CH 26 Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance

Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. True False

False

Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest. True False

False

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones. True False

False

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium. True False

False

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________. generating new HCO3- generating Na+ ions reabsorbing H+ reabsorbing CO2

generating new HCO3-

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. ADH ANP aldosterone rennin

aldosterone

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________. a decline in blood volume decreased saliva production increased angiotensin II secretion hypotonic extracellular fluid

hypotonic extracellular fluid

Which condition would cause a drop in pH? hyperventilation hypoventilation hypokalemia hypernatremia

hypoventilation

The only organ(s) of the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is/are the __________. sweat glands spleen lungs kidney liver

kidney

Most water is excreted via the __________. kidneys skin lungs intestines

kidneys

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? extracellular fluid intracellular fluid blood plasma interstitial fluid

intracellular fluid

Pica, the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food, such as chalk or clay, may be triggered by a deficiency of __________. sodium water iron calcium

iron

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion. kidneys; decrease intestines; decrease kidneys; increase intestines; increase

kidneys; decrease

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. ten minutes half an hour one hour three hours

one hour

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________. proteins carbohydrates salts lipids

salts

Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis. 6.5 and 7.0 6.5 and 7.35 7.0 and 7.35 7.35 and 7.45

7.0 and 7.35

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________. Fe2+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ K+

Na+

Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________. ADH secretion water intake plasma protein levels Na+ transport

Na+ transport

Which statement about acids is true? When high in the body, they cause alkalosis. Most acid is a result of ingestion with food. They have little physiological effect on chemical reactions in cells. Our bodies have few ways to deal with excess amounts of acids. Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.

Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. a rise in plasma osmolality an increase in potassium levels in the ICF inhibition of the osmoreceptors an increase in ECF water concentration stimulation of the baroreceptors

a rise in plasma osmolality

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? adipose tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue bone

adipose tissue

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, __________. more ADH is released aldosterone levels increase osmoreceptors are stimulated a person experiences increased thirst ANP levels increase

aldosterone levels increase

Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? an older obese person a healthy young female a healthy young male an infant

an infant

The most important buffer system of extracellular fluid, such as plasma, is the __________ buffer system. phosphate protein bicarbonate hemoglobin

bicarbonate

When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________. decreased sodium and water reabsorption increased antidiuretic-hormone secretion vasoconstriction increased renin secretion

decreased sodium and water reabsorption

Parathyroid hormone __________. activates osteoblasts results in a lower blood calcium level targets the thyroid gland enhances release of calcium from bone is released when aldosterone levels climb

enhances release of calcium from bone

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte? glucose chloride potassium sodium

glucose

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion? hydrogen chloride phosphorus calcium sodium

hydrogen

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________. aldosteronism hypernatremia hyponatremia Cushing's syndrome hypokalemia

hyponatremia

Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells? hypoproteinemia hypotonic hydration edema dehydration

hypotonic hydration

Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________. water of oxidation metabolic water insensible water loss water intake

insensible water loss

Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the __________. intracellular space organelles interstitial space plasma

interstitial space

What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid? calcium potassium sodium magnesium bicarbonate

potassium

All of the following would occur if there were an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________. production of large amounts of urine thirst concentrated urine release of ADH

production of large amounts of urine

Which of the following would increase sodium excretion? estrogens glucocorticoids aldosterone progesterone

progesterone

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________ buffer system. protein sulfate phosphate chloride bicarbonate

protein

Someone who is suffocating would develop __________. respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis

respiratory acidosis

Hyperventilation can lead to __________. respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis

respiratory alkalosis

Normal arterial blood pH is __________. strongly alkaline slightly acidic neutral highly acidic slightly alkaline

slightly alkaline

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________. calcium potassium magnesium phosphate chloride sodium

sodium

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________. the concentration of K+ in the ECF water balance in the body the concentration of Na+ in blood plasma the level of aldosterone in the plasma

the concentration of K+ in the ECF

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________. the inefficiency of infant kidneys decreased surface area relative to body volume low rate of insensible water loss from skin lower amount of fluid intake and output in infants high residual volume of infant lungs

the inefficiency of infant kidneys

Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma? the phosphate buffer system respiratory rate the bicarbonate buffer system the protein buffer system

the phosphate buffer system

Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration? their high residual lung volume their low surface area to volume ratio their low metabolic rate their inefficient kidneys

their inefficient kidneys

The major source of water loss from the body is __________. feces insensible skin loss insensible respiratory loss urine sweat

urine