CH 25

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Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

essential fatty acids

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

fats

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

folic acid (folate)

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

iron

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following, EXCEPT that

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs

During starvation

muscle proteins are used as an energy source

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is

niacin

A T4 assay is used to

obtain an index of metabolic activity.

The ______ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid.

outer membrane

Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following, EXCEPT

oxaloacctic acid

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because

oxygen is needed to remove from carbon atoms as carbon dioxide

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is

pantothenic acid

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ____ ion

phosphate

Factors that influence an individuals BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following, EXCEPT

physical exertion

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the

postabsorptive state

The major cation in cytoplasm is

potassium

Lipids

provide energy for cells with modest energy demands

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

pyridoxine (B6)

(Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle) What is the molecule labeled "1"?

pyruvate acid

More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of

radiation

The loss of infrared energy from the body is called

radiation

During the absorptive state,

the liver forms glycogen

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from

the movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?

2

Hydrogen atoms from on FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the Electron Transport System?

2 ATP

The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is

2 H2 + O2 ---->2 H2O

On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding brown fat is FASLE?

Brown fat is concentration around visceral organs in the adult

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

Electron Transport System

Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, EXCEPT

acetyl-CoA

In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need NOT be present?

acetyl-CoA

Lipogenesis generally beings with

acetyl-CoA

Metabolism of amino acids in the citric acid cycle yields

approximately the same energy as carbohydrate metabolism

The citric acid cycle

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid

Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following?

citric acid cycle and ETS

The trace element needed for hemoglobin synthesis is

copper

Each cytochrome contains

a metal ion

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ____ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

If 8 molecules of NADH from the citric acid cycle entered the ETS, how much ATP would be produced?

24 ATP

How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?

36 ATP

(Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle) What is the molecule labeled "7"?

4 carbon molecule

What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat?

60

For adults there are ______ essential amino acids

8

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A

In the ETS, ______ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.

A coenzyme

The end products of glycolysis are

ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid

A balanced diet should

All of the answers are correct

Cells must synthesize new organic compounds

All of the answers are correct

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for

All of the answers are correct

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?

All of the answers are correct

During glycolysis

All of the answers are correct

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues?

All of the answers are correct

In the electron transport chain

All of the answers are correct

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it

All of the answers are correct

Someone with a total cholesterol level between 200 and 239mg/dl should

All of the answers are correct

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group?

All of the answers are correct

The heat-gain center for thermoregulation

All of the answers are correct

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe

All of the answers are correct

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin

B6

(Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle) What is the molecule labeled "2"?

Carbon dioxide

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ____ in the body.

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin

E

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

K

Which of the following individuals would lose heat the FASTEST in a cold room?

a newborn infant

Assuming they all weigh the same and maintain the same body temperature, which of the following would lose heat the FASTEST?

a tall, very slender person

Reactions within _____ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

The mitochondria

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

Urea

All of the following occur when the TEMPERATURE of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting, EXCEPT that

blood flow to the skin increases

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is

calcium

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as

carbohydrate loading

The end products or a 0f aerobic respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)

The major anion in body fluids is

chloride

The largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to .5mm, ______ are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.

chylomicrons

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

chylomicrons

(Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle) What is the molecule labeled "5"?

citric acid

In the citric acid cycle, a 2 carbon molecule and a 4 carbon molecule combine to produce

citric acid

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, _____ yields energy the quickest.

glucose

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the a painful condition known as

gout

Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids?

growth hormone

The condition when excessive fluid loss from sweating disrupts thermoregulatory mechanisms is known as

heat exhaustion

Sometimes called "good cholesterol", ______ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

(Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle) What is the substance labeled "4"?

hydrogen atoms

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as

ketonuria

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state, EXCEPT that

levels of blood glucose are elevated

The essential fatty acids are

linoleic acid and linolenic acid

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, EXCEPT that

lipids are converted into glycogen molecules

Urea is formed in the

liver

A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is

magnesium

The sum of all the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism

The citric acid cycle occurs in the

mitochondrial matrix

When NAD+ is _______ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ______ it becomes NADH+.

reduced; oxidized

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is

riboflavin

When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting,

skin blood flow increases and tidal volume increases

The major cation in extracellular fluid is

sodium

The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to

supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria

The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following, EXCEPT

the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

the citric acid cycle

The vitamin whose deficiency causes "beriberi" is

thiamine

In oder to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood it is necessary to measure

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level

In "transamination", the amino group of an amino acid is

transferred to a keto acid

What is the role of NADH in metabolism?

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae

During lypolysis

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

vitamin A

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

zinc


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