ch.3 celll anatomy

cytoplasm

The cytoplasm comprises cytosol - the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane

cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained within a cell's cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought to be unique to eukaryotes, but recent research has identified the prokaryotic cytoskeleton.

endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle of cells in eukaryotic organisms that forms an interconnected network of membrane vesicles

mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed structure found in most eukaryotic cells (the cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and many other forms of life

eukarotic cells

A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures (organelles) enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes are formally the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota

concentration gradient

"Molecular diffusion", often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or as) particles at temperatures above absolute zero

centriole

A centriole is a cylindrical cell structure omposed mainly of tubulin that is found in most eukaryotic cells

selective permeability

A semipermeable membrane, also termed a selectively permeable membrane, a partially ermeable membrane or a differentially permeable membrane, is a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion".

fluid mosaic model

According to the fluid mosaic model of S.J.Singer and G.L. Nicolson (1972), which replaced the earlier model of Davson and Danielli, biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional liquid in which lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less easily

chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialised subunits, in plant and algal cells. One of their main roles is conducting photosynthesis, where chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight, and store it in the energy storage olecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water

diffusion

Diffusion is one of several transport phenomena that occur in nature. A distinguishing feature of diffusion is that it results in mixing or mass transport, without requiring bulk motion. Thus, diffusion should not be confused with convection, or advection, which are other transport echanisms that utilize bulk motion to move particles from one place to another

endocytosis

Endocytosis is an energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them

exocytosis

Exocytosis (/ˌɛksoʊsaɪˈtoʊsɪs/; from Greek ἔξω "out" and English cyto- "cell" from Gk. κύτος "receptacle") is the durable, energy-consuming process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane and into the extracellular space

facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a process of passive transport (as opposed to ctive transport), with this passive transport aided by integral membrane proteins

Cell Theory

In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory that describes the properties of cells, and the basic unit of structure in every living thing

vesicle

In cell biology, a vesicle is a small bubble within a cell, and thus a type of organelle. Enclosed by lipid bilayer, vesicles can form naturally

organelle,

In cell biology, an organelle /ɔrɡəˈnɛl/ is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and it is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.

phagocytosis

In cell biology, phagocytosis is the process of engulfing a solid particle by a phagocyte or a protist to form an internal phagosome (from Ancient Greek φαγεῖν (phagein) , meaning "to devour", κύτος, (kytos) , meaning "cell", and -osis, meaning "process"). Phagocytosis was revealed by Élie Metchnikoff in 1882

nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

receptor

In the field of biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule usually found on the surface of a cell, hat receives chemical signals from outside the cell. When such external substances bind to a receptor, they direct the cell to do something, such as divide, die, or allow specific substances to enter or exit the cell.

lysosome

Lysosomes (derived from the Greek words lysis, to separate, and soma, body) are the cell's waste disposal system and can digest some compounds

osmosis

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to qualize the solute concentrations on the two sides

passive transport

Passive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across membranes. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of chemical nergy, being driven by the growth of entropy of the system.

phospholipid

Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a ajor component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers

vacuole

Plant cell structure Animal cell structureA vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal[1] and bacterial cells

isotonic

Such as in cell biology when an isotonic environment happens when an equal concentration exist outside and inside the cell.

cell membrane

The 'cell membrane' (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment

golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus (/ˈɡoʊldʒiː/), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells

cell wall

The cell wall is the tough, flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and rotection, in addition to acting as a filtering mechanism

prokaryotic cells

The prokaryotes are a group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon). The organisms whose cells do have a nucleus are called eukaryotes.

ribosomes

The ribosome (from ribonucleic acid and the Greek soma, meaning "body") is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the primary site of biological protein synthesis (translation).

hypotonic

Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the wo solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membran

hypertonic

Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the wo solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane