spaces for entertainment and ritual.
What is meant by the term pax Romana? How was the Roman empire supported economically? What Roman site was buried in ash by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE?
- Rule under Emperor Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE) marked the establishment of Pax Romana, or Roman Peace. It was a period of internal peace enforced by state-sponsored military power. Pompeii was buried in ash by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. crops.
Who was Alexander the Great? Where was he from, and what did he do? What do archaeologists call the period of time following his death but before the Roman empire?
- Son of Philip II. From kingdom of Macedon. Conquered much of Greece, Southwest Asia, and Egypt establishing a massive far-flung empire. After his death, his generals and heirs seized control of various portions of the empire, establishing smaller kingdoms in Macedonia, Egypt, and the Near East. This period is referred to as the Hellenistic Age.
What traits helped to foster a sense of Greek identity despite the fact that Greek city states were autonomous units? The modern-day Olympic festival derives from a Greek festival of games; where was this Greek festival held, and what was the purpose of this festival?
- a bond of shared language and shared gods - political and military alliances - Athens
What is the Mesoamerican ballgame, and why was it played? Did Mesoamerican culture have knowledge of the wheel?
- like modern soccer. ball court was conceived as a liminal place connecting the surface of the earth and the underworld. some versions of the game had great cosmological significance and appear to have been associated with human sacrifice. some ball games also functioned as events in which powerful chiefs or kings hosted emissaries from other polities, with great political significance. other games were recreational.
What are cromlechs, menhirs, and henges? Is Stonehenge, perhaps the world's most prominent henge, a single isolated monument or is it accompanied by other monuments on the Salisbury Plain?
- menhirs: large standing stones, erected either singly or collectively in a linear fashion. - cromlechs: circular arrangements of stones set upright - henges: a monument consisting of a circle of stone or wooden uprights. - Stonehenge is only one component of a much large landscape or ritual and habitation sites.
Much like the Classical Greeks, the Late Classic Maya lived in independent city-states but were bound together by shared culture. Describe five cultural aspects of this shared "Maya-ness."
- writing system - religion - calendar - "long count" system
Why might agriculture be seen to have a down side? Is there any evidence of such down sides in the archaeological record?
...
Rome's urban population is estimated to have approached:
1 million
Roughly how many people lived on planet earth at the end of the Pleistocene? What innovation has allowed populations to grow since that time?
1 million people. climate, culture, and agriculture has allowed populations to grow.
The earliest irrigation canals found in Southwest North America date to:
1700 BCE
In the Titicaca basin in Peru, permanent villages, originally occupied by full-time hunters, appeared around:
2000 BCE
The northward spread of maize, squash, and other crops from present-day central Mexico into northwest Mexico and the southwestern United States began by:
2000 BCE
The Inca highway system had:
30,000 to 40,000 km (18,600 to 24,800 miles) of thoroughfares and trunk lines
Why might agriculture be seen to have a down side?
All of these answers are potential down sides to an agricultural way of life.
Household
Anthropologists use the term household loosely to refer to a residential unit, whose members cooperate in some activities of production, consumption, or child rearing. They differentiate the household from the family by defining the former as a residential unit and the latter as a kinship unit.
Who were the Celts? In addition to archaeological evidence, where does much of our information about these peoples come from?
Any people in Europe between 1000 and 1 BCE. We get a lot of info about them from art.
What is biological exchange? Is it always beneficial to human civilizations?
Biological exchanges include living things such as plants, animals, and diseases.
The most famous Phoenician colony was:
Carthage
Who were the Late Preclassic period Olmec? What aspects of later Mesoamerican civilizations seem to first appear with the Olmec? Is there any debate about the Olmec being the only source for these traits?
Ceramics, architecture, idealogy Debate: "Mother culture" - many aspects of later Mesoamerican cultures seem to first appear with the Olmec. "Sister culture" - some areas show social complexity and aspects shared by later mesoamerican cultures with no clear Olmec contact.
The site of Chan Chan was the capital of South America's second largest empire. What was the name of this empire, and what were ciudadelas used for at Chan Chan?
Chimor Empire. Ciudadelas housed plazas, storerooms, and burial platforms for the royals--suggests association with royal class.
What culture is responsible for preparing the oldest known mummies in the world, and where did these people live?
Chinchorro culture. The coastal region of southern Peru.
What role did claims of descent play in the formation of social differentiation and the rise of complex societies in South America? What sorts of claims of descent were made by nobility among the Chimu and the Inca? How might such claims backfire on those who made them?
Claims of descent played a significant role in formation of social differentiation and complex societies. The throne was inherited, but all speakers of the Inca language were given privileged status, and this noble class then dominated all the important roles within the empire. Eventually a nationwide system of tax and administration was instigated which consolidated the power of Cuzco. The Incas imposed their religion, administration, and even art on conquered peoples, they extracted tribute, and even moved loyal populations (mitmaqs) to better integrate new territories into the empire. They could be very unpopular so internal conflict could occur. commoners lived in surrounding villages. Chimu: rulers inherited the title.
Who were the Inca? What was their lingua franca? Where was their capital? How were deceased rulers treated by them?
Cuzco was the capital. Runa Simi. They preserved the bodies through mummification.
Summarize what is known about animal domestication in the Americas. Name at least three domesticated species, highlight what purposes these domesticated animals served, the rough timeline and location of domestication, and the major differences in animal domestication between the New and Old World. You do not need to cover every region, culture, or site for which the book discusses animal domestication, but a full answer should name at least one site and culture for each animal you present.
Dog -- Adena culture. burials of dogs were found at Koster the pre-agricultural site in Illinois dating to 6500 BCE. Domesticated in mesoamerica around 7000 BCE. Turkey -- mesoamerica around 3500 BCE. the aztec. meat was a source of protein and feathers were used for decorative purposes. Duck -- South America. Moche culture. apparent in their pottery vessels. Some have speculated that these ducks were first used to control insects in sedentary agricultural communities. feathers and meat as well. Old Wold agricultural economies relied on a combo of plants and animals, whereas in much of the New World no suitable large herbivores were available for domestication.
Provide an example from the previous five weeks in which the spread of a domesticated species of plant or animal can be attributed to the migration of human populations. Provide another example in which the spread of domesticated species can be attributed to diffusion (e.g., through the exchange of information and goods). Which mechanism—migration or diffusion—seems to have played a bigger role in the human past, and why?
Domesticated wheat was introduced to Europe through the migration of peoples from Southwest Asia. Domestication of dog in Europe was introduced through diffusion from Asia. Migration played a bigger role. when farmers and hunter-gatherers that came into conflict over land, farmers would usually prevail because farming had more of a demographic advantage. the geographical patterning of related groups of languages, or language families, around the world might reflect the expansion of the initially small farming communities that spoke the acenstral forms of those languages. A growing body of DNA analysis indicates that in many parts of the world farming was introduced by colonist farmers, and involved substantial movements of population. The demographic impact of agriculture is fundamental to the human story.
What is "Classical Archaeology," and what civilizations does it tend to focus on?
Emerged in the European Renaissance and a fascination with history, ruins, and artifacts. Emphasis on Greek and Latin language, written text, and classification/formal analysis of art and architecture. It focuses on Greek and Roman civilizations.
The ______ were a literate culture in what is now Italy. They lived in independent city states, such as Veii and Cerveteri, before the Roman period, and had extensive contact with the Greeks and the Phoenicians.
Etruscans
During the fourth to second centuries BCE, ________.
Germanic and Celtic groups raided Mediterranean settlements
The oldest preserved human body found in modern times was recovered in the Alps in 1991. The discovery of this "Iceman" has shed much light on life in the European Neolithic. Who was the "Iceman"? How did he die? What are three items or pieces of information we have learned from him, and what do each of these tell us about Copper Age culture in this part of Europe?
His name was Otzi. 46 years old at time of death. He probably died from armed conflict -- deep cuts to his hand and wrist, arrowhead lodged in his back. 1. his last meal included unleavened bread, some greens, and red-deer meat 2. tools -- some tools were were used to cut plants and soft woods, whereas daggers were more symbolic 3. tattoos -- acupuncture treatments, advanced health care
Which of the following is NOT a Mesoamerican civilization?
Inca
Was agriculture invented independently in mainland Europe, or was it brought there by migrants from somewhere else?
It was brought there by migrants from southwest Asia
Which of the following is a key site in eastern North America, carefully excavated for evidence of Early and Middle Archaic subsistence?
Koster
The appearance of pottery in Mesoamerica is generally a good indicator of the appearance of agriculture; what crop was the most significant part of agriculture here?
Maize
The most famous Aztecs, and the ones that gave rise to the great civilization we now know as the Aztec empire, referred to themselves as the:
Mexica
Did domestication of plants in the Americas rely on a small suite of founder crops as it did elsewhere in the world? What are several key domesticated plants introduced from Mesoamerica into the rest of the Americas? Were there any domesticated animals introduced from Mesoamerica? What does an increase in the seed size of gourds tell us about domestication?
No it did not rely on a small suite of founder crops. bottle gourd: native to Africa. likely arrived by drifting across Atlantic Ocean. requires little care/intervention. squash: native to americas. requires little care/intervention maize bean An increase in the seed size of gourds tells us that domestication led to the emergence of sedentism.
Compare complex societies in Mesoamerica with those from Andean South America. Your comparisons should identify at least two cultures in each region, the rough time periods to which they date, whether they had systems of writing, the presence of urbanization, evidence for warfare or social inequality, and the foods and subsistence techniques that they used. Full points will be awarded for answers that identify at least one specific site for each culture in support of the comparisons.
North America: Hohokam - 200-1400 CE - agriculture -- irrigation - social hierarchy -- platform compounds and irrigation communities reflect a hierarchal form or organization based on corporate control of land and water - subsistence on various food production strategies, combined with significant dietary contributions from wild resources - urbanization -- irrigation communities emerged, with platform mound administrative center exerting some degree of political control over an integrated network of villages - snaketown -- houses, small courtyards or plazas, ball courts Adena - 800 BCE-400 CE - grew much of what they ate -- beans and squash, maize - elaborate burials, graveside rituals, exquisitely crafted artifacts - complex exchange system of shared ideas and practices that connected populations throughout the east - chiefdom -- ruled over by chief - hopewell site Mesoamerica: - Toltecs - 750-1400 CE - Tula was capital city - Great warriors but were also peace-loving people - did not have writing system - trade and craft production were very important activities at Tula. containers of travertine are made at the site. heavy obsidian use and/or production occurred at Tula. - spinning of maguey fibers. - subsistence -- agriculture Aztec: - 1250-1700 CE - writing system - Tenochtitlan was the capital - agriculture - plenty of fish and fowl - social position could be achieved through military or economic success - individual compounds permitted the public display of status and wealth - market economy - eventually temples were replaced with churches, governmental buildings, residences South America: - Inca: - 1476-1533 CE. - no systems of writing - social inequality -- the highest-ranked leader was called Inca - Cuzco -- capital of Inca empire. the temple of the sun, smaller temples, public buildings, elite residences. most of its citizens were involved in civic and ceremonial activities. Commoner population lived in smaller communities in surrounding valley. - Central role in collection and redistribution of goods. market of Cuzco was small and outside the center of the city. - subsistence -- agriculture, more plant based - urbanization -- sanctuaries, parks, houses, and temples Chimor: - 1000-1476 CE - Chan Chan was capital - no writing system - there was social inequality -- burial system - urbanization -- ciudadelas (large compounds associated with royals) whereas other residences lived in barrios of dwellings and workshops made of inferior materials
Where was the city of Teotihuacán located? Is there any evidence for the political influence of this city outside of its borders? What factors seem likely to be responsible for the collapse of this city?
Northeast of Mexico City. Commensurate with the massive eruptions of Ilopango. Current hypotheses focus on internal revolt. There is evidence because both rulers of the Maya city-states likely came from Teotihuacan.
What is the Linearbandkeramik culture, how do archaeologists recognize settlements of it, and why might it be important for studying the archaeology of Central Europe?
Originated in Hungary prior to 5600 BCE. Rapidly spread across central and Western Europe by 5000 BCE. A group of intrusive colonizing farmers establishing new settlements. Built longhouses. DNA and isotopic evidence suggests women from neighboring Mesolithic foraging groups were present in agricultural communities.
Mummy Bundle
Paracas society, located on the south coast of Peru, is best known for its large cemeteries and funerary practices which included individuals and multiple individuals being wrapped in layers of textiles creating "mummy bundles" The Inca civilization of Per, mummified many of their dead and buried them with valuable materials such as precious metal jewellery, fine pottery, and sumptuous textiles
Bog bodies of northern Europe are well-preserved remains of individuals. What has forensic anthropology determined about how/why these people ended up at the bottom of a bog?
Some deaths may have been intentional -- executions or sacrifices. tradition of ritual offerings in bogs. others may have been accidental deaths, or may have died of natural causes elsewhere and been buried in the bogs.
Ciudadela
Spanish term for "citadel". applied for example in unfortified royal complexes of the chimu empire, Peru.
By the eighth century BCE, Phoenician colonies had been established in:
Spain, North Africa, and Sicily
What were the earliest crops to be domesticated in the Americas? Where and approximately when were they domesticated, what were they used for, and why would they have appealed to the people of that time and region?
Squash Mesoamerica ca. 8000 BCE Bottle Gourds cultivated by ca. 8000 BCE mesoamerica Maize domesticated by 5000 BCE supplemental to the overall diet Mesoamerica Beans domesticated by 1000 BCE food Mexico Squash and gourds were used as containers, floats for fishing nets, food, rattles and instruments
This Preclassic culture, the modern name for which is derived from a sixteenth-century Aztec term, is known for the production of colossal stone heads.
The Olmec
Chavín Staff God
The Raymond Stela depicts it
What kinds of information are recorded in Mayan writing? What kinds of monumental architecture mark the central precincts of Mayan cities, and how were they used? Would it have been possible for a female to rule a Mayan city? What factors seem responsible for the "collapse" of the Classic Maya? Did any parts of Mayan civilization survive this "collapse"?
The celebrated hieroglyphic writing system of the Maya was a sophisticated combination of pictographs directly representing objects and ideograms (or glyphs) expressing more abstract concepts such as actions or ideas and even syllabic sounds. Maya architecture is best characterized by the soaring pyramid temples and ornate palaces. women could rule a mayan city.
Which of the following statements is considered NOT to be true?
The complex culture of the La Tène people was borrowed in full from their neighbors, the civilized Greeks
What do the bas-relief carvings from Cerro Sechín suggest?
They suggest human sacrifices
What are the "danzantes," and where were they found?
They were found at Monte Albán I. Collection of reliefs that were called dancers.
Anthropogenic climate change is a phenomenon that, while now occurring at a previously unseen scale, essentially began with the shift from a foraging lifestyle to an agricultural way of life.
True
Because of periodic subtle changes in the pattern of the Earth's orbit around the sun, it may technically be correct to label the warm phase we are currently living in as an interglacial, rather than calling it the postglacial.
True
In Mesopotamian records we find references to a period of salination and loss of fertility in the late third millennium BCE, perhaps caused by excessive irrigation.
True
It is remarkable that the civilizations of South America achieved what they did since they did not practice agriculture until after the Spanish conquest.
True
Recent research based on genetic studies of both humans and domesticated animals supports the view that agriculture first arrived in Europe by immigrant populations from Southwest Asia.
True
The glyphs used in the Maya writing system directly represented words or sounds and they have now been largely deciphered.
True
The great cultures of Mesoamerica developed into impressively advanced civilizations independently from and without contact with the civilizations of the Old World.
True
The term "barbarian" originally referred to someone who was unable to speak Greek.
True
What are the only two large mammals to have been domesticated in the Americas? Where were they domesticated, and what were they used for?
Turkey and dog. The turkey was first domesticated to keep its plumage and bones for ceremonial and decorative purposes but then they were increasingly being raised for meat. Dogs were domesticated for hunting purposes.
Compared with later Holocene times, the early Holocene in the Great Basin was generally characterized by:
a period of wetter, cooler weather
In what kind(s) of environments do large urban centers first appear in Peru? Did the people that make these monuments have pottery, domesticated plants and animals, or specialized craftworking? What does the Andean creation myth have to do with ritual spaces in these centers?
Urban centers came up in the wake of an environmental turning point-glaciers stopped melting, sea levels stopped rising, allowing marine, meteorological and ecological conditions to assume their modern patterns. These cities appeared before pottery, domesticated plants and cloth weaving. The origin myth sees people coming out of the inner earth through caves and springs. That explains the Andean interest in semi-subterranean ritual structures.
In the Late Bronze Age, cremations replaced inhumations. This change is associated with the period called:
Urnfield
What is meant by the phrase "secondary products revolution"? What are some "secondary products"?
Use of animals for secondary benefits, e.g., milk, wool, and traction.
One of the richest burial sites in all of Neolithic Europe is found at:
Varna
What are some ways in which people moved throughout the Mediterranean? Slavery is one type of movement. How did slavery contribute to the economic and social life of states in the Mediterranean? Where did slaves come from and what purposes were they used for?
While the idea of equal citizens seems appealing, much of the day to day functioning of a Greek Plis was facilitated by a widespreak slave trade network Aristotle referred to these people as "living tools" Slaves were owned as property and had no rights as citizen Sources of slaves varied but the Mediterranean facilitated their transport across vast distances
Are Moche sites indicative of a centrally organized state? What does the "presentation theme" represent in Moche pottery?
Yes, depicts sacrificial scenes.
Polis
a city-state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes.
Acropolis
a fortified hilltop in an Ancient Greek city
The Bandkeramik culture is a probable example of:
a group of intrusive colonizing farmers establishing new settlements
A typical Minoan palace contained:
a large, open-air central court spaces for entertainment and ritual performance painted frescoes
Star Carr
a mesolithic site in northeastern England campsite next to a lake exceptional preservation because of its waterlogged condition extremely rare artifacts are found here
Cenotaph
a monument erected to the memory of the dead, with the dead human body not present
Chiefdom
a society of up to several thousand people, organized under institutionalized lines of hierarchical lineages ruled over by a chief
A menhir is:
a type of megalithic monument
Tzompantli
a type of wooden rack or palisade documented in several Mesoamerican civilizations, which was used for the public display of human skulls, typically those of war captives or other sacrificial victims
The Inca traced their foundation to:
a venerated ancestor called Manco Capac
In 1325 CE, the Mexica founded their capital:
and named it Tenochtitlán after being driven out of other regions as despised refugees on some small islands in a swampy part of Lake Texcoco
Kuraka
andean elite class who claimed descent from sacred ancestors
The Celts:
are identified at least in part with the La Tène art style
The Marajoara:
are known for their highly decorated burial urns
Cerros de trincheras:
are terraced hills created for agriculture
The Mesoamerican ball game appeared:
as early as 1400 BCE
Some archaeologists portray Moche culture:
as the first unified state to arise in the continent
The burials at the fifth millennium bce cemetery at Varna in Bulgaria are best known for their abundant objects of personal adornment, made out of...
gold
The Mediterranean diet characteristically included:
grains, olives, and grapes sheep and goat fish
Mud-bricks used in construction of the Huaca del Sol:
had "makers' marks" identifying communities of corvée laborers
The site of Caral:
had a population of about 3,000 people contained six large pyramids, some with circular subterranean temples is the location of the largest and most complex Archaic community known to have developed on the Peruvian coast
Scientists have determined that the "Iceman":
had been shot in the back with an arrow
The Paracas peninsula on Peru's south-central coast:
has yielded many mummy bundles preserved exquisite fabrics in dazzling colors contained a necropolis for elites
The possession and display of elaborate metalwork:
helped to distinguish certain individuals, thereby contributing to the formation of elite identity in the Bronze and Iron Ages
The majority of Andean people traditionally resided:
high in the Andes, close to the grasslands where they could herd
Kancha
high-walled enclosure of the Incas, the size of a city clock, containing wasi
Teotihuacán's wider influence in the Middle Horizon can be explained by:
both the answers presented: "the activities of noble Teotihuacán factions expelled from their homeland" and "outright Teotihuacán colonization of strategic locales" are correct
At Chavín de Huantar:
both the answers presented: "there was a main complex known as the Castillo" and "architectural remodeling ended in 200 BCE" are correct
When the Mexica-Tenochca had a falling out with their Tepanec overlords, ________.
both the answers presented: "they joined with two other states, Texcoco and Tlacopan, to overthrow the Tepanecs" and "the power of the Mexica king was promoted, helping to create a tradition of powerful kings" are correct
Mayapan, in the Yucatán peninsula, ________.
both the answers presented: "was founded the Cocom family" and "had small-scale architecture compared to Chichén Itzá" are correct
Batán Grande:
both the answers presented: "was hallowed ground, with more than 10,000 interments" and "was a Lambayeque site" are correct
The use of the label "Minoan" to describe the Cretan Bronze Age:
both the answers presented: "was inspired by the legendary King Minos" and "was coined by Sir Arthur Evans" are correct
Clay models in seventh millennium BCE southeastern Europe include depictions of:
houses used by villagers
The Nazca polity:
both the answers presented: "was relatively small in population" and "produced 'geoglyphs' that have caused wild speculation among some observers" are correct
Burials among Atlantic hunter-gatherers at Téviec ________.
both the answers presented: "were sometimes multiple, and several were lined with stone slabs" and "seem sometimes to have been accompanied by feasting" are correct
In the provinces, living Roman rulers:
both the answers presented: "were worshiped as gods" and "were honored with temples, priests, and sacrifices" are correct
The introduction of ______ at the end of the third millennium BCE stimulated the development of new long-distance connections across Europe.
bronze
Bronze metallurgy spread rapidly through Europe, ________.
but only in the Aegean did state-level societies emerge in the Bronze Age
New crops entering Southwest North America during the first millennium CE included:
butternut squash and cotton
The construction of aqueducts, together with the introduction of urban legislation concerning fire fighting and waste disposal, ________.
did not prevent Rome from being an unhealthy, difficult place for many of its residents
The period between the late sixth and late seventh centuries CE, when Tikal's hegemony weakened, ________.
is sometimes called the "Hiatus"
The Initial Period in northern Peru:
began about 1800 BCE
The process by which domesticated animals and plants have been transported to new areas and become widespread around the globe today is known as...
biological exchange
Which of the following sites was associated in some way with bronze production?
both the answers presented: "Mitterberg" and "Great Orme" are correct
Pukara is most famous for:
both the answers presented: "an ornate polychrome pottery style" and "decorated keros, libation vessels used for ritual drinking" are correct
Farming spread into Europe:
both the answers presented: "by way of migrating farmers" and "by way of adoption by foragers" are correct
On the Great Plains, Early Archaic bison-hunting strategies:
both the answers presented: "focused on provisioning of small bands of people throughout the winter" and "involved large-scale kills in the autumn" are correct
The Late Archaic complex societies found near the Peruvian coast were supported by:
both the answers presented: "irrigation agriculture" and "fish and shellfish" are correct
The Gateway of the Sun:
both the answers presented: "is a monument at Tiwanaku" and "depicts a late incarnation of the Staff God" are correct
The site of Guitarrero Cave in northern Peru:
both the answers presented: "is notable for containing the earliest textiles in the high Andes" and "contains evidence for seasonal transhumance" are correct
Athens was especially rich and luxurious, due to:
both the answers presented: "its control of silver mines" and "its control of marble quarries" are correct
"Biological exchange," as used by the author, refers to:
both the answers presented: "long-distance movements of domestic plants and animals from one part of the world to another" and "the introduction of diseases from one population to another" are correct
Carthage and its western empire:
both the answers presented: "may have practiced child sacrifice" and "exported textiles, dyes, jewelry, timber, and hides all over the Mediterranean world" are correct
Scholars now know that the Maya:
both the answers presented: "practiced virtually constant warfare" and "used captured enemies as sacrificial victims" are correct
By the Middle Archaic period in eastern North America, ________.
both the answers presented: "regionally distinctive artifact assemblages had appeared" and "people had settled in distinct territories" are correct
During the Late Archaic period in present-day Ecuador and Colombia, ________.
both the answers presented: "sedentary villages developed" and "pottery was introduced" are correct
When Rome was first established, ________.
both the answers presented: "several groups similar to the Romans, such as the Samnites, lived in the vicinity" and "the neighboring Etruscans were already a complex urban society" are correct
World population:
both the answers presented: "stands at 7.5 billion today, and will continue to rise" and "increases as a result of better medicine, nutrition, and reduced infant mortality" are correct
During Tula's era of domination in Central Mexico, ________.
both the answers presented: "strong links were forged with the Pacific and Gulf coasts of Mexico, and as far away as Central America" and "trade was carried out with people in far northern Mexico, outside of Mesoamerica" are correct
One example of biological exchange is:
cattle and sheep first domesticated in Southwest Asia 9000 or 10,000 years ago are now raised in South Africa and North America
Tells are formed when:
clay daub or mud-brick houses collapse and are rebuilt over long periods
Cardial Ware pottery:
coincided with some of the earliest farming in the west Mediterranean basin
Distinctive elements of Puuc architecture include:
columns and complicated mosaic sculptures of gods, humans, and geometric designs
The Inca required tribute from:
commoners of both sexes
At the end of the fourth millennium BCE, ________.
communal stone tombs with hundreds of interments were built in southern Spain
Caral
contained six large pyramids, some with circular subterranean temples had a population of about 3,000 people is the location of the largest and most complex archaic community known to have developed on the Peruvian coast
Alexander the Great:
created an empire that stretched from the Mediterranean to Afghanistan, and also incorporated Egypt
The earliest fragments of fired clay pots in eastern North America:
date to c. 2500 BCE, during the Late Archaic
The earliest securely dated macrobotanical maize in eastern North America ________.
dates to between 1 and 400
The scope of archaeology:
does not stop when writing appears, but continues to inform us about human conditions to the present day
Evidence from Dust Cave suggests that:
dogs may have habitually pulled baggage loaded onto a travois attached to their neck and shoulders
Geoglyph
earthen designs on a colossal scale, often created in a landscape as if to be seen from an aerial viewpoint
The site of Biskupin:
exhibits evidence of centralized planning and control
The collapse of Teotihuacán as a major power is associated with:
extensive burning of temples along the Street of the Dead the disappearance of a religious and ideological order that had integrated Mesoamerica deliberate destruction in the Ciudade
The Hellenistic world:
facilitated trade, intellectual exchange, and personal travel led to profound developments in literature, philosophy, medicine, science, religion, and warfare created a shared communicative culture based on Greek language, styles, and practices
As the agricultural transition in Mexico is currently understood, ________.
food production based on domesticates was adopted with significant variability across the region
Archaeologists are unsure whether Moche sites represent a centrally organized state or a series of loosely confederated principalities. All Moche sites, however, clearly display a shared...
form of expression, seen in the iconography on Moche artifacts.
Horse-drawn chariots were introduced into Europe:
from the Eurasian steppes, where the horse was first domesticated
The Mediterranean region:
generally experiences wet winters and dry summers
The Olmec civilization is famous for:
huge monolithic sculptures of stone heads
The "Presentation Theme" is a(n)...
iconographic theme seen on Moche pottery.
Peak Sanctuary
in Minoan culture, a place where offerings are made
Where did Greek city states establish colonies?
in Sicily and southern Italy on the North African coast in the south of France
Tholos tomb
in mycenaean architecture, a beehive-shaped tomb with a circular plan
The earliest farming in Europe occurred:
in southeastern Greece
Compared to the banks of the Nile, it took 10 percent more calories for people to develop a civilization located...
in the Peruvian Andes.
The European Iron Age is considered to have begun
in the early first millennium BCE
Early Minoan tombs
included some burials with copper daggers and sealstones
Compared with the Paleoindian Period, the material culture and ways of life of the Archaic period were characterized by:
increased heterogeneity and decreased mobility
Who were the Mexica, and where did they claim to have originated? What site was the eventual capital of the empire they established?
indigenous people of the valley of Mexico who were the rulers of the Aztec empire. Capital was eventually Tenochtitlan. Claimed to originated from Toltec.
During the thirteenth century BCE, the Mycenaean citadels were destroyed or abandoned, probably due to:
internal unrest and siege warfare, indicated by the appearance of enhanced fortifications and defended underground cisterns
The Teuchitlán cultural tradition:
is associated with monumental circular buildings
In Peru, the span of time called the Preceramic period:
is characterized by large architectural projects
The lord named Siyaj K'ak:
is recorded on several stelae in the Maya region had strong connections to Teotihuacán became king of Tikal in 378 CE
At the end of the last Ice Age, the population of the world may have numbered...
perhaps only a few million.
The unprecedented size and food requirements of early urban populations:
placed heavy demands on agricultural systems and the environment
Wet sites in Florida:
preserve plant remains contain well-preserved human remains preserve an array of fibers and textiles from clothing, bags, matting, and cordage
Chimor's paramount rulers:
probably ruled as god-kings lived in enormous enclosures called ciudadelas held court in rooms called audiencias
The site of Caral is a good example of cultural complexity during the Archaic period on the Peruvian coast. Besides having eight planned neighborhoods, Caral featured...
pyramid-like structures.
Each major Late Classic Maya city would have had a central precinct dominated by ________, which would have served as temples or the palatial residences of lords.
pyramids
Shicra were:
reed satchels that held approximately 11 kg (25 lbs) of stone fill
Examples of religious imagery in Minoan Crete included:
representations of bulls and bull leaping figurines of bare-breasted women grasping snakes double axes and "horns of consecration"
Mycenae
sea-faring Greek kingdom. A major center of Greek Civilization in the 1000s BCE, centuries before Greek's "Golden Age" of Athenian influence It's center was located about 90 km southwest of Athens
Transhumance
seasonal movement of human groups, usually in concert with the movement of animals
During the San Pedro phase (c. 1500-1100 BCE) of the Early Agricultural period in Southwest North America:
settlements on river terraces consisted of pithouse dwellings, with storage and roasting pits
Ideological beliefs and practices shared throughout Mesoamerica include:
shamanism 260- and 365-day calendars a reverence for jade and other green stones
Sambaquis are:
shell mounds, the result of intensified fishing and the collection of shellfish
Menhir
single standing stone found in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe, sometimes decorated
Band
small group of twenty-five to sixty individuals related through marriage or family ties; typically mobile hunter gatherers
Neolithic European farmers:
sometimes engaged in substantial inter-community violence
Teotihuacán is noted for, among other things, ________.
specialized manufacture of obsidian implements the Great Compound, a huge marketplace apartment compounds
By 1519 the mature Aztec empire:
stretched across the Gulf Coast, the Valley of Oaxaca, parts of western Mexico, and the Pacific coast of Guatemala dominated about 400 previously independent polities ruled over an area of about 200,000 sq. km (77,226 sq. miles)
The three eastern North American native seed-bearing plants that were cultivated during the Middle and Late Archaic were:
sunflower, sumpweed, and chenopod
In Greece and the southern Balkans, the use of clay as a primary building material, coupled with the stability and concentration of settlements, led to the formation of mounds known as...
tells
Linguistic evidence suggests that:
the Arawak and Tupiguarani dispersals rival the Austronesian and Bantu diasporas in magnitude the Tupian languages began dispersing from southwestern Amazonia c. 3000-2000 BCE proto-Arawak languages began to diverge by around 2000 BCE
One main characteristic of the "Bronze Age" in the Mediterranean was:
the further development of metallurgy to alloy copper and create bronze
Olmec polities are found in:
the Gulf Coast lowlands
At the time of first European contact, the whole Andes region was under control of:
the Inca empire
At the end of the Second Palace period on Crete, ________.
the Linear B script replaced earlier forms of writing on the island Knossos survived, but was overseen by a new administration all but one of the palaces were destroyed
Cuzco as a city was associated with:
the Sacsahuaman the Coricancha kanchas
In 1519 ________.
the Spaniards made alliances with the enemies of the Aztecs, the Tlaxcalans the Aztec empire was ruled by Motecezuma II Hernan Cortés arrived, on the day that Aztec prophesies indicated that Quetzalcoatl would return
Based on the background provided in the text, South America can be seen to comprise two major geographic regions. What are they?
the altiplano and the desert coast
The Archaic period in Southwest North America is distinguished by:
the appearance of domesticated maize, beans, and squash
Agro-Pastoralist
the combining activity of farming and animal herding
The debate between Meggers and Roosevelt concerning Amazonia focuses on:
the dates for the earliest signs of complexity, including the use of ceramics
Moche themes expressed in iconography include:
the death and burial of a king a battle between supernatural beings teams of kuraka warriors
Some past methods of intensification of food production include:
the development of agriculture the invention of new farming technologies, such as fertilizing and irrigation breeding new varieties of crops or livestock
An important trend in the Archaic period in Greece was:
the development of the Greek polis
The site of Masada:
was the location of a Jewish revolt against Roman rule has proven controversial, with some archaeological interpretations supporting, and others disputing, written historical accounts lies on a high plateau
The Mesolithic:
was the period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic
El Tajín, Cacaxtla, and Xochicalco:
were Epiclassic sites that gained power after the fall of Teotihuacán
Dogs in the Americas:
were domesticated in the Old World and brought to the Americas by hunter-gatherer groups
Polities in Preclassic western Mexico:
were hierarchically organized, with impressive mortuary rituals
Bison populations on the Great Plains:
were high in the Early and Late Archaic periods
The Aztec pipiltin:
were high nobles, who monopolized the highest political and religious offices and formed the backbone of the army
Aspero, Caral, and El Paraiso:
were located on the desert coast
Post-Pleistocene flora and fauna:
were more varied and numerous than in the Pleistocene
Nakbé and El Mirador:
were probably the seats of very early Maya kings
The Etruscans resided in independent city states, ________.
which were often located on well fortified hilltops which sometimes pursued expansionist policies, creating tension with Greek colonies which were influenced by Greek religious art and architecture
