CH8

According to Barnard's definition, which of the following examples represent organizations? (select all that apply) a person eating a tuna sandwich during their lunch break a crew of two people coordinating their activities on a commercial tuna fishing boat the BumbleBee or StarKist tuna companies with their thousands of employees

a crew of two people coordinating their activities on a commercial tuna fishing boat the BumbleBee or StarKist tuna companies with their thousands of employees

In the elements of organizations, ________ unifies employees or members and gives everyone an understanding of the organization's reason for being. coordinated effort common purpose hierarchy of authority division of labor

common purpose

Philosophies, beliefs, and norms that are explicitly stated by the organization reflects its _____ values. achieved observed enacted espoused

espoused

Espoused values in an organization's culture represent the values and norms actually exhibited in the organization physical elements such as awards and rituals least observable elements of the culture explicitly stated values and norms the organization prefers

explicitly stated values and norms the organization prefers

Organic organizations tend to have a wide span of control and _____. centralized hierarchy of authority fewer rules formalized communication many specialized tasks

fewer rules

Which of the following statements regarding integrated organizations are accurate? (select all that apply) the parts of the organization are highly dispersed and fragmented formal chains of command, standardized procedures, and cross-functional teams are common there is frequent communication and coordination of parts specialists work together to achieve a common goal

formal chains of command, standardized procedures, and cross-functional teams are common there is frequent communication and coordination of parts specialists work together to achieve a common goal

Line managers typically: (select all that apply) provide advice, recommendations, and research to staff personnel have people reporting to them have decision-making authority

have people reporting to them have decision-making authority

A(n) _____ culture values stability and has an internal focus. market adhocracy hierarchy clan

hierarchy

When an organization has a central core of key functions and outsources others to vendors who can do them cheaper and faster, the organization is said to have a _____ structure. supply virtual modular hollow

hollow

Within a boundaryless organization, the ______ structure is also called a network structure. hollow modular virtual

hollow

In a two-person operation, one may specialize in the outward-facing tasks such as sales while the other specializes in the internal jobs such as research and production. In a large firm, there may be vice presidents for each task such as marketing, finance, and HR. These examples represent different types of _____. horizontal specialization vertical hierarchy of authority

horizontal specialization

The part of an organizational chart that shows different jobs or work assignments is called _____. open levels of authority vertical hierarchy of authority transition phrase horizontal specialization

horizontal specialization

The type of organizational culture that has a strong external focus and values stability and control is a(n) _____ culture. clan hierarchy adhocracy market

market

An organization where authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised is called _____. contingency modular mechanistic network

mechanistic

In a _____ organization, authority is centralized and tasks and rules are clearly specified. matrix divisional functional mechanistic

mechanistic

Top-down structure and rigid rules are characteristics of a(n) _____ organization. organic mechanistic decentralized "adhocracy

mechanistic

While Kirsten would have liked to ship all of the products at once, export fees limited her to shipping product out in small batches. Kirsten has fit her organization into the structure of the environment she uses for shipping. This is an example of _____ design. formal organic contingency mechanistic

contingency

In the common elements of organizations, common purpose is realized through _______, which enables the work of individuals to combine in an organization-wide endeavor. hierarchy of authority coordinated effort division of labor span of control

coordinated effort

A(n) _____ is a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people. organization adhocracy team culture

org

The competing values framework is a tool companies use to understand _____. vision statements organizational culture supply and demand marketing opportunities

organizational culture

In organizational culture, a hero is a(n) process by which people learn the organization's required values, norms, and behaviors. narrative that is repeated to emphasize a particular value. activity or ceremony that celebrates important occasions in the organization's history. person whose accomplishments embody the organization's values.

person whose accomplishments embody the organization's values.

The extent to which your personality and values match the climate and culture in an organization is referred to as _____. person-role fit person-job fit person-organization fit person-work fit

person-organization fit

Some businesses have created open-area workspaces where employees sit at desks that are side-by-side and no walls are between them. This is to foster collaboration among the staff. What aspect of culture change does this represent? physical design stories and legends rites and rituals formal statements

physical design

The modular structure is oriented around outsourcing certain pieces of a(n) _____. product process organization

product

If an organization wishes to change its culture, managers can alter the types of _____ and status symbols they give out and to whom they give them. stories rewards heroes rituals

rewards

Some of the strongest ways to embed organizational culture include which two of the following? stories rites rewards status symbols

rewards status symbols

Very _____ companies tend to be the most centralized in terms of authority. small innovative specialized large

small

Technology companies prefer an organic environment because _____. employees are closely supervised the market demands uniform product quality technology is a stable environment they constantly have to adjust to technological change

they constantly have to adjust to technological change

In an organization with a _____ structure, members are geographically dispersed but work together using information technology that provides customers the appearance of a single, unified organization. virtual hollow modular

virtual

What are the four types of organizational culture outlined in the competing values framework (CVF)? Adhocracy Supportive Hierarchy Market Strategic Clan

Adhocracy Hierarchy Market Clan

__________ refers to the rights inherent in a managerial position to make decisions, give orders, and utilize resources. Power Responsibility Delegation Authority

Authority

Which of these would be considered observable artifacts in an organization? (select all that apply) Awards Sales Values Rituals Decorations

Awards Rituals Decorations

_____ represent core, taken for granted, unobservable aspects of an organization's culture. Espoused values Basic assumptions Enacted values Observable artifacts

Basic assumptions

Vertical

Choice, Expresses the extent to which an organization prefers flexibility and discretion versus stability and control. Expresses the extent to which an organization prefers flexibility and discretion versus stability and control.

Horizontal

Choice, Expresses the extent to which the organization focuses its attention and efforts inward on internal dynamics and employees versus outward toward its external environment and customers. Expresses the extent to which the organization focuses its attention and efforts inward on internal dynamics and employees versus outward toward its external environment and customers.

Observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions are the three levels of organizational _____. structure operations culture planning

Culture

In an organic organization, which three of the following occur? Check all that apply. Centralized hierarchy of authority Decentralized hierarchy of authority Shared tasks Specialized tasks Many teams

Decentralized hierarchy of authority Shared tasks Many teams

_____ is the process of assigning managerial authority and responsibility to managers and employees lower in the hierarchy. Assimilation Delegation Modification Accommodation

Delegation

_____ is the tendency of the parts of an organization to disperse and fragment. Organic Integration Differentiation Mechanistic

Differentiation

_____ values represent the values and norms actually exhibited in the organization. Artifact Espoused Enacted Basic

Enacted

_____ values represent the values and norms actually exhibited in the organization. Enacted Artifact Espoused Basic

Enacted

Which type of organization typically has few or no levels of middle management between top managers and those reporting to them? Flat Parallel Tall Vertical

Flat

_____ embed preferred culture by describing organizational philosophy, mission, vision, and values. Rites and rituals Slogans and sayings Formal statements Stories, legends, and myths

Formal statements

Which of the following are characteristics of a hierarchy culture? (select all that apply) External focus Formalized, structured work environment Internal focus Encourages risk taking and customer priority A variety of control mechanisms that measure efficiency, timeliness, and reliability

Formalized, structured work environment Internal focus A variety of control mechanisms that measure efficiency, timeliness, and reliability

What are two characteristics of decentralized authority? Important decisions are made by middle level managers Power is concentrated at the top levels of the organization Company-wide decisions are determined by one person Power is delegated throughout the organization

Important decisions are made by middle level managers Power is delegated throughout the organization

_____ is the tendency of the parts of an organization to draw together to achieve a common purpose. Integration Differentiation Division Functional

Integration

What is the BEST example of a mutual-benefit organization? Hospital Humane shelter Labor union University

Labor union

_______ managers have decision-making authority and usually have people reporting to them, whereas _______ positions provide advice, recommendation and research. Line; staff Staff; functional Staff; line Functional; line

Line; staff

Managers taking a contingency approach to organizational design should consider which three things in determining the optimal structure for the organization? Nonprofit vs. mutual benefit organization Link between strategy, structure and culture Differentiation vs. integration environment Espoused vs enacted values of organization Mechanistic vs. organic environment

Link between strategy, structure and culture Differentiation vs. integration environment Mechanistic vs. organic environment

Identify the three types of structures categorized as organizational designs with open boundaries. Check all that apply. Modular Virtual Tall Hollow Mechanistic

Modular Virtual Hollow

What are the three layers of organizational culture? Basic assumptions Strategic plans Observable artifacts Espoused values Structural observations

Observable artifacts Espoused values Basic Assumptions

The formal system of task and reporting relationships that coordinates and motivates an organization's members to achieve the company's goals is called the organizational _____. culture mission vision structure

Structure

In order to implement a particular organizational strategy, managers must determine the right kind of organizational: (select all that apply) structure demonstration performance culture

Structure and Culture

What occurs as a result of the horizontal organizational design? Internal boundaries are strengthened Teams are used to improve collaboration and work Employees are grouped around regional locations People with similar occupations are put together

Teams are used to improve collaboration and work

What are two suggestions for improving your adaptability in the workplace? be more resourceful rely on the knowledge of others be reactive in learning situations be proactive in learning situations

be proactive in learning situations be more resourceful

A(n) _____ organization is a fluid, highly adaptive organization whose members are linked by information technology and collaborate on common tasks. adjustable boundaryless centralized mechanistic

boundaryless

A _____ culture has an internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and control. clan adhocracy market hierarchy

clan

Organizational design is concerned with which two activities? minimizing all forms of accountability within an organization creating a structural design that will help an organization execute its strategies creating structures of accountability and responsibility excluding responsibility from the organizational structure

creating a structural design that will help an organization execute its strategies creating structures of accountability and responsibility

Organizational design is concerned with which two activities? minimizing all forms of accountability within an organization creating a structural design that will help an organization execute its strategies excluding responsibility from the organizational structure creating structures of accountability and responsibility

creating a structural design that will help an organization execute its strategies creating structures of accountability and responsibility

A system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members is called organizational ______. policies attitude culture demeanor

culture

If important decisions are made by middle-level and supervisory-level managers and power is delegated throughout the organization, the organization has ______ authority. horizontal decentralized centralized vertical

decentralized

The more subunits into which an organization breaks down, the more highly _____ it is. customized differentiated accommodated integrated

differentiated

An organization's _____ can pay attention to, measure, and control a number of activities, processes,or outcomes in order to foster a certain culture. statements mission leaders strategy

leaders

Which of the following statements regarding a virtual structure are true? (select all that apply) firms can save money they would have spent on real estate employees appear to customers as a scattered, divided organization members are geographically apart companies can tap a wider talent pool not limited by geography

members are geographically apart companies can tap a wider talent pool not limited by geography firms can save money they would have spent on real estate

In a _______ structure, a firm assembles product components or sections provided by outside contractors. virtual modular hollow

modular

In organizational culture, a story is a(n) process by which people learn the values, norms, and behaviors required to participate as organizational members. object or action that is used to convey an organization's most important values. activity or ceremony that celebrates important accomplishments in the organization's life. narrative based on true events which is repeated in order to emphasize a particular value.

narrative based on true events which is repeated in order to emphasize a particular value.

With _____, an organization can parcel out the entire complex work effort to be performed by specialists, which results in greater efficiency. hierarchy of authority coordinated effort division of labor common purpose

division of labor

When people with diverse occupational specialties are put together in formal groups by similar products or service, customers or clients, or geographic regions, the organization is using a _____ structure. functional divisional matrix simple

divisional

According to the competing values framework (CVF), organizational _____ varies along two dimensions effectiveness differentiation structure focus

effectiveness

In organizational socialization, the _____ phase takes place when a person is first hired and comes to learn what the organization is really like and how to adjust her/his expectations. encounter anticipatory change and acquisition

encounter

A type of organizational structure which combines functional and divisional chains of command in a grid so that there are two command structures, vertical and horizontal, is called a _____ structure. centralized matrix divisional functional

matrix

The principle of unity of command was popular with early management theorists. It stressed the importance of employees reporting to _____. no more than one manager, in order to avoid conflicting priorities and demands. at least two supervisors, in order to ensure that the organization's needs were being met first-line and middle managers only, in order to free up executives' time

no more than one manager, in order to avoid conflicting priorities and demands.

A clan culture has what three characteristics? Encourages collaboration among employees Structured work environment aimed at effectiveness and efficiency Strives to encourage cohesion through consensus and job satisfaction Profits take precedence over employee development and satisfaction A family-type organization

A family-type organization Strives to encourage cohesion through consensus and job satisfaction Encourages collaboration among employees

What is the most accurate description of person-organization fit? How much the culture of the organization is related to the firm's long-term financial perspective A match between an individual's personality and values and those of the organization The degree to which the organization's culture aligns with its strategic context The education level of an individual and its relation to the job or tasks she or he performs at work

A match between an individual's personality and values and those of the organization

Which of the following statements are true regarding a market culture? (select all that apply) Customers, productivity, and profits take precedence over employee development and satisfaction It is driven by competition and a strong desire to deliver results Employees are expected to work hard, react fast, and deliver quality work on time Effectiveness is achieved through the use of control mechanisms that measure efficiency, timeliness, and reliability

Customers, productivity, and profits take precedence over employee development and satisfaction It is driven by competition and a strong desire to deliver results Employees are expected to work hard, react fast, and deliver quality work on time

What are the two types of information that organization charts reveal about organizational structure? How things get done Who reports to whom How employees are responsible Who specializes in what work

Who specializes in what work Who reports to whom

Authority in organizations means _____ -- managers must report and justify work results to the managers above them and are responsible for performing assigned tasks. accountability delegation power groupthink

accountability

In organizational culture, rites and rituals represent activities and ceremonies that celebrate important occasions and accomplishments in the organization's life. processes by which people learn the values, norms, and behaviors required by the organization. people whose accomplishments embody the values of the organization. narratives based on true events which are repeated to emphasize a particular value.

activities and ceremonies that celebrate important occasions and accomplishments in the organization's life.

Functional organizational structures: (select all that apply) put employees with diverse occupational specialties together in formal groups. are common in both for-profit and nonprofit organizations. put employees with similar occupational specialties together in formal groups. Group activities around similar customers or clients.

are common in both for-profit and nonprofit organizations. put employees with similar occupational specialties together in formal groups.

In an organization's culture, basic assumptions: (select all that apply) are often taken for granted can be seen in artifacts such as awards, ceremonies, and office decor are classified as either espoused or enacted are not observable represent the organization's core values are difficult to change

are often taken for granted are not observable represent the organization's core values are difficult to change

When important decisions are made by high-level managers, the organization has ______ authority. centralized decentralized functional adaptive

centralized

A control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the right time is called hierarchy of authority or ______. chain of command strategic management span of control division of labor

chain of command

In organizational socialization, the _____ phase happens once the employee understands her/his work role and now must master the necessary skills and tasks and learn to adjust to the work group's values and norms. anticipatory encounter change and acquisition

change and acquisition

Organizational design is concerned with which two activities? creating a structural design that will help an organization execute its strategies excluding responsibility from the organizational structure creating structures of accountability and responsibility minimizing all forms of accountability within an organization

creating structures of accountability and responsibility creating structures of accountability and responsibility

Formal statements can help to change an organization's culture by celebrating important achievements with activities and ceremonies. creating narratives about events that happened in the organization. embedding the culture in various organizational materials such as the mission, vision, and values statements. outlining what is important to the organization through its acronyms, sayings, and slogans.

embedding the culture in various organizational materials such as the mission, vision, and values statements.

A _____ organization is defined as one with an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between top managers and those reporting to them. tall flat narrow

flat

An organization that wants to eliminate layers in favor of creating a culture where employees have more power should consider adopting a _____ organizational structure stabilized flattened typical hierarchical

flattened

Which of the following represent traditional organizational designs? (select all that apply) matrix modular functional hollow simple divisional

functional, simple, divisional, and matrix

If an organization wishes to become more controlling and authoritative toward its employees, it should consider adopting a(n) _____ structure. hierarchical flat powerful adhocracy

hierarchical

Organizational structure: (select all that apply) must be aligned with the organization's vision, strategies, and culture represents a set of taken-for-granted assumptions that direct behavior and values in the organization. is concerned with who reports to whom in the organization and who specializes in what work

is concerned with who reports to whom in the organization and who specializes in what work must be aligned with the organization's vision, strategies, and culture

Coordinated effort, one of the four common elements of organizations proposed by Schein, is a control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the right time. materializes in discrete parts of a task done by different people in the organization. unifies employees and gives them a shared understanding of the organization's reason for being. is represented by the coordination of individual efforts coming together into an organization-wide effort.

is represented by the coordination of individual efforts coming together into an organization-wide effort.

Which of the following are outcomes associated with various types of organizational culture? (select all that apply) more positive work attitudes in clan cultures more positive organizational outcomes in market cultures higher financial performance in market and hierarchy cultures higher customer satisfaction in clan and market cultures stronger quality and innovation in hierarchy cultures higher market share in clan and market cultures higher market share in adhocracy cultures

more positive work attitudes in clan cultures more positive organizational outcomes in market cultures higher financial performance in market and hierarchy cultures higher customer satisfaction in clan and market cultures higher market share in clan and market cultures

Symbols in organizational culture represent people whose accomplishments embody the values of the organization. narratives based on true events which are repeated to emphasize particular values. activities that celebrate important occasions and accomplishments in the organization's life. objects or actions that convey an organization's most important values to others.

objects or actions that convey an organization's most important values to others.

The readily apparent symbols and manifestations of an organization's culture are called its _____. espoused values vision statements observable artifacts basic assumptions

observable artifacts

A box-and-lines illustration showing the formal lines of authority and the organization's work specializations is called a(n) ______ chart. values organizational mission networking

org

In organizational culture, socialization represents the objects or actions that are used to convey an organization's most important values. activities and ceremonies that celebrate important occasions and accomplishments in the organization's life. process by which people learn the values, norms, and required behaviors that permit them to participate as organizational members. narratives based on true events which are repeated to emphasize particular values.

process by which people learn the values, norms, and required behaviors that permit them to participate as organizational members.

Organizations can use _____, activities that celebrate important events or achievements for the organization, to change the organization's culture. slogans and sayings rites and rituals legends and myths formal statements

rites and rituals

Activities and ceremonies, planned and unplanned, that celebrate important occasions and accomplishments in an organization's life are known as rites and ______. stories heroes symbols rituals

rituals

Which of the following represent learning-related tools that can be leveraged to change an organization's culture? role modeling coaching profits training

role modeling coaching training

Some workplaces now reflect a culture of "radical candor" which means that employees are encouraged to __________. act as "tattle-tales" and report poor performance to management speak only when spoken to say what's on their minds regardless of the consequences keep their thoughts to themselves to foster teamwork

say what's on their minds regardless of the consequences

The process by which people learn the values, norms, and required behaviors that permit them to participate as members of an organization is known as organizational _____. formation ritualization ideation socialization

socialization

The number of people reporting directly to a given manager refers to _____. hierarchy of authority span of control chain of command horizon of specialization

span of control

Managers can help to change the organization's culture by paying attention to which _____ they use as narratives to symbolize the organization's vision and values to employees. rituals rites stories heroes

stories

A company's _____ is the large-scale action plan that encompasses the company's vision and is used to create the direction for the business. structure forecast strategy culture

strategy

In terms of organizational culture, a _______ is an artifact, act, quality, or event that conveys an organization's most important values to others. story hero symbol ritual

symbol

An organization comprised of many levels with narrow spans of managerial control is described as _____. wide tall flat

tall

The three types of organizational design are: traditional sectional horizontal open boundaries

traditional horizontal open boundaries

One method of changing organizational culture is to provide structured _____ as an in-depth introduction to organizational values. rituals myths slogans training

trainings

Common purpose, one of the four common elements of organizations proposed by Schein, coordinates individual efforts into group effort. arranges discrete parts of a task done by different people. unifies members and helps everyone understand the organization's reason for being. ensure the right people do the right things at the right time.

unifies members and helps everyone understand the organization's reason for being.

Early management scholars believed strongly in the principle of _____, in which employees should report to no more than one manager in order to avoid conflicting priorities and demands. unity of command division of labor horizontal specialization groupthink

unity of command

In organizational culture, enacted values represent the explicitly stated values and norms the organization prefers values and norms that are actually exhibited in the organization unobservable core values in the organization that are difficult to change physical manifestation of the organization's culture such as awards and decor

values and norms that are actually exhibited in the organization

The chain of command within a business is also referred to as the organization's _______ hierarchy of authority. horizontal vertical

vertical

Which description best fits the adhocracy organizational culture? Structured work environment aimed at achieving effectiveness and efficiency Driven by competition and a strong desire to deliver results, customers, productivity, and profits Adaptable, creative, and quick to respond to marketplace changes Best suited to companies that have established a stable market

Adaptable, creative, and quick to respond to marketplace changes

Which of the following can leaders pay attention to, measure, and control in order to change the organization's culture? (select all that apply) activities processes outcomes heroes

activities processes outcomes

A(n) _____ culture values flexibility and has an external focus. clan market hierarchy adhocracy

adhocracy

Zenefits

after the company faced lawsuits, one of the organization's directors sent a memo to employees asking that they discontinue using company headquarters stairwells for smoking, drinking, and sex.

Organizational culture: (select all that apply) is written down clearly in the organization's code of conduct helps employees understand why the organization does what it does represents beliefs and values shared among workers is passed on to new employees through socialization and mentoring significantly affects work outcomes at all levels of the organization encompasses beliefs, knowledge, and behavior patterns, but not values is the social glue that binds members of the organization together

helps employees understand why the organization does what it does represents beliefs and values shared among workers is passed on to new employees through socialization and mentoring significantly affects work outcomes at all levels of the organization is the social glue that binds members of the organization together

Organizations wishing to change their culture may alter their physical layout and design in order to: (select all that apply) recreate historical narratives send a strong message about the culture encourage employee productivity

send a strong message about the culture encourage employee productivity

An organization that has authority centralized in a single person, as well as a flat hierarchy, few rules, and low work specialization, is using a _____. functional structure simple structure divisional structure matrix structure

simple structure

An organization's vertical hierarchy of authority demonstrates: (select all that apply) who talks to whom the official communication network different jobs or work specialization the organization's chain of command

who talks to whom the official communication network the organization's chain of command

Which of the following statements regarding the horizontal design are true? (select all that apply) cross-functional teams are eliminated workgroups are used to improve collaboration internal boundaries are broken down this design is also called a team-based design

workgroups are used to improve collaboration internal boundaries are broken down this design is also called a team-based design