Ch 8 Psych
in pavlovs original expirement with dogs, the tone was initially an ____, stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a _____ stimulus
neutral, conditioned
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards
...
during extinction the ____ is ommited; as a result, the ____ seems to dissapear
US CR
in watson and rayners expirement the loud noise was the ____ and the white rat was the _____
US CS
in pavlovs original expirement with dogs, the meat served as
a ucs
for the most rapid conditioning a CS should be presented
about one half second before the US
punishment is a controversial way of learning because
behavior is not forgotten and may return, punishing stimui often create fear, punishment often increases agresiveness
each and every response is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
what is a form of associative learning
classical operant and observational
mental representation of ones enviornment
cognitive map
an acquired reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer
in order to obtain a reward a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-hz tone is on but nor when a 1200-hz tone is on. what kind of training is this?
discrimination
in which of the following may cc play a role
emotional problems, helping drug addicts, the bodys immunw response
leons schedule instructor has scheduled an exam every 3rd week of the twem leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam this is because the schedule of exams is reinforcinf studhing according to which schedule
fixed interval
the peicework or comission method of payment is an ex of which reinforcement schedule
fixed ratio
expirements on taste aversion learning demonstrate
for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need to immidietlt follow the CS
mirror neurons are found in the brains_____ and are believed to be the neural basis for _____
frontal lobe, observational learning
tendency for similiar stumuli to evoke a CR
generalization
for operant conditioning to be most effective. when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response
immidietlt after
cognitive processes are
important in both classical and operant conditioning
one difference between classical and operant conditioninf is that
in classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli
in distinguishing between negatove reinforcers and punishment we note that
in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by the termination of an aversive stimulus
the motivation to perform behavior for its own sake
intrinsic motivation
after exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when the food was placed on the goal box for the first time this is
latent learning
learning that becomes apparent only after reinforcement is provided
latent learning
a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience
learning
putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by
negative reinforcement
removal of an averisve stimulis
negative reinforcement
a response that leads to the removal of an unpleasent stimulus is one being
negatively reinforced
learning by imitating others behaviors is called _____ learninf. the researcher best kkown for studying this type of behavior is _____
observational bandura
on an intermittent reinforcement schedule reinforcement is given
only some of the time
the type of learning associated with skinner
operant
you teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so this is
operant conditioning
shaping is a ____ technique for _____ a behavior
operant establishing
presentation of a desired stimulus
positive reinforcement
an example of reinforcement
presenting a positvie stimulus after a response, removing an unpleasent stimulus after a response, being told you have done a good job
an innately reinforcing stimulus
primary reinforcer
presentation of an aversive stimulus
punishment
which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer
recieving an approving nod from the boss as a job well done
learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement but intermettent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction
reinforcement
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a behavior
shaping
on line testing systems and interactive software are apps of the operant conditioning pincuples of
shaping and immediate reinforcement
in promoting observational learning the most effective models are those we percieve as
similar to ourseleves respected and admired and successful
operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to_____
skinner pavlov
the reapperance of a weakened CR
spontaneous recovery
in garcia and koellings studies of taste aversion learning, rats learned to associate
taste with sickness
classical conditioning expirements by rescorla and wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is
the predictability of an association
salivation to the meet was the
ur
responses that are reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time
variable interval schedule
the highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a
variable ratio schedule
regarding the impact of watxhinf tv violence in children, most researches believe that
watchinf violence on tv leads to agressive behavior
in pavlovs studies of cc of a dogs salivary responses spontaneious recovery occuref
when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of thw CR and a rest period