Ch 3 Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

The suppression ratio is the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) responses divided by the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) responses plus the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) responses.

CS CS pre-CS

A click is followed by food, while a click and a buzzing noise is never followed by food. In this case, the click will become a (CS+/CS-) for salivation and the buzzing noise will become a (CS+/CS-) for salivation.

CS+ CS-

For the residents of Berlin and London during WWII, an air-raid siren would have been a (CS+/CS-) for anxiety, while the all-clear siren would have been a (CS+/CS-) for anxiety.

CS+ CS-

Classical conditioning is also known as ___ conditioning or ___ conditioning.

Pavlovian respondent

In backward conditioning, the (US/NS) is presented first and the (US/NS) is presented later. Background conditioning is generally considered to result in (good/poor) conditioning.

US NS poor

Feeling elated while talking on the phone with someone with whom you are in love is an example of the ___ ___. Feeling lovesick after you finally hang up for the night is an example of the ___-___.

a-process b-process

The _-___ is directly tied to the presence of the emotional event, whereas the _-___ is (slow/quick) to increase and (slow/quick) to decrease.

a-process b-process slow slow

The ___ ___ is directly elicited by the emotional event; this in turn elicits the ___ ____ the purpose of which is to maintain a relatively balanced internal state known as ___.

a-process b-process homeostasis

An appropriate control procedure to test this phenomenon involves a control group of subjects being presented the NS and US (together/apart).Responding that is late elicited by the NS in this group is assumed to be result of s__ rather then real conditioning.

apart sensitization

In ___ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered pleasant and that the organism seeks out.

appetitive

Learning to associate the corner bar with the happy times you experience in that bar is an example of ___ conditioning.

appetitive

In ___ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered unpleasant and that the organism avoids.

aversive

Learning to associate your refrigerator with the nauseating smell of spoiled food is an example of ___ conditioning.

aversive

Following conditioning, the metronome is a(n) ___ stimulus, and the salivation elicited by the metronome is a(n) ___ response.

conditioned conditioned

In a ___ ___ response (CER) paradigm, the level of fear elicited by a CS is indicated by the degree to which the rat's rate of lever pressing for food (decreases/increases) in the presence of that stimulus.

conditioned emotional decreases

The CER paradigm is also known as a ___ ___ procedure.

conditioned suppression

Each pairing of the metronome and the food is called a ___ ___Learning is most effective when these are spaces (far part/close together)

conditioning trial far apart

The most successful temporal arrangement for conditioning is ______ conditioning, in which the onset of the NS (precedes/follows) the onset of the US, and the two stimuli (overlap/do not overlap).

delayed precedes overlap

The presentation of a novel stimulus during a period of habituation can sometimes result in ___ in which the habituated response (reappears/disappears).

dishabituation reappears

An excitatory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) a fear response; an inhibitory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/supress) a fear response.

elicit suppress

Reflexes are ___ in the sense that they are drawn out by stimuli that precede their occurrence.

elicited

Conditioning associated with the removal of a US is known as ___ conditioning, whereas conditioning associated with the presentation of a US is known as ___ conditioning.

inhibitory excitatory

In delayed conditioning, the time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US is called the ___ interval (abbreviated __)

interstimulus ISI

A CR that appears identical to the UR is always (less/more) intense.

less

In general, sensitization is (less/more) stimulus specific than habituation.

less

Simultaneous and backward conditioning procedurs have traditionally been considered as (less/more) effective than delayed and trace conditioning

less

The fact that it has been several months since you have noticed the sound of the fan in your home computer is an example of ___-___ habituation. Such habituation tends to build up (quickly/slowly) and disappear (quickly/slowly).

long-term slowly slowly

During conditioning, the metronome can be labeled as either a(n) ___ stimulus or a(n)___ stimulus.

neutral conditioned

In the metronome example, the metronome is initially a(n) ___ stimulus because it (does/does not) elicit salivation. The food, however, is a(n) _____ stimulus that elicits a(n) u__ response of salivation.

neutral does not unconditioned unconditioned

Backward conditioning can also result in inhibitory conditioning when the NS signals the (presentation/removal) of the US.

removal

In responder conditioning, the behaviors themselves are called ___ behaviors or simply ___.

respondent respondents

An increase in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called ___.

sensitization

A stimulus of intermediate intensity will initially result in a period of ___ which is then followed by ___.

sensitization habituation

Intense fear in a CER procedure will result in a suppression ratio of (.5/0), whereas no fear will result in a suppression ratio around (.5/0)

0 .5

The above phenomenon is a potential problem whenever the US produces a strong ___ response.

emotional

Most of the basic principles of classical conditioning have been established using procedures that involve ___ conditioning

excitatory

Your grandmother always cooks great meals except when your vegetarian sister is present. As a result, you usually salivate a great deal when sitting at your grandmother's table for a meal, but not when your sister is present. Your grandmother's table is an ___CS for salivation, while your sister is an ___ CS for salivation.

excitatory inhibitory

A ___ ___ ___ is a fixed sequence of responses that occurs in reaction to a specific stimulus.

fixed action pattern

Quickly jerking your hand or foot away from contact with an open flame or sharp object is a reflexive action known as a ___ response. In such cases, the perception of pain generally (precedes/follows) the response.

flexion follows

From an evolutionary standpoint, if a stimulus is irrelevant or "safe", we tend to ___ to it whereas if it is potentially dangerous we become ___ to it.

habituate sensitized

A decrease in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called ___.

habituation

In general, repeated presentations of a low-intensity stimulus result in ___ and repeated presentations of a high-intensity stimulus result in ___.

habituation sensitization

Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of ___. Becoming increasingly aware of the sound of a jackhammer on the street below your apartment is an example of ___.

habituation sensitized

With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process (increases/decreases) in both ___ and ___.

increases strength duration

In trace conditioning, the time between the ___ of the NS and the ___ of the US is called the ___ interval. Trace conditioning can be effective if this interval is relatively (long/short)

offset onset trace short

The CR is (often/always) (similar/identical) to the UR.

often; similar

In trace conditioning, the (onset/offset) and ___ of the NS precedes the ___ of the US.

onset offset onset

In simultaneous conditioning, the ___ of the NS occurs at the same time as the ___ of the US. Simultaneous conditioning usually results in (good/poor) conditioning.

onset onset poor

The opponent-process theory of emotion accounts for why a strong emotional response if often followed by a(n) (similar/opposite) emotional response.

opposite

A conditioned excitatory stimulus (an excitatory CS is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) of a US; a conditioned inhibitory stimulus (an inhibitory CS) is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) of a US.

presentation removal

The a-process is also known as the ___ process, and the b-process is also known as the ___ process.

primary opponent

When an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization, we say that ___ has taken place.

pseudoconditioning

A relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus.

reflex

Many simple reflexes are activated through a ___ ___ that consists of a(n) ___ neuron, a(n) ___ neuron, and a(n) ___ neuron (in that order)

reflex arc sensory inter motor

The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is called a ___ stimulus or ___.

sign releaser

Different species of spiders spin different kinds of webs. Web spinning of this sort can thus be considered a ___-___ behavior. Such behaviors used to be called ___, but some researchers dislike this term because it implies that the behavior is more (flexible/inflexible) than is actually the case.

species-specific instincts inflexible

A ___ response is an automatic defensive response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus; the ___ response is an elicited set of movements designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus

startle orienting