Ch2

Why did North Carolina and South Carolina split into separate royal colonies?

"Squatters"= settler w/ no legal title to the land occupied; "Squatters" referred to the people who prototyped Virginia's "discontent". The "squatters" came from North Carolina, and were not comfortable w/ Virginia's atmosphere (big-plantations owned by wealthy people, belonged to the Church of England). They were different in religious terms/ were very poor/were "outcasts". The Virginia Colony labeled them as hostile to religion/ welcoming to pirates. N. Carolina and S. Carolina soon split to become separate royal colonies(1712) when N. Carolina became stuck/squished inb/t aristocratic South Carolina and Aristocratic Virginia (to the north). The Carolinians soon resisted authority b/c they thought enough was enough. they couldn't stand all the flavor of aristocracy around them.

Chesapeake Bay

"The Virginia Company of London" landed near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay (1606), and were attacked by Indians there. The Virginia Company travelled up the James River, naming it in honor of the English King, King James I. They later founded Jamestown, which was infested w/ mosquitos/diseases. They got off their ships in 1607.

9. Why was Georgia called a "buffer" colony?

"buffer" colony= a territory b/t two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict b/t them. In British North America, English officials intended Georgia to serve as a buffer colony b/t the British and Spanish territory(Florida)/French(Louisiana). Many Spanish+English conflicts took place here.

Act of Toleration

(1649); Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to ALL CHRISTIANS, but (forced by law) the death penalty for those who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ, like Jews and atheists. Also, "The Act of Toleration" (1649) ensured that Maryland would continue to attract many Catholic migrants in the colonial period. Overall, there was less toleration for religions, but made the Catholics safe for the time being. When the colonial era stopped, Maryland had the most Roman Catholics compared to any other English colony in the world. (WOW!!)

2. What hardships faced the first settlers at Jamestown?

-starvation (food, water) -being able to survive without getting diseases -Indians???????

Why did colonists want to come to Maryland? What was life like there?

-they wanted land of their own, like the Virginian colonists had wanted. -Maryland became a big tobacco producer, using white contracted ("indentured") servants who needed $ to pay for their "passage". Later, black slaves were imported.

1. What developments in England led to exploration and colonization in the early 17th century? (pp 24-27).

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10. In what ways were all the colonies from Virginia south alike?

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3. Why was it difficult for Indians and English settlers to maintain peace?

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4. How did the Indians' world change as English settlement progressed?

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5. What role did tobacco play in the development of the Virginia colony?

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6. Why was Maryland the first colony to establish an early form of religious toleration?

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7. What developments in the West Indies had significant effects on colonial development in North America?

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How did the Virginia Company begin, where did they settle, and what was their experience in this area?=

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What readied England to begin colonizing?=

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What was England like just before colonization (1600s)?=

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What was it like to be an Indian when the Europeans came to the Americas?

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What was the relationship between the Spanish and English powers like in the 1500's, and how did religion split them apart?=

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Why did tension rise b/t the English and the Indians?

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Virginia Company

1606: A joint-stock company called "the Virginia Company of London", which landed near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. King James I of England granted the Virginia Company colony over in the New World. The Virginia Company wanted to go, b/c: gold/to find passage from Americas to Indies. The Virginia Company was planned to last for a few years, and then be liquidated. This pressured the colonists after being threatened to be stranded in out there if they did not find something that would bring $ to the company.

"Irish tactics"

1610: Lord De La Warr took part in the "campaigns against the Irish", so he used the "Irish tactics" on the Indians. declared war against the Indians; De La Warr "raided Indian villages, burned houses, took supplies, and burned down their cornfields". This ended in 1614 with a peace settlement, "sealed" w/ the marriage of Pocahontas and English colonist John Rolfe.

Significance of the year 1619

1619 was the year the Plymouth Pilgrims expeditioned/ landed in New England (from a Dutch warship). This planted the first seeds of the Slave System in North America. There at Jamestown, they sold around twenty Africans. In the same year (1619), representative self-government was created when the Virginia Company allowed the settlers to create an assembly called "the House of Burgess". This was significant b/c it was the first of many parliaments to flourish on American soil.

joint-stock company

A brief relationship b/t many investors to pay for a commercial enterprise. This business helped pay for England's colonial expeditions. The joint-stock company was "perfected" in the 1600s, making it closer to what it is today; now by the 1600s, many investors could put in money, or "pool their capital".

Algonquins

An Indian group belonging to the Great Lakes area formed into a significant regional power when they took in other Indian groups, and harmed any European colonists who tried to damage their group. Here, a "middle ground" was established" since English/French traders had to go along w/ their Indian culture (i.e. they had to take an Indian wife).

4. How did the role of religion come into play in Maryland, the second plantation colony?

As the second plantations (and England's fourth try @ colonization), Maryland was founded by Lord Baltimore(1634). Lord Baltimore came from a prominent English Catholic family. Why did he set forth to expedition to Maryland? His goals: 1. to gain money. 2. to find a safe place for his fellow Catholics to stay. Since he was a Catholic, Lord Baltimore. Lord Baltimore envisioned the 200 settlers who founded Maryland @ St. Marys (on Chesapeake Bay), to lead the way to new ideas of land ownership in exchange for goods/services (which is the def. of "feudalism"). He envisioned his Catholics receiving huge pieces of land, w/ houses built on that land. when the colonists began living around the Chesapeake area, they clashed w/ the land barrons (part of the nobility) who felt as if they were superior. These land barrons were Catholic, and clashed w/ the Protestant back-country planters. This rising tension eventually caused rebellion, causing the Baltimore family to lose their land-ownership rights for a period of time. The Lord Baltimore, who was Catholic, wanted him and his fellow Catholics to be tolerated by the Protestant. So he created the famous, "Act of Toleration" (1649), passed by the local representative assembly. The "Act of Toleration" made the Catholics feel safe for at least the time being. this gave toleration TO ALL CHRISTIANS. But the "Act of Toleration" didn't allow Jew or atheist people reject Jesus's divinity. Overall, there was less toleration for religions, but made the Catholics safe for the time being. When the colonial era stopped, Maryland had the most Roman Catholics compared to any other English colony in the world. (WOW!!)

Lord Baltimore

As the second plantations (and England's fourth try @ colonization), Maryland was founded by Lord Baltimore(1634). Lord Baltimore came from a prominent English Catholic family. Why did he set forth to expedition to Maryland? His goals: 1. to gain money. 2. to find a safe place for his fellow Catholics to stay. Since he was a Catholic, Lord Baltimore. Lord Baltimore envisioned the 200 settlers who founded Maryland @ St. Marys (on Chesapeake Bay), to lead the way to new ideas of land ownership in exchange for goods/services (which is the def. of "feudalism"). He envisioned his Catholics receiving huge pieces of land, w/ houses built on that land. Also, Lord Baltimore, Catholic, wanted him and his fellow Catholics to be tolerated by the Protestants. So he created the famous, "Act of Toleration" (1649), passed by the local representative assembly.

Tuscarora War (1711)

Began w/ an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina (1711). After the Tuscarora Indians were defeated (by North Carolina and South Carolina fighting together), remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy (as its sixth nation).

7. How did the Carolinas come to be colonized? And, what led the the fight b.t the Carolinians and the Savannah Indians?

Carolina grew strong economic ties to the prosperous sugar islands of the English West Indies. many people emigrated from Barabados to settle in Carolina /brought the slave system that was there in Barbados w/ them. The Savannah Indians helped these Carolina settlers searched to capture people to be their slaves + went into the slave trading business, much to the Lords Proprietors' (back in London) disagreement, but this didn't help. Major export of the Carolina colony: slaves 1707: Savannah Indians break alliance w/ Carolinians, leaving for William Penn's Pennsylvania, since Penn promised better relations b/t whites and Indians. The Carolinians were not o.k. w/ this, destroying the Savannah Indians. Many Carolinians came to be West African slaves (1710), b/c their skill for farming/malaria-immunity made them ideal laborers on the hot/swampy rice plantations.

West Indies

Chain of islands that extends from the Florida peninsula to the coast of Venezuela, and lies b/t the Caribbean Sea + the Atlantic Ocean. They consist of three main island groups: the Greater and Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas, with Bermuda lying further to the north. Originally lived in by the Arawak Indians and the Carib Indians. Columbus went to the West Indies in 1492. The English were busy colonizing the West Indies (1600s). Sugar formed the basis of the economy there, which was said to be "a rich man's crop". Lots and lots of planting, and then lots and lots of land clearing. Sugar crops had to go through the process of going through the sugar mill too. The "sugar lords" wanted to expand their control, so they imported about a quarter million Africans (in 1640, spanning 5 entire decades). In 1700, there were more blacks than whites (4:1), and the West Indies have stayed predominantly black ever since.

Lords Proprietor

Charles II's court favorites. King Charles II granted eight of his court favorites, called the "Lords Proprietors". After, Carolina, named after King Charles II of England, was created in 1670. The Lords Proprietors were "aristocratic founders", who oversaw a territory on behalf of a higher sovereign ruler. They wanted to grow crops on the Barbados sugar plantations(??), and export products that weren't English (like: wine, olive oil, + silk). Carolina formed close "economic ties" w/ the sugar islands of the West Indies. They protested against Indian slave trading in their colony...

James Oglethorpe

Georgia was launched by a group of philanthropists. They wanted to protect the nearby northern colonies, make silk/wine, and make a place where people could be jailed for their "debt". One of the founders of Georgia, a man interested in prison reform after one of his friends died in a debtors' jail. He repelled against Spanish attacks, and saved "the Charity Colony" w/ his energetic leadership/his own personal fortune.

Charter of the Virginia Company

Important U.S. History document, stating that overseas English colonists held the same rights as men back in England. Symbolized the far reach of England/security for the colonists under English laws. But what was ironic, was that later, the English colonists would grow annoyed with England's interference; they soon wanted independence! Only 60/400 survived the "starving time" (1609-1610). Others died from starvation after they made it to Virginia in 1609.

Cherokee

Indian group inhabiting the interior of North America (in the hills/valleys of the Appalachian Mtns. Member of an American Indian people of the souteastern U.S., now living on reservations in Oklahoma/North Carolina.

Lakota-Sioux

Indian group that had previously been forest dwellers that didn't move around much, had to move to the plain, which were "wide-open". In the plains, the Lakota-Sioux prospered when they adapted to being "mounted nomadic hunterers".

Powhatan

Indian who kidnapped Capt. John Smith (1607) and imposed a mock ritual on him. His daughter, Pocahontas, stopped it by putting her head near her tribes' war clubs. The Powhatan's goal: to impress John Smith by their power/show that they wanted peace with the other Virginian colonists. Pocahontas was the intermediary b/t the two groups. When the English landed in 1607, they inaccurately named the Indians there the "Powhatans". Indian-English relations were tense b/c the starving English colonists began taking the Indians' food supply.

1. What caused the rise in want for tobacco? Why was tobacco so harmful?

John Rolfe became the father of the tobacco industry. He was the economic savior of the Virginia colony. 1612: He perfected techniques for growing/preserving the harsh-tasting tobacco. Soon, Europeans couldn't stop asking for it. The Virginian colonists were so addicted that they at first had to import it from outside the colony. Since the colonists wanted more land to grow tobacco on, they pushed their land borders to the west, pushing the Indians even more west. The Virginia colony's economic growth came from the smoke that came from tobacco. Tobacco's harm= Tobacco ruined the soil after being re-planted. Virginia's wealth depended on the fluctuating price of a single crop; tobacco was not a dependable source of income. It also grew the plantation system/new calls for laborers.

why was king James II so mad @ Virginia?

King James I wholeheartedly disagreed on the topic of tobacco. He didn't trust the Virginia House of Burgesses, b/c he thought the Virginia House of Burgesses was actually training people to perform illegal acts of inciting people to resist or rebel against the government in power. 1624: King James I took away the Virginia Company's "Charter", which granted them the same rights as the men back in England, which made the Virginia Colony now under his (English) control. King James I now took full responsibility for Virginia.

Lord De La Warr

New English governor in 1610, who sent a relief party that was long overdue to the Jamestown colonists (the Virginia Company). The last 60 colonists ran into the relief party@ the mouth of the James River. Lord De La Warr forced settlers to go back to Jamestown, established a harsh military regime there, and hurt the Indians w/ harsh military power.

Spanish Armada

Phillip II of Spain brought together the "Spanish Armada", the goal to invade England. Phillip II was strongly against the Protestant Reformation, which was happening in England @ the time. His fleet contained 130 ships. They pushed into the English Channel. But the English defeated the Spanish Armada b/c the Spanish ships were huge/bulky, while the English ships were more swift, easier to move around, and more skillfully-manned. Also a large storm called the "Protestant Wind" finally defeated the Spanish Armada. England had won. Spanish Armada marked the beginning of the end for the Spanish goal to colonize.

Puritanism

Puritanism was the religion of the English Protestant Reformers, who wanted to purify the Church of England from Catholic rituals/creeds. The most devout Puritans thought that "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership. Puritanism was strong is eastern + western England, where the woolen districts were, which supplied early immigrants going to America

Virginia House of Burgesses

Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies. The House of Burgesses was the first assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America. The Virginia House of Burgesses was created by the Virginia Company, who created The House, in part, to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America/help make conditions better for the people who were living there @ the time. It's first meeting was in 1619.

Barbados slave code

Set of laws defining racial slavery (1662), including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and limiting their legal rights/learning of slaves. Under the "Barbados slave code", masters could give slaves pretty much any horrific punishment they felt was needed. After the African Diaspora, the English authorities felt they needed to control the possibly rebellious/powerful group of Africans. By creating this "Barbados Slave Code", this asserted the white man's power over the black man, and

6. How did sugar impact the West Indies during the colonization era?

Sugar formed the basis of the economy there, which was said to be "a rich man's crop". Lots and lots of planting, and then lots and lots of land clearing. Sugar crops had to go through the process of going through the sugar mill too. The "sugar lords" wanted to expand their control, so they imported about a quarter million Africans (in 1640, spanning 5 entire decades). In 1700, there were more blacks than whites (4:1), and the West Indies have stayed predominantly black ever since.

John Rolfe

The "First Anglo-Powhatan War" ended in 1614 with a peace settlement, "sealed" w/ the marriage of Pocahontas and English colonist _______ ________.

8. In what ways did North and South Caroline differ from Virginia? In what ways were they similar?

The "squatters" came from North Carolina, and were not comfortable w/ Virginia's atmosphere (big-plantations owned by wealthy people, belonged to the Church of England). They were different in religious terms/ were very poor/were "outcasts". The Virginia Colony labeled them as hostile to religion/ welcoming to pirates. N. Carolina and S. Carolina soon split to become separate royal colonies(1712) when N. Carolina became stuck/squished inb/t aristocratic South Carolina and Aristocratic Virginia (to the north). The Carolinians soon resisted authority b/c they thought enough was enough. they couldn't stand all the flavor of aristocracy around them.

Church of England (Anglican Church)

The Church of England was tax-supported, becoming the dominant faith (but weakest in North Carolina). English branch of the Western Christian Church, which combines Catholic +Protestant traditions, rejects the pope's authority, and had the monarch as its titular (having an important or impressive title but not having the power or duties that usually go with it) head.

5. How was Spain reacting during England's period of expansion?

The English were busy colonizing the West Indies (1600s), while the English were also busy colonizing the area around Chesapeake Bay. *Spain's military had weakened/ was distracted by Spanish Holland trying to becoming independent. Spain let go of the Caribbean (1600s) and then England now had the claim for many West Indian Islands like Jamaica (1655).

6. Why did English settlers move?

The West Indies began depending on North America for food/basic supplies. Smaller English farmers that were taken over by the greedy sugar barons in the West Indies, were displaced. They moved to the southern mainland colonies. (1670) a group from Barbados-> Carolina brought some African slaves/Barbados slave code. this began slavery in the "mainland colonies". 1696- Barbados adopts version of Barbados Slave Code.

Jamestown

The first English settlement in the Americas. Location in Virginia where the English settled in 1607. Was an outpost. Colonization. "The Virginia Company of London" landed near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay (1606), and were attacked by Indians there. The Virginia Company travelled up the James River, naming it in honor of the English King, King James I. They later founded Jamestown, which was infested w/ mosquitos/diseases. They got off their ship in 1607. Here, colonists wasted time searching for gold that wasn't there, instead of looking for food./supplies to live. Jamestown was the capital of Virginia until 1699, when it became Williamsburg.

Primogeniture (27)

The legal principle that the oldest son gets all the family property/land. Landowner's younger son's (like Gilbert, Raleigh, + Drake) had to fine fortune other places. These young men who were unfortunate when it came to the laws of primogeniture, but they were important b/c they pioneered the early exploration/settlement of the Americas.

Protestantism

The religion of King Henry the 8th and his daughter Elizabeth. Protestantism was the religion that greatly opposed the Roman Catholic Church, spurring the Protestant Reformation (Europe was greatly Catholic @ that time). It's one of the biggest divisions in Christianity, w/ Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Follows the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.

Piedmont

The southern Piedmont region was where the Catawba nation was formed, after various different Indian groups came together, being pushed into this area from the arrival of the Europeans. Eventually shaped into a unified new tribe.

2. How was the North American Slave System spurred?

The tobacco which the Virginian colonists were addicted to planted seeds for the plantation system/new calls for laborers. 1619: Plymouth Pilgrims navigate to New England, and sell twenty slaves to the Jamestown colonists. Few slaves were brought at first, b/c the Virginian colonists were pretty low on money, but by around 1700, 14% of the Virgian Colony's population consisted of black slaves. Not all blacks were slaves, but most were.

Charles Town

Town named after King Charles II of England. Rapidly became the busiest seaport in the South. The English sons of English families (who didn't find inheritance) moved to the Charleston area, giving it an aristocratic "flavor". It was a diverse community where French Protestant refugees/Jews/others were attracted to Charles Town b/c of its religious toleration. The Catholic Spaniards in Florida seemed to have a big problem with the welcoming religious community that Charles Town was, causing conflcits w/ Indians and the English (Anglo-Spanish Wars). By 1700, though, Carolina was too strong to be wiped out.

Roanoke Island (25)

Was Sir Walter Raleigh's (the half-brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, the first English to try an colonize overseas (1583)) colonial settlement, which failed. Was off the coast of Virginia, off the Coast of North Carolina. 1585. It was off the coast of an area called "Virginia" to honor Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen". Roanoke Island mysteriously vanished.

Captain John Smith

Was a fearless adventurer who took over Virginia in 1608.

William Penn

William Penn was a Quaker who found a new colony (in Pennsylvania) that had better relationships b/t the Whites + the Indians. It was a refuge for his fellow Quakers. He was a huge supporter of democracy + religious freedom. (1707) The Savannah Indians wanted to end their alliance w/ the Carolinians and migrate to William Penn's new Quaker colony. Penn advertised his colony widely in Europe + offered generous terms on land.

"buffer" colony

a territory b/t two antagonstic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict b/t them. In British North America, English officials intended Georgia to serve as a buffer colony b/t the British and Spanish territory(Florida)/French(Louisiana). Many Spanish+English conflicts took place here.

Appalachian Mountains

mountain system in eastern North America that stretches from Quebec/Maine in the north to Georgia and Alabama in the south. Was where the Cherokee, Creek, and Iroquois Indians had lived.

"Squatters"

settler w/ no legal title to the land occupied; "Squatters" referred to the people who prototyped Virginia's "discontnetn". The "squatters" came from North Carolina, and were not comfortable w/ Virginia's atmosphere (big-plantations owned by wealthy people, belonged to the Church of England). They were different in religious terms/ were very poor/were "outcasts". The Virginia Colony labeled them as hostile to religion/ welcoming to pirates. N. Carolina and S. Carolina soon split to become separate royal colonies(1712) when N. Carolina became stuck/squished inb/t aristocratic South Carolina and Aristocratic Virginia (to the north). The Carolinians soon resisted authority b/c they thought enough was enough. they couldn't stand all the flavor of aristocracy around them.

African diaspora

the vast scattering of African peoples throughout the New World. Happened 350 years after Columbus arrived to the New World. The African Diaspora effected people like the West Indians, displaced to work the land for the English to make a profit from all the sugar they could have harvested/worked through. Diaspora is the term commonly used to describe the mass dispersion of peoples from Africa during the Transatlantic Slave Trades, from the 1500s to the 1800s. This Diaspora took millions of people from Western and Central Africa to different regions (North America, the Caribbean, or South America).