CH 6: Schools
Today's secondary schools are geared almost exclusively toward ______.
college-bound youngsters
The 1920s marked the birth in the United States of what came to be known as the high school __________ , an educational institution that promised to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.
comprehensive
In the 1920s, classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational education were all housed under one roof. This was known as ______.
comprehensive high school
(Family background/School quality) is a far more powerful influence on student achievement.
family background
Shelly has always excelled at math and science. As a freshman, Shelly is taking senior-level advanced placement classes in both math and science. She has won state awards for her scientific discoveries and is already receiving offers from major universities throughout the country. Shelly's abilities in math and science classify her as ______.
gifted
(Low/High) -achieving students, when mainstreamed, end up comparing themselves to students whose performance is better.
low
According to national surveys, levels of student engagement and excitement in American schools are (low/high)
low
Tracking has negative effects on ______ students.
low track
The United States has the (lowest/highest) college completion rate in the industrialized world.
lowest
Common Core is a set of standards in ______ that schools across the country would be expected to use to evaluate whether their students were learning what they ought to learn in each grade. (Select all that apply.)
mathematics English language arts
One advantage of separate special education programs is that they can be tailored to ______.
meet the specific needs of students
Today, the ______ school replaces the junior high school in many districts.
middle
Today, the __________ school replaces the junior high school in many districts.
middle
school violence is especially common in ______ schools.
middle
Students who are disengaged from school are more likely to _____. (Select all that apply.)
misbehave engage in substance use
Schools are among the (safest/riskiest) places for adolescents to be.
safest
Students achieve and are engaged more in school when they attend ______.
schools that are responsive and demanding
Subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of competence are referred to as ______ _____ _____.
schools within schools
Students and teachers are more satisfied in classes that combine a (low/moderate/high) degree of structure with high student involvement and high teacher support.
moderate
Generally speaking, victimization is (less/more) common in overcrowded schools in poor urban neighborhoods.
more
High school and junior high are part of the __________ education system
secondary
During the early high school years, students' ______.
self-esteem increases
According to research, which of the following teenagers is most likely to become disengaged from school during early adolescence?
J.R., who is Black
The Obama administration tried to build more flexibility into NCLB through a competition called ______.
"Race to the Top"
At the turn of the twentieth century, only ________ in 10 young people ages 14-17 were enrolled in school.
1
According to recent statistics, nearly ______% of U.S. secondary schools are overcrowded.
15
Among 8th graders in the United States, 61% of Asian students and 43% of White students are proficient in math, compared to ______% of Hispanic students and ______% of Black students.
19; 13
About ______% of American adolescents are homeschooled.
3
Compared to teens with similar backgrounds who attend traditional schools, homeschooled adolescents with weak religious ties are ______ times more likely to be behind their expected grade level of achievement tests.
3
Each year, nearly ______ American teachers are threatened with violence, and in about half of these incidents, the teachers have been physically attacked.
300,000
In a national survey of American secondary public school students, 1 out of every ______ students has been a victim of violence in or around school.
4
Students' attachment to school is weaker in larger schools, particularly when the number of students in a grade exceeds ______.
400
About 1 in ______ school-age children is at risk for a learning disability
5
In 1930, about ______ of young people ages 14-17 were enrolled in secondary education.
50%
The ideal size of a high school is between ______ and ______ students.
600; 900
About ______% of the connection between teacher expectations and student achievement results from teachers having accurate perceptions.
80
Today, more than ______% of high school students graduate on time.
80
_____ is a general term for a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction.
A learning disability
______ is a general term for a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction.
A learning disability
In which schools will students from a low-income neighborhood fare best?
A school where most students have low socioeconomic status
Which of the following most reduces the incidence of violence among students who are at risk for misbehavior in school?
A sense of connection with the school
Which of the following parenting styles is most often associated with adolescents' academic success?
Authoritative
Several studies report that (Black/White) and (Latino/Asian) students perceive their teachers as having low expectations and holding stereotypes about their likelihood of misbehaving.
Black; Latino
How did "Race to the Top" compare to No Child Left Behind in terms of improving high school student achievement?
Both programs were equally effective.
according to the American Psychological Association, which of the following policies work best for dealing with student misbehavior and violence? (Select all that apply.)
Carefully train staff in how to respond to disruptive behavior. Reserve suspension or expulsion for only the most serious disruptive behavior. Require school police officers to have training in adolescent development. Define infractions carefully.
Students profit from the social capital associated with attending a ______ school, because the lessons taught in school are reinforced at home, at church, and in the neighborhood, and because the links between home and school are stronger.
Catholic
Which of the following have been linked to lack of school engagement?
Cheating Depression Stress
Which of the following statements is true?
College graduates earn substantially more than individuals who attend college but do not graduate.
Which of the following best describes cascading effects?
Either positive or negative
True or false: In the United States, the goal of schools is limited to education.
False
True or false: With the transition to secondary school, students' scores on standardized achievement tests decline.
False
Which student is especially likely to say that he or she is bored at school?
Gary, who is a sophomore in high school
Which U.S. president signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act?
George W. Bush
Which of the following high school students is likely to be viewed most positively by White teachers?
George, who is Asian
Which of the following factors helps students adapt more successfully to school transition?
Having friends before and during the transition
During the late nineteenth century, social reformers expressed concerns about the dangers children faced working in factories, and labor unions sought to protect both the welfare of children and their own job security. Which historical/social trend does this primarily reflect?
Industrialization
Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with providing instruction to children with learning disabilities in separate classes?
It may foster social isolation and stigmatization.
Which of the following students would be at greatest risk for social promotion?
Jerome, who is African American
(Black/Latino/White) students are most likely to report that family obligations and responsibilities, in combination with commitments to school and work, can make the transition to college especially stressful.
Latino
Among ______ and ______ students, transitioning to a school where the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with greater disengagement from school, lower grades, and more frequent absences.
Latino Black
(Magnet/Middle/Private) schools were established to create diversity by drawing students from different neighborhoods.
Magnet
Which of the following is a concern associated with use of stimulant medication by adolescents?
Many individuals share it with their nonafflicted friends.
Which of the following is an unintended consequence of zero-tolerance policies?
Many students end up with arrest records for acts that would have been treated as disciplinary infractions in the past.
Which of the following are considered to be part of secondary education?
Middle school High school Junior high school
Which of the following students is especially vulnerable to the effects of teacher expectations?
Montel, who comes from a low-SES family
Which of the following best describes the high school completion rate in the United States in the early twentieth century compared to today?
Much lower
The ______ Act mandated that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency.
No Child Left Behind
In ______, when educators increased the number of years of schooling it required adolescents to complete, the average IQ of the adult population increased significantly.
Norway
How do high parental expectations affect teacher expectations?
Positive
Identify the three subtypes of ADHD.
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive Predominantly inattentive Combined
Which area of the brain sometimes shows deficiencies in adolescents who are diagnosed with ADHD?
Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following has been linked to ADHD?
Prenatal brain damage
What are the five key aspects of school organization?
Public versus private schools Different approaches to age grouping The ethnic composition of schools School and classroom size Tracking
Which of the following adolescents is likely to use stimulant medication to improve his or her test performance during the school year?
Rhianna, who comes from an affluent family
To what type of schools do students typically have the deepest attachment?
Schools that are in their neighborhood
Which of the following statements about class size is true?
Small classes benefit young elementary school children.
About half of all community college students have which of the following characteristics?
They are working toward a specific certificate or associate's degree.
Why do critics say that students who do not go to college should receive more attention and funding?
They make up about one-third of the adolescent population.
How do students' perceptions of teachers change between 6th and 8th grades?
They see teachers as less supportive.
In urban areas, the availability of private schools contributes to ______.
racial segregation
True or false: Black students are more likely than others to be suspended or expelled, even though they are no more likely to commit the sorts of acts that would warrant these responses.
True
True or false: Many states that signed onto the plan to adopt Common Core have since broken from it.
True
Which school characteristics contribute to the likelihood of bullying occurring? (Select all that apply.)
Unsupportive teachers Frequent disrespect for students Harsh punishments for students
Which of the following medications has been shown to be effective with adolescents who have both ADHD and some sort of mood disorder?
Wellbutrin
Many adults believe that adolescence is ______.
a difficult time for teenagers and those who work with them
Marissa's teenage daughter Kelli has been attending a junior high school that ranks among the lowest in the state in standardized reading and math achievement test scores. Because the school consistently performs the state and national average, Marissa is sending Kelli to a private school. To help pay for tuition, Marissa has applied for ______.
a government-subsidized school voucher
In schools in which students' peers do not value ______, students are less likely to achieve grades that match their ability.
academic success
In general, schooling affects adolescents' (cognitive/achievement) scores more than their performance on tests of (cognitive/achievement) skills.
achievement; cognitive
As a result of Brown v. Board of Education, many school districts ______.
adopted measures designed to make schools more diverse
Classes that ______ make students anxious, uninterested, and unhappy.
are too task oriented
The big fish-little pond effect has been documented ______.
around the world
Where are American children most likely to be killed?
at home
Students who had been doing poorly adjust (better/worse) if they enroll in a different school than their friends.
better
When students compare themselves to their high-achieving classmates, they don't feel as competent as they would if their point of comparison were students who were not so smart. This phenomenon is called the ______ effect.
big fish-little pond effect
Learning disabilities are more common among (boys/girls) .
boys
For some students, academic and behavioral problems in elementary school lead to more problems during the transition into middle school. This is referred to as ______ effects.
cascading
As students move from elementary into middle or junior high school, their academic motivation and school grades tend to drop. Nevertheless, scores on standardized achievement tests don't decline. This may be due to ______.
changes in grading practices and student motivation
Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices are called ________ schools.
charter
ADHD is usually diagnosed during ______.
childhood
If it were not for the effects of school on ______ development, the discrepancy between affluent and poor youngsters' achievement would be much greater than it currently is.
cognitive
Nicholas feels a lack of connection to his school. His mother just found out that he has skipped three days in one week. When she confronts Nicholas, he tells her, "I'm just not into it. It's boring. I don't like my teachers. The work is stupid." Nicholas's comments are an example of (emotional/cognitive) disengagement.
cognitive
No Child Left Behind required that schools ______.
create and enforce academic standards by annually testing all students and reporting the results of students' performance to the public
Educators pointed out that standardized tests under No Child Left Behind could not assess _______ ______ skills, which involve analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information rather than simply memorizing it.
critical thinking
Proponents of tracking note that ability grouping allows teachers to ______.
design class lessons that are more finely tuned to students' abilities
In one program, parents participated in an 11-week program designed to increase their understanding of adolescent development and their effectiveness as parents. The children whose parents participated ______.
did not show the decline in functioning often associated with the transition to middle school
Students in different tracks have (similar/different) opportunities to learn.
different
Changes in school climate create a mismatch between what adolescents need and what their schools provide. This leads many adolescents to ______ school.
disengage from
Students in urban schools report less of a sense of "belonging" to their school, which leads to ______.
disengagement and poor achievement
students in urban schools report less of a sense of "belonging" to their school, which leads to ______.
disengagement and poor achievement
Studies of classrooms indicate that variations within the typical range of classroom sizes (do/don't) affect students' scholastic achievement once they have reached adolescence.
don't
One way of assessing the contribution of schools to adolescents' intellectual development is by comparing changes in knowledge _______.
during the school year with changes during the summer
_______ is a learning disability in which one has impaired ability in arithmetic.
dyscalculia
Corbin has a learning disability in which he has an impaired ability in reading and spelling. Corbin has ______.
dyslexia
Dropouts are likely to show achievement problems (early/late) in their education.
early
Quinton has started feeling disconnected from school. As a result, Quinton has been skipping school. Feeling disconnected to school is an example of ______ disengagement, whereas skipping school is an example of ______ disengagement.
emotional; behavioral
Students who are just (emotionally/behaviorally/cognitively) disengaged report the highest rates of depression.
emotionally
Good schools in the United States _____. (Select all that apply.)
encourage students to be active participants in the learning process have teachers who are committed to students are well-integrated into the communities they serve emphasize intellectual activities
Academic functioning and psychological adjustment affect each other, so that a positive school climate enhances adolescents' psychological well-being as well as achievement, mainly by strengthening their ______.
engagement in school
Schools with more than 50% ethnic minority students are ______ likely to be overcrowded than schools with a lower percentage of ethnic minority students.
especially
True or false: In most American high schools, the prevailing peer culture emphasizes academic success as a route toward status and popularity.
false
Students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance are called _______students.
gifted
About ______ or more of all children diagnosed with ADHD continue to have the diagnosis in adulthood.
half
Due to neglect of inner-city schools, just 10% of the high schools in the United States produce ______ of the country's dropouts.
half
High-ability students who attend schools where the student body is more diverse ______.
have higher career aspirations
Among (lower/higher) SES students, academic progress during the school year is comparable to that during the summer.
higher
Some studies have found that students' test scores are (higher/lower) in private schools.
higher
For high-ability students, within-classroom ability grouping results in ______.
higher expectations for academic achievement
The idea of universal compulsory education for adolescents gained widespread acceptance in the early 1900s. This was in part a result of ______.
immigration
In adolescence, the defining feature of ADHD is generally ______.
inattention
The education crisis, and its implications for the labor force, is especially urgent within ______ schools.
inner-city public
The ______ school is an educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents.
junior high
Junior high schools are (larger/smaller) than elementary schools and are (more/less) personal.
larger;less
Researchers agree that in good-quality schools, ______.
learning is more important to students than athletics or extracurricular activities
Adolescents with learning disabilities are (more/less) likely to participate in school-based extracurricular activities.
less
Compared to elementary or high school teachers, teachers in junior high or middle schools are (more/less) likely to feel confident about their teaching ability.
less
Compared to elementary school teachers, teachers in junior high schools are ______.
less likely to trust their students
Research shows that student performance and interest in school improve when schools are (less/more) bureaucratic and (less/more) intimate. Listen to the complete question
less; more
Teacher expectations have a cumulative (short/long) -term impact on student achievement.
long
Today, ______ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.
more than two-thirds
In a small school, (most/few) students find themselves on a team, in the student government, or in an extracurricular organization.
most
Students at community colleges tend to be (older/younger) than students at four-year institutions.
older
Recent surveys of American high school students indicate that nearly ______ of high school students carry a gun, knife, or club.
one-fifth
Nearly ______ of students who enter full-time, two-year college programs drop out after 1 year.
one-third
A strong predictor of high achievement and reduced dropout rates is ______.
parent involvement
It is possible to enhance low-income students' adjustment to middle school through interventions targeted at their (peers/siblings/parents)
parents
One factor that helps protect low-income students against the impact of low teacher expectations is having high expectations for achievement from their ______.
parents
Standards-based reform refers to ______.
policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests
Studies show that students on lower education tracks who need the most help often have the ______ instruction.
poorest
One key aspect of school organization is the ______ of classrooms and schools.
size
(Large/Small) schools report higher student achievement.
small
Strong communities generate what has been called _______ ______, which includes interpersonal resources that, like other financial capital, give "richer" students advantages over "poorer" ones.
social capital
The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family are called ______.
social capital
Moving students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance, is known as _______ _______ .
social promotion
Moving students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance, is known as ________ ______
social promotion
The past three decades have been dominated by what is called ________ -________ reform, which focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests.
standard-based
The most common treatment for ADHD is ______.
stimulant medication
Involvement in school-based extracurricular activities (strengthens/weakens) students' attachment to school.
strengths
_____ _____ is the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.
student engagement
Tracking can polarize the student body into different ________ that are often hostile toward each other.
subcultures
A possible disadvantage of schools within schools is that schools may inadvertently create ______.
subschools that vary in educational quality
The achievement gap between White and non-White students is (substantial/minimal) .
substantial
Over time, most youngsters adapt (successfully/unsuccessfully) to changing schools.
successfully
One concern about No Child Left Behind was that teachers might ______.
teach to the test
School transitions, whenever they occur, ______.
temporarily disrupt the academic performance, behavior, and self-image of adolescents
Standards-based reform gave rise to the proposals that American schools adopt ______.
the Common Core
An advantage of schools within schools is that they lead to ______.
the development of a more positive social environment
To understand the effect of classroom climate on student achievement, we need to better understand ______.
the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material
A good way to understand how adults want adolescents to change is to look at ______.
the ways that schools have been reformed over the years
Children with a learning disability are defined as those who perform significantly poorer in school than ______.
their expected performance
Young people who drop out of high school before graduation are at risk for ______. (Select all that apply.)
unintended pregnancy substance abuse unemployment delinquency
Raul, Clayton, and Willie all attend Lincoln High School. Raul takes classes that are challenging and rigorous. Clayton takes remedial classes, as he has had academic difficulties in the past. Willie, an average student, takes the same classes as most of his peers. This example of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called ______.
tracking
The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called ________.
tracking
True or false: Schools can contribute to student bullying.
true
About ______ of students in American schools are not fully engaged.
two-thirds
There is considerable (stability/variability) among charter, for-profit, and private schools, as well as among homeschooling environments, just as there is among public schools.
variability
School _______ can be used for private school tuition.
vouchers
The increase in college enrollment has been especially dramatic among (men/women)
women
