Ch 6

According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master ______.

anxieties and conflicts

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ______ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, socially responsible, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?

Authoritative

Play therapy allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a non-threatening environment. This most closely resembles _______ views of play.

Freud and Erikson's

Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as

empathy

_____________ _____________ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

gender; typing

Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with

higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called _________ versus __________

initiative; guilt

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.

nature

The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child

neglect

According to Baumrind, the ________ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.

neglectful

Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?

-Control -Acceptance -Responsiveness -Demand

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

-Friendliness with peers -Self-reliance and achievement orientation -Cooperativeness with adults -Good stress-coping skills -Cheerfulness and self-control

What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?

-Intervening and helping resolve -Admonishing or threatening -Doing nothing

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?

-Social hierarchy -Division of labor

What are the three proposed social theories of gender?

-Social role theory -Social cognitive theory -Psychoanalytic theory

Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?

-To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities -To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family

Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?

-Unhappiness and fear -Anxiety about comparing themselves with others -Weak communication skills -Failure to initiate activity

Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______.

-be punitive or aloof -leave children to make their own rules

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?

3 years

In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

4 types

What percentage of children born to married parents in the U.S. will experience their parents' divorce?

40%

According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?

Authoritarian

What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?

Corporal punishment

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?

Fear

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?

Do nothing at all

______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

Empathy

True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

False

What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?

Gender identity

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?

Gender roles

______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Gender typing

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

Indulgent

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?

Initiative versus guilt

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

Moral

____________ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

Moral

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

Neglectful

What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

Self-conscious

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?

Social biological theory

___ is the most influential traditional type of mass media on young children.

Television, TV, T.V., or Screen time

True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

True

All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT

a difficult temperament.

The __________ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoratitive

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

The ________ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritarian

The _________ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoritative

Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.

before

When immigrants select elements of US culture to help survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a ___ orientation.

bicultural

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.

contrasting

According to Baumrind, the _______ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, the _________ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

A gender __________ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

role

What type of impact does television have on children's development?

significant impact