Ch. 29 Quiz - Development
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 1. The corona radiata, composed of cumulus cells expelled from the follicle with the oocyte during ovulation, directly surrounds the secondary oocyte.
false
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 2. The ductus arteriosus, which connects the superior vena cava and the aorta, closes off within one or two days after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.
false
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 4. Male and female pronuclei are diploid, each having two homologous pairs of chromosomes, so that when they fuse, a tetraploid zygote is produced.
false
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 4. The remnants of the umbilical arteries become the round ligament of the liver and the ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum.
false
Although pregnancies are highly variable, morning sickness is most commonly experienced in the ________ trimester. first second third
first
Which of the following is mismatched?
foramen ovale - ligamentum ovale
If a woman ovulates two oocytes and both are fertilized,
fraternal twins result.
35) What does "E" represent on the diagram? fertilization morula blastocyst implantation ovulation
implantation
Onset of labor may result from increased estrogen secretion by the placenta. increased glucocorticoid secretion by the mother. increased secretion of oxytocin by the fetus. increased progesterone secretion by the placenta. decreased prostaglandins.
increased estrogen secretion by the placenta.
As the fetus develops, the mother's glomerular filtration rate increases by about 10%. increases by about 40%. decreases by about 10%. decreases by about 40%.
increases by about 40%.
Promotes partuition
increasing oxytocin uterine smooth muscle contractions ACTH release from the fetus fetal corticosteroids arriving at the placenta uterine stretch valsalva maneuver prostaglandin increase
Cryptorchidism A) is the failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac. B) may be due to excessive amounts of testosterone in the fetus. C) has no effect on fertility. D) results in feminization of the male fetus. E) is the lack of testes
is the failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac.
The remnants of the connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta become the ligamentum arteriosum. ligamentum venosum. ligamentum teres. umbilical cord.
ligamentum arteriosum.
The remnants of the bypass through the fetal liver become the ligamentum arteriosum. ligamentum venosum. ligamentum teres. umbilical cord.
ligamentum venosum.
Twins produced when a single egg is fertilized are called __________ twins. Twins produced from two eggs ovulated at the same time are called __________ twins. monozygotic; identical dizygotic; nonidentical monozygotic; dizygotic dizygotic; monozygotic nonidentical; identical
monozygotic; dizygotic
Twins produced when a single egg is fertilized are called _____________ twins, and twins produced from two eggs ovulated at the same time are called ___________ twins. monozygotic; identical dizygotic; nonidentical monozygotic; dizygotic dizygotic; monozygotic nonidentical; identical
monozygotic; dizygotic
33) What does "C" represent on the diagram? fertilization morula blastocyst implantation ovulation
morula
The hormone that stimulates milk release from the breast is prolactin. estrogen. progesterone. oxytocin.
oxytocin.
The beginning of labor involves increased production of ________ from the fetal hypothalamus, resulting in secretion of _________ by the placenta. GnRH; prolactin prolactin; oxytocin oxytocin; prostaglandins prostaglandin; prolactin prolactin; GnRH
oxytocin; prostaglandins
In the blastocyst, the trophoblast will become ____________, whereas the embryoblast will become ___________. part of the placenta; the yolk sac part of the placenta; the embryo the embryo; part of the placenta the embryo; the yolk sac the yolk sac; the embryo
part of the placenta; the embryo
Growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation during pregnancy are brought about by secretion of relaxin. progesterone. cortisol. human chorionic thyrotropin. human placental lactogen.
progesterone.
The hormone that stimulates additional milk production is prolactin. estrogen. progesterone. oxytocin.
prolactin.
The following are associated with the __________ of labor: expulsion stage, maximal cervical dilation, and exit of the baby from vagina. first stage second stage third stage fourth stage
second stage
These are have potentially teratogenic effects except Which of the following does not have potentially teratogenic effects? smoking. alcohol. infectious diseases. sunlight. X-rays.
sunlight.
During implantation, the trophoblast divides into a superficial layer called the __________, which is composed of a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm. chorion embryoblast amnion syncytiotrophoblast cytotrophoblast
syncytiotrophoblast
The sexually transmitted disease that may produce a chancre is ______.
syphilis
In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through A) the umbilical vein and umbilical arteries. B) the fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein. C) the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. D) the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus. E) the ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum.
the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
The stage of labor in which the fetus is expelled is
the second stage.
The placenta and the chorionic and amniotic membranes form from the trophoblast. blastocyst. blastocele. cytotrophoblast.
trophoblast.
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 1. Before a baby is born, very little blood flows through the fetus's pulmonary arteries to the lungs and back to the heart through the pulmonary veins.
true
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 2. The zona pellucida contains ZP3 glycoproteins, sperm cell receptors that bind to molecules on the acrosomal cap of the sperm cells.
true
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 3. If the ductus arteriosus does not close completely it is a serious birth defect resulting in elevation in the pulmonary blood pressure because blood flows from the aorta through the ductus arteriosus to the pulmonary arteries.
true
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 3. The fast and slow blocks to polyspermy ensure that the oocyte is fertilized by only one sperm cell.
true
What is a noninvasive method of determining structural abnormalities in the fetus called? ultrasound chorionic villi biopsy X-ray amniocentesis
ultrasound
In fetal circulation, the blood containing the highest amount of oxygen is found in the
umbilical vein.
Most congenital birth defects are caused by inherited traits. lack of oxygen to the fetus. viral infections during pregnancy. unknown causes. None of these choices is correct.
unknown causes.
Which of these lists the stages or structures of prenatal development in the correct order? cleavage, zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus zygote, morula, blastocyst, cleavage, embryo, fetus zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus zygote, embryo, morula, blastocyst, cleavage, fetus embryo, zygote, blastocyst, cleavage, morula, fetus
zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus
Second trimester
-declining HCG -estrogen and progesterone production shared by the ovaries and placenta
Third trimester
-elevating estrogen -elevating progesterone -estrogen and progesterone production dominated by the placenta -placental dominance of estrogen, progesterone, and HCG
First trimester
-rising HCG levels dominate -estrogen and progesterone production dominated by the ovaries
Which of the following statements regarding the control of parturition is not true? A) Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by cervical dilation B) Coordinated uterine contractions cause the cervix to dilate C) Oxytocin increases myometrial estrogen receptors D) Prostaglandins stimulate myometrial contractions E) Stretching of the myometrium is one signal that begins uterine contractions
C) Oxytocin increases myometrial estrogen receptors
To promote pregnancy, sexual intercourse must introduce spermatozoa into the vagina no more than ______ days before ovulation, and no more than ______ days after ovulation. 0, 3 1, 1 2, 3 2, 4 5, 1
5, 1
Normal physiological consequences of pregnancy to the mother include Increased appetite Increased blood volume Increased blood pressure Increased appetite and increased blood volume All of the choices
64)Increased appetite and increased blood volume 100) all of the choice
During in utero (fetal) development of the ovary A) Cell division of primary oogonia stops at 7 months following conception B) Cell division of primary oogonia begins and does not cease until menopause begins, long after birth at age 40-50 C) Production of primary oocytes is initiated and continues to the point of producing fully functional ova (egg cells) at the time of birth D) The mitotic division of primary and secondary oocytes produces cells with 23 chromosomes each E) All of the choices are correct
A) Cell division of primary oogonia stops at 7 months following conception
Inhibits partuition
CIH release from the fetus estrogen decrease
Which of the following statements regarding breast growth is correct? A) During puberty, ductal growth is stimulated by rising estrogen levels in plasma B) Some alveolar growth occurs after ovulatory cycles start because of the combined actions of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin C) During pregnancy, full lobulo-alveolar growth is stimulated by the combined actions of estrogen, progesterone, and placental gonadotropin D) Both during puberty, ductal growth is stimulated by rising estrogen levels in plasma and some alveolar growth occurs after ovulatory cycles start because of the combined actions of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin are correct E) All of the choices are correct
D) Both during puberty, ductal growth is stimulated by rising estrogen levels in plasma and some alveolar growth occurs after ovulatory cycles start because of the combined actions of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin are correct
The placenta A) Is an organ of nourishment for the embryo/fetus B) Functions as the lungs and kidneys of the fetus prior to birth C) Allows for mixing of fetal and maternal blood D) Both is an organ of nourishment for the embryo/fetus and functions as the lungs and kidneys of the fetus prior to birth are correct E) All of the choices are correct
D) Both is an organ of nourishment for the embryo/fetus and functions as the lungs and kidneys of the fetus prior to birth are correct
Menopause A) Is the cessation of menstrual cycles B) Results in low plasma levels of estrogens C) Occurs as a result of cessation of gonadotropin secretion D) Both is the cessation of menstrual cycles and results in low plasma levels of estrogens are correct E) All of the choices are correct
D) Both is the cessation of menstrual cycles and results in low plasma levels of estrogens are correct
During pregnancy, an important role of progesterone is to inhibit A) The sensitivity of the myometrium to stimuli that promote contraction B) Penetration of the uterus by producing thickened cervical mucus C) Growth of the mammary glands D) Both the sensitivity of the myometrium to stimuli that promote contraction and penetration of the uterus by producing thickened cervical mucus E) All of these things
D) Both the sensitivity of the myometrium to stimuli that promote contraction and penetration of the uterus by producing thickened cervical mucus
Parturition A) Refers to delivery of the infant and placenta B) Normally occurs between the 27th and 28th weeks of pregnancy C) Is an example of positive feedback D) Includes refers to delivery of the infant and placenta and is an example of positive feedback E) All of the choices are correct
D) Includes refers to delivery of the infant and placenta and is an example of positive feedback
Which stage would you expect to take the longest time? Dilation stage of labor of a parous woman Dilation stage of labor of a nulliparous woman Expulsion stage of labor of a parous woman Expulsion stage of labor of a nulliparous woman
Dilation stage of labor of a nulliparous woman
Implantation of the blastocyst A) Occurs within the uterine (fallopian) tube B) Takes place during days 14-21 of the typical menstrual cycle C) Is dependent upon the proper preparation of the endometrial epithelium of the uterus D) Takes place only if levels of progesterone in the blood have risen to the point of relaxing smooth muscle in the uterus E) Both takes place during days 14-21 of the typical menstrual cycle and is dependent upon the proper preparation of the endometrial epithelium of the uterus are correct
E) Both takes place during days 14-21 of the typical menstrual cycle and is dependent upon the proper preparation of the endometrial epithelium of the uterus are correct
During pregnancy, placental lactogen serves to A) Inhibit glucose utilization by maternal tissues B) Promote breast growth C) Increase maternal metabolism of fatty acids D) Inhibit glucose utilization by maternal tissues and promote breast growth E) Do all of these things
E) Do all of these things
Oxytocin is a hormone that A) Is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions B) Is synthesized by the hypothalamus and promotes contraction of myoepithelial cells C) Facilitates the birth process D) Both is secreted by the posterior pituitary and stimulates uterine contractions and is synthesized by the hypothalamus and promotes contraction of myoepithelial cells are correct E) Does all of these things
E) Does all of these things
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Brain and spinal cord
Ectoderm
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Epidermis of the skin
Ectoderm
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Teeth
Ectoderm
The retention of a developing embryo from a zygote and implantation in the wall of the uterine tube creates an extreme risk of rupture, hemorrhage, and spontaneous abortion and is called a(n) _______. Stillbirth Erythroblastosis fetalis Ectopic pregnancy Endometriosis Placenta previa
Ectopic pregnancy
Genetic screening of newborns using only a drop of blood can determine which of the following genetic disorders? hypothyroidism cystic fibrosis sickle cell anemia All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Lactation is maintained by The suckling stimulus Removal of milk from the breast The secretion of oxytocin The secretion of prolactin All of these choices
All of these choices
Which statement accurately describes the effects of oxytocin and prostaglandins on uterine contractions? Both oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate uterine contraction. Both oxytocin and prostaglandins inhibit uterine contraction. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, but prostaglandins inhibit them. Prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions, but oxytocin inhibits them.
Both oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate uterine contraction.
Umbilical arteries A) Provide the means for distribution of oxygen and nutrients between maternal and fetal blood B) Deliver oxygen and nutrient rich blood from the fetus to the placenta C) Direct blood with low oxygen and high metabolic wastes away from the fetus to the placenta D) Carry highly oxygenated blood to the fetus E) Transport poorly oxygenated blood low rich in nutrients toward the fetal heart
C) Direct blood with low oxygen and high metabolic wastes away from the fetus to the placenta
The ___________ encloses all the rest of the membranes and the embryo. chorion allantois yolk sac amnion zona pellucida
chorion
Genetic disorders can be detected earliest by amniocentesis. chorionic villus biopsy. newborn screening. ultrasound.
chorionic villus biopsy.
Edema and varicose veins in the lower extremities sometimes develop in the third trimester of a pregnancy due to decreased cardiac output. elevated blood pressure. compression of abdominal blood vessels. elevated hematocrit.
compression of abdominal blood vessels.
During implantation, the trophoblast divides into a deep layer called the _________, which is composed of individual cells. chorion amnion syncytiotrophoblast cytotrophoblast embryoblast
cytotrophoblast
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is caused by production of very thick respiratory mucus. deficiency of pulmonary surfactant. underdeveloped respiratory epithelium. pulmonary edema. overinflated alveoli.
deficiency of pulmonary surfactant.
In fetal circulation, the __________ bypasses the liver and the _________ bypasses the lungs. ligamentum venosum; ligamentum arteriosum foramen ovale; ductus venosus ductus arteriosus; ductus venosus ductus venosus; ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum; foramen ovale
ductus venosus; ductus arteriosus
In fetal circulation, the __________ bypasses the liver and the __________ bypasses the lungs. ligamentum venosum; ligamentum arteriosum foramen ovale; ductus venosus ductus arteriosus; ductus venosus ductus venosus; ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum; foramen ovale
ductus venosus; ductus arteriosus
The __________ period comprises 14-56 days after fertilization and is the time when the major organ systems develop. fetal germinal menstrual embryonic
embryonic
Put the factors that influence parturition in the correct order from beginning to end. Uterine smooth muscle contracts Maternal oxytocin secreted Fetal adrenal gland secretes cortical steroids Estrogen and prostaglandin synthesis increases in placenta Cortical steroids travel to the placenta Uterus stretches Fetal pituitary secretes ACTH Fetal hypothalamus secretes CRH
1) Fetal hypothalamus secretes CRH 2) Fetal pituitary secretes ACTH 3) Fetal adrenal gland secretes cortical steroids 4) Cortical steroids travel to the placenta 5) Estrogen and prostaglandin synthesis increases in placenta 6) Uterus stretches 7) Maternal oxytocin secreted 8) Uterine smooth muscle contracts
Which of the following is not assessed as part of the Apgar score? Appearance Pulse Gain of weight Activity Respiratory effort
Gain of weight
The blastocyst implants in the uterus on about the ________ day of the 28 day menstrual cycle. At this time, the endometrium is ________ and progesterone levels are _______. 21st; thick and secretory; high 28th; thick and secretory; low 14th; thick and secretory; low 7th; thin and proliferating; high 1st; thin and proliferating; low
21st; thick and secretory; high
Normally, only one sperm can fertilize an egg because A) The first sperm to fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane triggers a process whereby enzymes begin to inactivate other nearby sperm B) The first sperm to fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane triggers a process whereby the zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to other sperm C) Only one sperm normally makes it to the vicinity of the egg D) Only one sperm undergoes the acrosome reaction E) Only one sperm undergoes capacitation
B) The first sperm to fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane triggers a process whereby the zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to other sperm
Lactation normally does not occur during pregnancy because A) The breasts are not fully developed until the end of pregnancy B) The high levels of estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts C) Maternal plasma levels of prolactin are low during pregnancy D) Both the breasts are not fully developed until the end of pregnancy and the high levels of estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts are correct E) Both the high levels of estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts and maternal plasma levels of prolactin are low during pregnancy are correct
B) The high levels of estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts
At the end of pregnancy, the uterus becomes responsive to stimuli to which it was previously refractory because A) Plasma progesterone levels fall while the levels of estrogen continue to rise B) The ratio of progesterone to estrogen decreases C) The myometrium has reached the limits of its distensibility D) All of the choices are correct E) None of the choices are correct
B) The ratio of progesterone to estrogen decreases
During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone from the placenta A) stimulate FSH and LH secretion and thereby stimulate ovarian follicle development. B) inhibit FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development. C) stimulate GnRH secretion and thereby inhibit overgrowth of the uterus. D) inhibit release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and thereby prevent excessive stress responses.
B) inhibit FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development.
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Lining of the digestive tract
Endoderm
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Thyroid gland
Endoderm
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Urinary bladder
Endoderm
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Dermis of the skin
Mesoderm
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Kidneys
Mesoderm
Match the derivative with the correct germ layer. Muscle
Mesoderm
In the fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm opens up __________ channels, which depolarizes the egg membrane and __________. Na+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm Na+; prevents the entrance of more Na+ Na+; prevents the entrance of Ca2+ Ca2+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm Ca2+; prevents the entrance of more Na+
Na+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm
Implantation a) Outside the uterus is said to be myopic b) Normally occurs midway through the luteal phase c) Is a result of digestion of myometrial cells by enzymes in the trophoblast d) Both outside the uterus is said to be myopic and normally occurs midway through the luteal phase are correct e) Both normally occurs midway through the luteal phase and is a result of digestion of myometrial cells by enzymes in the trophoblast are correct
Normally occurs midway through the luteal phase
Functions of estrogen during pregnancy include each of the following EXCEPT Stimulation of myometrial growth Maintenance of the endometrium Stimulation of prolactin secretion Stimulation of breast development Stimulation of milk synthesis
Stimulation of milk synthesis
Regarding fertilization, which of the following events happens first? Formation of a fertilization membrane The fast block to polyspermy The slow block to polyspermy The cortical reaction The acrosomal reaction
The acrosomal reaction
What is expelled during the expulsion stage of labor? Colostrum The fetus The placenta and remaining fetal membranes Only amniotic fluid
The fetus
Amniocentesis is the removal of a sample of amniotic fluid for diagnosis of genetic or chromosomal disorders of the fetus. True False
True
Sperm must travel to the distal end of the uterine tube to encounter the egg before it dies. True False
True
The process that makes it possible for sperm to penetrate the egg is called __________. sperm migration capacitation the cortical reaction morulation cleavagef
capacitation
A teratogen is most likely to cause a deformity of the limbs. aneuploidy. trisomy. nondisjunction. a mutation.
a deformity of the limbs.
The optimal "window of opportunity" to conceive a child is a few days before ovulation to less than a day after. less than a day before ovulation to less than a day after. a few days before ovulation to a few days after. a few days before ovulation. a few days after ovulation.
a few days before ovulation to less than a day after.
By the end of 8 weeks, the individual is considered a fetus because all the primary germ layers are formed. the amniotic cavity has formed. all of the organ systems are present. the neural tube and yolk sac have formed. the mesoderm has formed.
all of the organ systems are present.
The ___________ completely encloses the embryo and provides a stable environment for it. yolk sac amnion chorion chorionic villus allantois
amnion
34) What does "D" represent on the diagram? fertilization morula blastocyst implantation ovulation
blastocyst