CH. 9: Conceptual Knowledge
According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. a. Basic b. Subordinate c. Exemplary d. Prototypical
a. Basic
Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a. Can fly; bird b. Has feathers; ostrich c. Can fly; canary d. Bird; penguin
a. Can fly; bird
The definitional approach to categorization a. Doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants b. Was proposed to replace the prototype approach c. Sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have d. Is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects
a. Doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants
A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts. a. Semantic b. Parallel c. Symbiotic d. Superordinate
a. Semantic
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that a. Learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept b. Damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation c. These networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected d. Learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.
b. Damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation
Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a. Is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered b. Is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized c. Matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed d. Matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced
b. Is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized
According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Occipital lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Anterior temporal lobe d. Medial thalamus
c. Anterior temporal lobe
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network a. Nodes b. Output units c. Connection weights d. Hidden units
c. Connection weights
Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. Prototype b. Definitional c. Exemplar d. Semantic network
c. Exemplar
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is a. Prototypicality b. Graded membership c. Family resemblance d. Instance theory
c. Family resemblance
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Typicality b. Network c. Prototype d. Exemplar
c. Prototype
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 653: 583: 518 ms b. 518: 583: 653 ms c. 583: 518: 653 ms d. 583: 653: 518 ms
d. 583: 653: 518 ms
One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________. a. Actions b. Colors c. Artifacts d. Abstractions
d. Abstractions
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model. a. Typicality b. Back propagation c. Cognitive economy d. Spreading activation
d. Spreading activation
For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. Neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category b. People will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana c. When people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana d. The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi
d. The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi
