Chap 13 - Lymphatic and Immune Systems, Chap 11 - Human Organization, Chap 12 - Cardiovascular System, Chap 21 - Reproductive System, Chap 9 - Plant Organization and Function, Chap 10 - Plant Reproduction and Responses, Chap 32 - Animals: Chordates a...

In the emergency room, saline solutions are often run into a person's vein. The saline solution must be

0.9% NaCl

Potassium, a metal with one electron in the outermost shell, will react with how many chlorine atoms? (Chlorine is a nonmetal with seven electrons in the outermost shell.)

1

What are the correct outputs, during the citric acid cycle from one molecule of glucose?

6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2

Because mitochondria were once independently living prokaryotic cells, if removed from a eukaryotic cell they can survive independently. True or False?

False

Centrioles are absolutely necessary to the process of mitosis in all organisms. True / False?

False

Cereal grains are one of the easiest plants to genetically modify. True or False?

False

Crossing-over is the only factor that is responsible for the variation that exists between offspring of one set of parents. True or False?

False

During mitosis, separation of the sister chromatids ensures that each daughter cell will receive two copies of each type of chromosome. True or False?

False

Exocytosis and endocytosis are carried out by proteins in the cell membrane. True or False?

False

Homologous chromosomes are genetically identical to each other. True or False?

False

If the human population faces potential extinction, cloning of humans is the only technology that will save us. True or False?

False

In a coronary bypass operation, a stent is placed within the blockage and the clogged area is compressed. True or False?

False

In order to produce a new plant via meristem culture, you need to remove the meristem from one plant and place it in a water containing various minerals. The meristem will then develop new shoots and roots. True or False?

False

In the tissues, oxygen and nutrients enter the capillaries and carbon dioxide and wastes leave the capillaries. True or False?

False

Inflammation or the inflammatory response is a harmful process that should be avoided. True or False?

False

Innate immunity involves B and T cells since you were born with them. True or False?

False

Only blood pressure controls movement of fluid through the capillary wall into the tissue. Therefore, people with high blood pressure often have swelling issues. True or False?

False

Only leaves carry out photosynthesis. True of False?

False

Oxygen leaves the alveoli in the lungs and enters the capillaries by endocytosis. True or False?

False

Plant hormones bring about a physiological response in the plant after binding to the nucleus of the plant cells. True or False?

False

Primary growth of a stem is due to the activity of the vascular meristem. True or False?

False

Protists offer a glimpse into the past because they are most likely related to the first prokaryotic cell to have evolved. True or False?

False

Replication of the DNA for meiosis occurs between telophase I and prophase II. True or False?

False

The endocrine system is the only system that is involved in coordinating and regulating the functioning of all the body's other systems. True or False?

False

The only 100% method of preventing pregnancy and the transmission of STDs is the use of a male condom along with a spermicidal jelly. True or False?

False

The only function of apoptosis is to destroy healthy cells when they become damaged or infected. True / False?

False

The overall cell cycle is dramatically different for animals than for plant cells. True or False?

False

The ray-finned fishes are believed to have evolved into the amphibians. True or False?

False

The refractory period of female orgasm is significantly longer than that of a male. True or False?

False

The same signaling molecule that binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell is used to alter gene expression in the nucleus. True or False?

False

The sound of a heartbeat results when the ventricles contract and blood is surged out of the heart. True or False?

False

Transpiration rates will NOT vary among plants. True or False?

False

When arterioles constrict, blood pressure decreases. True or False?

False

When you drink coffee, which is more acidic than you bloodstream, the pH of your blood drops. True or False?

False

Xenotransplantation is the use of animal organs instead of human organs in transplant patients. Scientists are considering using dogs as organ donors because they have long been domesticated by humans. True or False?

False

You are unable to see arteries and arterioles without a microscope. True or False?

False

Since all organisms carry on cellular respiration, all living cells must contain mitochondria. True or False?

False (Prokaryotic cells do cellular respiration w/o mitochondria)

Brock's father has inherited a mitochondrial disease. Is Brock in danger of also having this disease? True or False?

False (mitochondria are from mother to child)

Because plants evolved from bacterial ancestors, the primary plant cell wall and the bacterial cell wall are both composed of peptidoglycan. True or False?

False (primary plant cell wall is not composed of it)

According to the endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotes became the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in prokaryotic cells. True or False?

False (prok became the mito & chlor in euka cells)

The only end product of alcoholic fermentation is the alcohol. True or False?

False (end products are alcohol and CO2)

The most efficient method to produce ATP in animal cells is by glycolysis. True or False?

False (glycolysis only results in a net of 2 ATP so it's not as efficient as the electron transport chain)

Glycolysis is linked to the citric acid cycle when oxygen is not available. True or False?

False (it's only linked when oxygen IS available)

The final product of glycolysis is oxygen. True or False?

False (it's pyruvate)

There is a net gain of four ATPs as a result of glycolysis. True or False?

False (net gain of 2 ATPs)

All of the ATP molecules formed by the complete oxidation of glucose result from the electron transfer chain. True or False?

False (some come from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle)

The tendrils that support vining plants are a type of stem. True or False?

False (tendrils are specialized leaves)

The citric acid cycle turns once for each original glucose molecule. True or False?

False (turns twice per molecule)

The mycelium is a mesh of filaments, each of which is called

a hypha (multiple hyphens look like a mesh of filaments)

When you cut into most active plant tissue, water appears almost immediately because plant cells are in

a hypotonic solution that produces turgor pressure.

Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles? ( ) amniotic egg ( ) scales on skin ( ) four-legged body ( ) skull and vertebral column ( ) animals with lungs.

amniotic egg

Which of the following is NOT a fungus? ( ) mushroom ( ) yeast ( ) ringworm ( ) molds ( ) amoeba

amoeba

You are conducting an experiment to determine which brand of fertilizer results in the greatest amount of fruit production by tomato plants. In this example, the response variable would be the

amount of fruit produced by the tomato plants.

Ectothermic animals with three-chambered hearts would include ( ) amphibians. ( ) mammals. ( ) fish. ( ) arthropods. ( ) birds.

amphibians

Extraembryonic membranes are NOT found in the development of ( ) amphibians. ( ) reptiles. ( ) birds. ( ) mammals. ( ) chordates.

amphibians

In water, a weak hydrogen bond occurs between hydrogen in one molecule and ( ) an oxygen atom in the same molecule. ( ) an oxygen atom in a different molecule. ( ) a hydrogen atom in the same molecule. ( ) a hydrogen atom in a different molecule. ( ) either hydrogen and oxygen atoms of different molecules.

an OXYGEN atom in a DIFFERENT molecule.

The structure shown in Figure 2.24 is {H-N-H / R-C-H / OH-C=O}

an amino acid.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a dioecious plant. This means that the flowers of hemp

are incomplete.

From the discussion of long-day and short-day plants, it is obvious that "day-neutral" plants

are not dependent on the length of the night or day for flowering.

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

arteries

Which reproductive technology involves having a physician place the man's sperm into the woman's vagina in an attempt to fertilize her egg? ( ) artificial insemination ( ) in vitro fertilization ( ) gamete intrafallopian transfer ( ) surrogate mother ( ) intracytoplasmic sperm injection

artificial insemination

Surface-area-to-volume ratios indicate

as cells get larger, their surface area gets larger but at a slower rate than the volume increases.

Carrier molecules are required for

both facilitated diffusion AND active transport.

Hydrolysis of a fat results in the formation of

both glycerol and fatty acids.

Fungi are NOT photosynthetic because they lack ( ) sporangium. ( ) xylem. ( ) cell walls. ( ) chlorophyll. ( ) cell membrane.

chlorophyll

Which of these is present in plant, but not animal, cells? ( ) nucleus ( ) centrioles ( ) cell membrane ( ) Golgi apparatus ( ) chloroplasts

chloroplasts

Which organelle will give off oxygen and use up carbon dioxide in plants?

chloroplasts

Thylakoids and cristae are RESPECTIVELY structures of: ( ) lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum ( ) the nucleus and nucleolus ( ) chloroplasts and mitochondria ( ) mitochondria and chloroplasts ( ) the cell wall and the plasma membrane

chloroplasts and mitochondria

Which of the following molecules add stiffness and strength to the plasma membrane? ( ) glycoproteins ( ) cholesterol ( ) phospholipids ( ) enzymatic proteins ( ) phosphate groups

cholesterol

During crossing-over,

chromatids exchange segments of genetic material.

Which nuclear structure(s) contain(s) the hereditary material?

chromatin

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of

chromatin.

Which of the following structures are NOT found in the cytoplasm? ( ) mitochondria ( ) chloroplast ( ) chromosomes ( ) nucleus ( ) lysosome

chromosomes

In a certain group of people, males are more subject to respiratory infections and are sterile. The most likely explanation for this disease is malfunctioning

cilia and flagella.

Which is the largest group of protozoans? ( ) amoeboids ( ) zooflagellates ( ) ciliates ( ) sporozoans ( ) slime molds

ciliates

The most important factor that determines where major ecosystems are located on the globe is

climate.

The "lub" heart sound is due to the

closing of the atrioventricular valves.

Which stem modifications are underground, thin, papery leaves and have a thick stem that lie dormant during the winter? ( ) corms ( ) rhizomes ( ) stolons ( ) runners ( ) nodes

corms

The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the

coronary artery.

LH stimulates the

corpus luteum to produce progesterone.

The specialized tissue in a root that functions in food storage is the

cortex.

The ATP synthase complex is located in the

cristae of the mitochondria.

Compound fruits

develop from several individual ovaries.

During a medical test for spinal meningitis the physician orders a "spinal tap". What cavity would he be removing the fluid from?

dorsal

List the sequence of bonds in order of strongest to weakest.

double covalent - single covalent - ionic - hydrogen

The tissue that regulates entrance of minerals into the vascular cylinder of a root is(are) the

endodermis.

The lining of the uterus that is discharged during the menstrual phase is the

endometrium.

Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and structure? ( ) cell wall-cellulose fibers and lignin ( ) centriole-microtubules ( ) endoplasmic reticulum-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli ( ) plasma membrane-two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins ( ) ribosome-RNA and protein in two subunits

endoplasmic reticulum-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli

Which part of a seed provides nourishment for the embryo enabling seed plants to survive on land?

endosperm

Which part of an angiosperm seed is triploid (3n)?

endosperm

The idea that mitochondria may have resulted when a nucleated cell engulfed aerobic bacteria is known as the ( ) chemiosmotic theory. ( ) endosymbiotic hypothesis. ( ) Lyon hypothesis. ( ) theory of evolution by means of acquired characteristics. ( ) theory of acquisition of organelles.

endosymbiotic hypothesis.

Which feature distinguishes birds from the rest of the reptiles?

endothermic

Stomata open

in the light when a plant is running photosynthesis.

Fertilization in flowering plants occurs

in the ovule.

Which of the following is a reproductive structure of a plant? ( ) roots ( ) stems ( ) flowers ( ) leaves ( ) shoot system

flowers

Showy flowers are most likely pollinated by

insects or birds.

Which of the following plant hormones could be used by industry to increase the size of sugarcane production? ( ) indoleacetic acid ( ) gibberellins ( ) zeatin ( ) abscisic acid ( ) ethylene

gibberellins

Defining characteristics of chordates are

gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord, and post-anal tail.

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of chordates at some time in their life history? ( ) a notochord ( ) a dorsal hollow nerve cord ( ) pharyngeal pouches ( ) gill clefts ( ) a post-anal tail

gill clefts

Blindness in newborn infants occurs when the mother

has gonorrhea or chlamydia.

Compared to the moss, the fern is better adapted to life on land because the fern

has vascular tissue, but the moss does not.

Parasitic plants have specialized roots for invading a host plant's tissues. What are these roots called?

haustoria

Sharks ( ) have bone skeletons. ( ) lack jaws. ( ) have a keen sense of smell. ( ) lack the lateral line system of bony fishes. ( ) do not have paired fins.

have a keen sense of smell.

Water is a liquid at room temperature. This is due to

hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians but is developed in reptiles? ( ) thin moist skin ( ) internal fertilization ( ) small inefficient lungs ( ) aquatic larvae ( ) eggs with gelatinous covering

internal fertilization

During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?

interphase

Which of the following would NOT slow down the electron transport system's production of ATP?

Increase the pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

Which structure regulates passage of molecules into and out of the bacterial cell?

Plasma membrane

A member of the sporozoan group of protists that can cause diseases is

Plasmodium vivax

The most important human parasite among the sporozoa is ____, the causative agent of malaria.

Plasmodium vivax

Which of these may occur in both angiosperms and gymnosperms? ( ) Seeds develop within a cone. ( ) Seeds develop within a flower. ( ) Seeds are surrounded by a fruit at maturity. ( ) Pollen is carried by the wind for pollination. ( ) Pollen is carried by honeybees as pollinators.

Pollen is carried BY THE WIND for pollination. (Angi & Gym starred in Gone With the Wind)

Which components are required for a molecule to be classified as organic.

Presence of carbon, hydrogen, four electrons in the outer orbital, and the attachment of a functional group.

An autoimmune disease means that the body attacks itself because it does not recognize itself. True or False?

True

An example of a negative feedback system is when there is too much of a particular chemical in the body, a sensor detects it and brings about a response that causes the levels to drop. True or False?

True

Both plants and animals have organs and tissues. True or False?

True

Capillaries exchange oxygen and nutrients for wastes in the tissues. True or False?

True

Chlamydia is a common STD that can be treated by appropriate antibiotics. True or False?

True

Chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers in order to move to and from the equator. True / False?

True

Commercial micropropagation methods result in cloning of plants. True or False?

True

Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from an anther of one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant of the same species. True or False?

True

Cytokines may be used in cancer and AIDS because they stimulate white blood cell formation and/or function. True or False?

True

During arousal the vagina will secrete a lubricating fluid. True or False?

True

Fermentation follows glycolysis in some cells if oxygen is not available. True or False?

True

Fermentation is the process that allows bread to rise. True or False?

True

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because of the similarity in their nucleus, organelles and ribosomes to those in human cells. True or False?

True

Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder found most often in males. True or False?

True

Hyptertension is sometimes called the silent killer because no symptoms may be experienced until a stroke or heart attack occurs. True or False?

True

If a particular molecule is brought into the cell by receptor-medicated endocytosis, then changing the receptors will change the molecule that is being transported. True or False?

True

In asexual reproduction in plants, there is only one parent, instead of two. True or False?

True

In order to prevent an allergic reaction, injections of the allergen are sometimes given. True or False?

True

In some plants, the haploid stage is the dominant stage while in humans, the diploid stage is the dominant stage. True or False?

True

It is the secondary oocyte and not the egg that the sperm fertilizes to form a diploid organism. True / False?

True

It may be possible to "fix" a coronary blockage by gene therapy. True or False?

True

Microtubules found in spindle fibers are capable of assembling and disassembling. True or False?

True

Mitotic division is the normal process of cell reproduction to build and maintain the body of an organism, while meiosis takes place only in the formation of gametes for reproduction. True or False?

True

NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. True or False?

True

One of the new technologies developed from tissue culture and genetic engineering is plant hybridization. True or False?

True

One way to determine whether something is being actively transported across a membrane, is to compare its rate of transport with and without a chemical that blocks ATP production. True or False?

True

Plant hormones are small organic molecules produced by the plants themselves. True or False?

True

Pyruvate contains less chemical energy than glucose. True or False?

True

Since cyanobacteria do not contain chloroplasts and yet they photosynthesize, chloroplasts are not required for photosynthesis. True or False?

True

Since plant cells do not have centrioles, they cannot be required for all organisms to conduct mitosis and meiosis. True or False?

True

Some plant leaves and stems are covered with hairs. True or False?

True

Sphincter muscles regulate the opening and closing of arterioles leading to capillary beds, directing the flow of blood to different areas of the body depending on the body's needs. True or False?

True

Technically, mitosis refers to nuclear division and NOT cytoplasmic division. True or False?

True

The ability to throw spears and kill animals from a distance gave Cro-Magnon an advantage in their environment. True or False?

True

The australopithecines evolved and diversified in Africa from 4 MYA until 1.5 MYA and are the possible direct hominin ancestors for humans. True or False?

True

The cells that make up xylem are no longer living. True or False?

True

The chromatids are held together at a region called the centromere. True or False?

True

The female condom is effective at preventing pregnancy as well as the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. True or False?

True

The length of DNA in each chromosome is longer than the diameter of the animal cell. True or False?

True

The major portion of the heart is the myocardium, made up mainly of cardiac muscle. True or False?

True

The only haploid stage in the animal life cycle is the gamete. True / False?

True

The two-stage life cycle in plants evolved as an adaptation to life on land. True or False?

True

Upon visiting a redwood forest, you realize that because of their meristematic tissue these ancient trees are still growing. True or False?

True

Using technology in the field of agriculture has enabled farmers to feed a growing human population. True or False?

True

When a person is bitten by a venomous snake, a donation of blood plasma from another person who has recently survived the same type of snake bite would provide some passive immunity. True or False?

True

When a plant grows upward, the distance between the internodes increases in length. True or False?

True

When you eat an apple, the core left over is the ovary. True or False?

True

Would untreated SCID be considered a lethal disease? True or False?

True

You can tell the age of a stem by counting the bud scale scars. True or False?

True

Which of the following organisms does NOT lead to a fungal disease? ( ) Candida albicans ( ) Dermatophytes ( ) Systemic mycoses ( ) Coccidioides immitis ( ) Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei

Which is a correct example of tonicity? ( ) Water is hypertonic to red blood cells ( ) Turgor pressure is created when a plant cell swells in a hypotonic solution ( ) Plasmolysis results from plant cells in hypotonic solutions. ( ) Crenated red blood cells result when they are placed in a hypotonic solution. ( ) If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water enters the cell.

Turgor pressure is created when a plant cell swells in a hypotonic solution

A friend complains that all of her houseplants have bent stems. You examine the plants and find that their stems all curve toward the light. What would you recommend to your friend to correct the problem?

Turn each plant occasionally.

When a lysosome fuses with a vacuole,

its contents are digested.

The failure of which organelle during development can result in a child being born with webbed toes?

lysosomes

The spleen has a relatively thin outer capsule and can actually burst due to a blow to the abdomen. A person whose spleen has burst

may need antibiotic therapy.

The heart rate speeds up or slows down because the

medulla oblongata, through the autonomic system, stimulates or depresses heart rate based on activity and stress.

A cell that is responsible for the ability of an organism to produce a rapid antibody response against a foreign protein when it is encountered years after the first encounter is a(n)

memory B cell.

What pathway produces the gametophytes during the alternation of generations in plants?

mitosis

Which one is NOT a correct association? ( ) cytokinesis-division of the cytoplasm ( ) centromere-point where sister chromatids remain attached ( ) haploid-one of each chromosome ( ) sister chromatids-two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere ( ) mitosis-when a cell duplicates and then divides twice to reduce chromosome number by half

mitosis - when a cell duplicates and then divides twice to reduce chromosome number by half

The mitotic stage of cell division consists of

mitosis and cytokinesis.

The cell cycle consists of

mitosis and interphase.

When researchers test a new human cancer drug using mice, the mice constitute the

model.

A differentially permeable membrane separates a molasses solution from distilled water. Over time, the

molasses will become more dilute.

Gladiolus produces leaves with parallel veins and floral parts in multiples of three. This plant is a(n)

monocot

The iris is a plant with long, sword-like leaves. Its flowers have six petals that form a tongue and "flags." When you cut through the stem to cut flowers for a bouquet arrangement, the many vascular bundles form tough "strings" throughout the stem. From this description, it is obvious that the iris is a

monocotyledon.

The motor molecules associated with actin are called

myosin

Ever since the antibiotic drug penicillin was discovered in 1928, the incidence of resistant bacteria has steadily increased as a direct result of

natural selection.

Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because they both

need ATP for energy.

Which type of tissue will respond to stimuli and transmit impulses?

nervous

Which of these is NOT a part of a neuron? ( ) cell body ( ) dendrite ( ) axon ( ) neuroglial cell ( ) nucleus

neuroglial cell

Dendrites and an axon are parts of a(n)

neuron

Which blood cells are usually the first to arrive at the site of an infection?

neutrophils

Nucleic acids are polymers of

nucleotides

Which eukaryotic organelle is the largest?

nucleus

Within eukaryotic cells, the ____ is surrounded by a double membrane and carries the coding that determines protein synthesis.

nucleus

Epithelial tissue can be modified to

perform absorption.

The outer sac that encloses the heart and provides lubrication is the

pericardium.

A physician specializes in surgery involving the following group of organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines. Overall, this physician is specialized at which level of organization?

organ system

An unmanned spacecraft has been sent to another planet to detect other life forms that might be quite different from those on Earth. If the probe could only send back one still picture, which property or properties of life would be most evident?

organization

What accounts for the attractiveness of many flowers that helps enhance their reproductive opportunities?

petals

The stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem is a/an

petiole.

Macrophages, a type of white blood cells, are able to remove bacteria from our bloodstream and tissues by

phagocytosis.

When an intestinal cell ingests substances inside very small vesicles that can only be seen with an electron microscope, this is

pinocytosis.

Which structure in humans produces FSH? ( ) hypothalamus ( ) ovary ( ) uterus ( ) pituitary ( ) interstitial cells

pituitary

In the human female, estrogen and progesterone exert feedback control over the ( ) pituitary. ( ) ovary. ( ) uterus. ( ) testes. ( ) prostate gland.

pituitary.

The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the

placenta

The organ that exchanges molecules between fetal and maternal blood is the

placenta.

Which modern technology is NOT used in the creation of transgenic plants?

plant hybridization

Which type of cell will produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream?

plasma cell

Which of the following is NOT an example of innate immunity? ( ) natural killer cells ( ) complement ( ) inflammation ( ) histamine ( ) plasma cells

plasma cells

Which are cell fragments that help initiate blood clotting? ( ) erythrocytes ( ) leukocytes ( ) platelets ( ) osteocytes ( ) fibroblasts

platelets

The megaspore divides mitotically, resulting in a female gametophyte or embryo sac that differentiates into an egg and a central cell with two nuclei called the

polar nuclei.

The male gametophyte in flowering plants will be found within the

pollen grain.

A land based adaptation that pine trees have is that when microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce microspores they are then liberated as the

pollen grains. (grain of pine)

Which feature is common across all seed plants? ( ) flowers ( ) fruits ( ) pollen tubes ( ) flagellated sperm ( ) sperm carried by windborne pollen

pollen tubes (all seed plants have a tube)

Which of the following is arranged in proper order? ( ) fertilization → pollination → seed formation → germination ( ) seed formation → fertilization → germination → pollination ( ) pollination → fertilization → seed formation → germination ( ) germination → seed formation → fertilization → pollination ( ) pollination → fertilization → germination → seed formation

pollination → fertilization → seed formation → germination

Glycogen is a

polysaccharide used to store glucose/energy.

All the banded sunfish (Enneacanthus obesus) in a pond would comprise a

population.

The genes that code for the proteins of the signaling pathway could be classified as

proto-oncogenes.

What specialized types of primary meristem develop from a shoot apical meristem?

protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

A piece of petrified wood was once part of a living organism, but its tissues have been replaced by minerals and it no longer exhibits most properties of life, except for

organization.

Which of these is paired INCORRECTLY? ( ) protoderm-epidermis ( ) protoderm-primary xylem ( ) ground meristem-pith ( ) ground meristem-cortex ( ) procambium-vascular cambium

protoderm-primary xylem

When a moss spore germinates, the single row of cells that first appears will branch and form a(n) ( ) antheridium. ( ) archegonium. ( ) rhizoid. ( ) protonema. ( ) sori

protonema.

When a moss spore lands on an appropriate site, it germinates into the first stage of the gametophyte called a(n) ( ) antheridium. ( ) rhizoid. ( ) archegonium. ( ) protonema. ( ) thallus.

protonema.

Which of the following subatomic particles will be found within the nucleus of the atom? ( ) protons & neutrons ( ) protons & electrons ( ) electrons & neutrons ( ) only neutrons ( ) only protons

protons & neutrons

The nucleus of an atom contains

protons and neutrons.

If digestive enzymes are used to remove the plant cell wall, the naked plant cell that remains is called a

protoplast.

The function of endosperm is to

provide nutrients to the embryo.

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and shaken a cloud of powdery material is released. The material released are

spores

If a person had recently undergone major doses of antibiotics accompanying surgery, which STD(s) would likely be collaterally treated? ( ) AIDS ( ) syphilis ( ) genital warts ( ) HBV ( ) HIV

syphilis

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, the "120" refers to the

systolic pressure.

Evolutionary advantages of being "woody" include

tall growth that allows greater leaf access to sunlight.

When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell wall prevents

the cell from bursting.

The term "biodiversity" refers to

the total number of species, variation of species and the ecosystems in which they live.

The urine in your bladder is unable to pass out of the bladder through its epithelial lining. Which type of junction exists between these cells?

tight junction

Why are 2 ATP needed to begin glycolysis?

to activate the glucose

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in the reproduction cycle of HIV?

to produce double stranded DNA from single stranded viral RNA

The energy difference between the reactant glucose and oxygen molecules and the product water and carbon dioxide is 686 kilocalories, yet the 36 ATP molecules produced are only storing 263 kilocalories in their outermost phosphate bond. The rest of the energy went

to provide heat that is soon lost from the organism.

Which of the following is NOT a basic type of tissue? ( ) muscular ( ) nervous ( ) urinary ( ) epithelial ( ) connective

urinary

Ribosomal RNA is produced in the

nucleolus.

A flower that is missing the stamens would be considered female. True or False?

True

Which of the following statements is based on scientific observation and reasoning? ( ) Some chemical compounds react differently in different human cultures. ( ) If a tree falls in a forest but this is never witnessed by a human, there are no physical or biological consequences. ( ) Many physical and biological phenomena lack any cause-and-effect; outcomes from one situation may be one way today and another tomorrow. ( ) Objects fall downward anywhere on the earth's surface regardless of the observer. ( ) A scientist records only the data that are easiest to interpret.

( ) Objects fall downward anywhere on the earth's surface regardless of the observer.

Which statement best describes double fertilization in an angiosperm? ( ) Two egg cells are fertilized within each ovule. ( ) A sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and a sperm nucleus fuses with polar nuclei. ( ) Two sperm are required for fertilization of one egg cell. ( ) A flower can engage in both self pollination and cross pollination. ( ) One sperm fertilizes the egg while two polar nuclei fuse with a second egg.

1 A sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and a 2 sperm nucleus fuses with polar nuclei.

The number of ATPs produced directly as a result of one turn of the citric acid cycle is

1.

If 0.9% NaCl were isotonic to a cell, then

1.0% would be hypertonic.

Which blood pressure is considered abnormally high for individuals who are under the age of 45? ( ) 130/90 mm Hg ( ) 90/130 mm Hg ( ) 110/95 mm Hg ( ) 95/140 mm Hg ( ) 120/90 mm Hg

130/90 mm Hg

During a 28 day uterine cycle, ovulation usually occurs on the

14th day.

If an element has an atomic number of 12, how many electrons are in its outermost shell?

2

What is the input requirements of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NAD+, glucose, and 4 ADP

How many molecules are formed from the cleavage of glucose during the first step of glycolysis? How many carbons are found in the resulting molecules?

2 molecules, each with 3 carbons

The final products of glycolysis are

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH + H+.

In the human female, the uterine cycle is on the average

28 days.

Meiosis results in a change in chromosome number indicated by

2n to n.

An organism has 8 pairs of chromosomes. If sperm and egg did not undergo meiosis, how many chromosomes would be present in a cell that resulted from the fusion of a sperm and egg? ( ) 8 ( ) 16 ( ) 24 ( ) 32 ( ) 64

32

One carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to ___ other atoms to form an organic molecule.

4

How efficient is the breakdown of one glucose via cellular respiration?

40%

In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is

46.

The pH of blood is slightly basic. Which of the following would therefore be an expected pH for blood? ( ) 6.4 ( ) 4.6 ( ) 4.7 ( ) 7.4 ( ) 13.8

7.4

The isotope 14 6C has

8 neutrons.

If the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be

8.

Which statement regarding the scientific method is FALSE? ( ) Hypotheses are tentative explanations of observed phenomena. ( ) A hypothesis may become a theory, which may become a law. ( ) Deductive reasoning is often used in the design of an experiment. ( ) A control group is always exposed to the factor being tested. ( ) Conclusions are formed after an experiment is conducted.

A control group is always exposed to the factor being tested.

Early doctors did not understand that blood flowed in a circuit but assumed that blood ebbed and flowed like a tide inside the body. William Harvey was the first to demonstrate the circulation of blood and convince the medical community. Which of the following observations would NOT be evidence that blood was pumped through the body or flowed in a circuit? ( ) Dissecting a live fish shows the heart beating and blood moving, gushing one direction. ( ) A very tight tourniquet causes the arteries to swell on the side toward the heart, but not on the side of the ligature away from the heart. ( ) Measuring the volume of the heart and counting the beats per minute gives a value of 520 pounds of blood an hour, many times a person's volume. ( ) In surface veins, blood can be pressed past a valve toward the heart but not away from the heart. ( ) A cut made anywhere on the body results in blood seeping from the wound.

A cut made anywhere on the body results in blood seeping from the wound.

Peas and beans are considered legumes. Why?

A legume is a fruit that splits along two sides when mature.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about flowering plants? ( ) A sperm nucleus combines with one polar nucleus to form the endosperm. ( ) A sperm nucleus combines with the egg nucleus to eventually form the embryo. ( ) A pollen grain may be carried to the stigma of the ovary by the wind. ( ) A pollen tube grows down the style. ( ) They exhibit double fertilization.

A sperm nucleus combines with one polar nucleus to form the endosperm.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? ( ) The follicles in the ovary produce estrogen. ( ) The corpus luteum produces progesterone. ( ) The placenta can produce both estrogen and progesterone. ( ) LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum. ( ) A surge of FSH is believed to promote ovulation.

A surge of FSH is believed to promote ovulation.

A pea is actually a seed. True or False?

True

Which of the following best defines substrate-level ATP synthesis? A) An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP B) ATP is used to activate glucose for glycolysis C) An exergonic reaction is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP plus phosphate D) Oxidation of a substrate results in a high energy bond E) ATP is synthesized from adenosine plus 3 phosphates

A) An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP resulting in ATP

Which of the following statements about fermentation is NOT true? A) Fermentation involves the citric acid cycle. B) Fermentation does not require oxygen. C) Fermentation can produce lactic acid. D) Fermentation produces a net 2 ATP molecules. E) Fermentation can produce alcohol.

A) Fermentation involves the citric acid cycle.

Which of the following is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency? ( ) AIDS ( ) SCID ( ) flu ( ) none of these are examples of an acquired immunodeficiencies ( ) all of these are examples of an acquired immunodeficiencies

AIDS

In contrast to the out-of-Africa hypothesis, the multi-regional continuity hypothesis contends that Homo ergaster migrated to many continents as much as one million years ago, and all populations evolved into modern humans because ( ) no further evolutionary changes occurred. ( ) there was sufficient gene flow between populations to maintain one species. ( ) constant warfare allowed one or another lineage to dominate. ( ) hybrids between different lineages were superior and replaced their ancestors. ( ) all lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.

ALL lineages changed but in response to the same evolutionary pressures so they changed in the same way.

Which group of organisms can trace their ancestry to the protists? ( ) all of these trace their ancestry to the protists ( ) none of these trace their ancestry to the protists ( ) fungi ( ) plants ( ) animals

ALL of these trace their ancestry to the protists

Why is ATP used as the energy molecule of the cell?

ATP contains just about the amount of energy required for most cellular reactions.

Which statement regarding acids and bases is correct? ( ) Acids increase the pH, and bases decrease the pH. ( ) Acids increase the proportion of hydrogen ions (H+), and bases reduce the proportion of H+. ( ) Acids are harmful, but bases are not harmful. ( ) Acids combine with bases to form buffers. ( ) Acids combine with bases to form sugars.

Acids increase the proportion of hydrogen ions (H+), and bases reduce the proportion of H+.

Which statement about the chordates is NOT correct? ( ) Chordates have segmentation. ( ) Chordates have bilateral symmetry. ( ) Invertebrate chordates are marine and filter feeding. ( ) Adult lancelets have all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla. ( ) Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.

Adult tunicates lack all the characteristics that distinguish chordates from members of other phyla.

Which of these is NOT a true statement? ( ) All chordates are vertebrates. ( ) All vertebrates are chordates. ( ) Tunicates and lancelets are invertebrate chordates. ( ) Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. ( ) Sea squirts are invertebrate chordates.

All chordates are vertebrates.

Which of the following events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane? ( ) Multiple cellular divisions that restore the amount of surface area ( ) The growth of microvilli on the cell membrane ( ) Specialization in absorption ( ) All of these ( ) None of these

All of these

Which of the following is NOT a class of antiretroviral drugs that is currently available? ( ) reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( ) protease inhibitors ( ) fusion / entry inhibitors ( ) integrase inhibitors ( ) All of these are classes of antiretroviral drugs that are currently available.

All of these are classes of antiretroviral drugs that are currently available.

Which of the following is NOT a function of ATP within the cell? ( ) All of these are functions of ATP within the cell. ( ) Conduction of nerve impulses. ( ) Contraction of muscle cells. ( ) Synthesis of macromolecules. ( ) Energy currency of the cell.

All of these are functions of ATP within the cell.

Which of the following functional groups is present in amino acids? ( ) SH ( ) NHH ( ) COOH ( ) OH ( ) All of these are present in amino acids.

All of these are present in amino acids.

Which component of the extracellualr matrix is responsible for forming proteoglycans?

Amino sugars

Which of the following organisms move about by means of pseudopodia? ( ) Plasmodium vivax ( ) trypanosome ( ) Amoeba proteus ( ) Chlamydomonas ( ) Paramecium caudatum

Amoeba proteus

Which of the following is true about the clonal selection theory? ( ) An antigen selects certain B cells to produce a clone of plasma cells. ( ) An antibody stimulates the multiplication of B cell antigens against it. ( ) T cells select those B cells that should produce antibodies regardless of antigens. ( ) T cells suppress all those B cells except the ones that should multiply and divide. ( ) One B cell will give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies against several antigens.

An antigen selects certain B cells to produce a clone of plasma cells.

During which phase will homologous chromosomes separate?

Anaphase I

Which of the following best characterizes apoptosis? ( ) Apoptosis is bad for an organism. ( ) The stages of apoptosis are different in each cell type. ( ) Apoptosis happens accidentally to healthy cells. ( ) Apoptosis plays a normal role in development and cancer prevention. ( ) Apoptosis results in our going from a fertilized egg to trillions of cells.

Apoptosis plays a normal role in development and cancer prevention.

Which domains contain organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus?

Archaea & Bacteria

The three major domains of life are

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.

Which species is believed to be the first creature to walk erect and possibly be the first hominin? ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba ( ) Australopithecus anamensis ( ) Ardipithecus ramidus ( ) Australopithecus afarensis ( ) Homo habilis

Ardipithecus kadabba

Before major surgery, a patient is often asked if they have been taking large amounts of aspirin, and if so, they may have to postpone surgery and go without aspirin for some days. What is the reason for this?

Aspirin reduces the stickiness of platelets and reduces the ability to clot.

The fossil called Lucy is a member of the species ___, which lived about 3.18 million years ago.

Australopithecus AFARENSIS (Lucy Afarensis)

A person who is B positive will have ( ) A antigens, anti-B antibody, Rh antigen. ( ) B antibodies, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen. ( ) B antigens, anti-A antibody, no Rh antigen. ( ) B antigens, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen. ( ) B antigens, anti-B antibody, Rh antigen.

B antigens, anti-A antibody, Rh antigen. {B-A-Rh}

Which of the following is specifically responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? ( ) T cell ( ) B cell ( ) platelets ( ) RBC ( ) complement

B cell

What is the originator cell for monoclonal antibodies?

B cells

Adaptive immunity depends upon the activity of what type of cells?

B cells and T cells

Which statement is NOT true of the B cells? ( ) B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. ( ) B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. ( ) B cells, when stimulated and changed into plasma cells, produce antibodies. ( ) B cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen. ( ) B cells, when stimulated, divide into memory cells.

B cells require presentation of antigens by macrophages before they are able to recognize the antigen.

Inflammation does NOT involve ( ) phagocytes. ( ) neutrophils. ( ) mast cells. ( ) macrophages. ( ) B cells.

B cells.

Which of the following statements is NOT true? A) The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. B) The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate. C) NADH2 will eventually produce three ATP molecules. D) Aerobic respiration of glucose has four phases. E) Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

B) The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate.

Which of the following cells was most likely the first type of cells on Earth? ( ) Bacteria ( ) Fungi ( ) Archaea ( ) Plants ( ) Animals

Bacteria

Which of these is a proper contrast between birds and mammals? ( ) Birds are cold-blooded; mammals are warm-blooded. ( ) Birds are egg laying; no mammals lay eggs. ( ) Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs. ( ) Birds lack a septum between the ventricles; mammals have a septum between the ventricles. ( ) Birds, unlike mammals, require no parental care.

Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs.

Which is NOT a true statement about the blood component? ( ) Red blood cells provide the major transport for oxygen. ( ) Blood contains a matrix of collagen fibers made by cells. ( ) Platelets are not complete cells. ( ) White blood cells either engulf disease organisms or form antibodies for immunity. ( ) Plasma makes up slightly over half of human blood volume to provide a liquid in which blood solids can flow.

Blood contains a matrix of collagen fibers made by cells.

What is thought to be the first major derived feature that separates land plants from charophytes?

Both charophytes and land plants PROTECT THEIR ZYGOTES but only land plants also protect the resulting embryo.

Which of the following is true concerning a comparison of arteries and veins? ( ) Both are attached to arterioles. ( ) Both are attached to venules. ( ) Both contain 3 layers in their walls. ( ) Both contain valves. ( ) Both allow nutrient exchange across their walls.

Both contain 3 layers in their walls.

Both charophytes and land plants share which of these characteristics? ( ) Both have true roots, and leaves. ( ) Both have chlorophyll a and store carbohydrates as starch. ( ) Both have vascular tissue and protect the zygote. ( ) Both protect the embryo and have cell walls with cellulose. ( ) Both cell walls that contain cellulose and produce seeds.

Both have CHLOROPHYLL A and store carbohydrates as starch.

How is a lymph capillary like a blood capillary?

Both have thin walls.

Which of the following reactions is NOT part of the cellular respiration pathway? A) glycolysis B) citric acid cycle C) Calvin cycle D) electron transport chain E) preparatory reaction (prep)

C) Calvin cycle

Which of the following is a substrate of cellular respiration? A) carbon dioxide B) water C) glucose D) ATP E) energy

C) glucose

Which of the following is NOT an example of fermentation used by organisms to produce ATP? A) bacteria producing lactate B) bacteria producing alcohol C) humans producing alcohol D) humans producing lactate E) yeast producing alcohol

C) humans producing alcohol

Which is a correct association of mitochondrion structure and phase of cellular respiration? A) matrix - electron transport chain B) cristae - preparatory reaction C) matrix - citric acid cycle D) matrix - glycolysis E) cristae - glycolysis

C) matrix - citric acid cycle

Which of the following molecules is inorganic? ( ) CH4 ( ) CO2 ( ) C6H12O6 ( ) C12H22O12 ( ) C6H6

CO2

The kind of algae that help to build a coral reef are

CORALline algae.

Which of the following is true about capillaries? ( ) Capillaries are extremely narrow. ( ) Capillaries join arteries to arterioles. ( ) Capillaries walls have three layers. ( ) Capillaries are present in only a limited number of internal organs. ( ) Capillaries work individually to carry out their function.

Capillaries are extremely narrow.

Which tissue lacks a direct blood supply and heals very slowly?

Cartilage

Which of the following is NOT involved in the regulation of the cell cycle? ( ) cyclins ( ) internal and external signals ( ) growth factors ( ) check points ( ) caspases

Caspases

There are two sets of caspases operating during apoptosis. Which statement does NOT correctly characterize the role of these caspases? ( ) One set of caspases are called initators because they receive a signal to activate the second set. ( ) One set of capsases are called executioners because they dismantle the cell. ( ) Caspases can be unleashed by either internal or external signals. ( ) Caspases are normally active during the entire cell cycle. ( ) Caspases are responsible for the typical stages a cell goes through during apoptosis.

Caspases are normally active during the entire cell cycle.

Which of the following events would be controlled by an external signal? ( ) Cell division. ( ) Prophase proceeds into metaphase. ( ) The chromosomes align at the equatorial plane before the cell begins anaphase. ( ) All of the DNA is copied before the cell enters into the G2 phase. ( ) All of these are controlled by an external signal.

Cell division

When blood supplies oxygen and food to a cell surface and these molecules diffuse across, we might expect some "resting time." However, if we inspected most cell membranes in a living human body, we would find a nearly continuous flow of substances back-and-forth across the plasma membrane. Which of the following is NOT a reason why? ( ) Cell metabolism is constantly using up oxygen and raw materials; this lowers their concentration so more will diffuse into the cell. ( ) Cell metabolism is constantly producing waste molecules; this increases their concentration so more will diffuse out of the cell. ( ) Cells produce useful secretions; this increases their concentration and more will diffuse out of the cell. ( ) Cell metabolism constantly produces carbon dioxide in respiration; this increases its concentration so more will diffuse out of the cell. ( ) Cells are living entities and in order to live can never "rest".

Cells are living entities and in order to live can never "rest".

____ is a polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls and accounts for their strength.

Cellulose

A member of the green algae is ( ) Amoeba proteus. ( ) Plasmodium vivax. ( ) Chlamydomonas. ( ) Penicillium. ( ) Paramecium.

Chlamydomonas

Which pathway in cellular respiration will produce ATP, NADH2, and carbon dioxide?

Citric Acid Cycle

Which of these statements is NOT true about complement? ( ) Complement is a complex of proteins. ( ) Complement is required for the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. ( ) Complement forms pores in bacterial membranes and allows fluid and salts to enter the bacterial cell. ( ) Complement attracts phagocytes to the bacterial cell and enhances its likelihood of being engulfed. ( ) Complement can assist in the inflammatory response.

Complement is required for the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.

Which statement is FALSE regarding science? ( ) Science helps us to understand the natural world. ( ) Science strives to be objective rather than subjective. ( ) Correct scientific conclusions are permanent and never subject to change or refinement. ( ) Information is gathered by scientific methods. ( ) Information is gained by observing and testing.

Correct scientific conclusions are permanent and never subject to change or refinement.

Which of these made advanced tools and produced artwork? ( ) Homo erectus ( ) Homo habilis ( ) Cro-Magnon man ( ) Neandertal man ( ) Homo ergaster

Cro-Magnon man

What evidence would NOT suggest that the fluid in the nucleus is different from the cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm both flow freely into and out of the nucleus.

Fermentation is wasteful of the energy in food molecules and poses the threat of killing the fermenting organism in higher levels of toxic alcohol. Which of the following is not a reason why an organism would utilize fermentation? A) If glucose levels are not high, there may be time to disperse the toxic alcohol waste B) The organism can survive short spells of anaerobic conditions and maintain growth and reproduction C) Fermentation can provide a rapid burst of ATP since it does not have to go through the full breakdown cycle D) Fermentation is the preferred process, even when oxygen is available E) For very small organisms fermentation can be a simple process and is less complicated than cellular respiration

D) Fermentation is the preferred process, even when oxygen is available

The fiddlehead is a _______ that unfolds into a ______. ( ) diploid gametophyte; fern frond ( ) diploid sporophyte; fern frond ( ) haploid sporophyte; fern frond ( ) haploid gametophyte; fern frond ( ) diploid gametophyte; moss plant

DIPloid SPORophyte; fern frond

Which of the following descriptions does NOT occur during apoptosis? ( ) cell rounds up ( ) cells lose contact with neighbors ( ) nucleus fragments ( ) DNA is duplicated ( ) plasma membrane develops blisters

DNA is duplicated

An antihistamine counters the effects of a histamine. Which of the following is NOT an effect of a histamine? ( ) Increased blood flow brings more white blood cells to the site of injury or invasion. ( ) Capillary dilation increases blood flow and causes surface redness. ( ) Increased blood flow and permeability increase the fluids in the tissues, causing them to swell. ( ) Increased blood flow brings more warmth to the area causing a local "fever" which helps white blood cells and suppresses microbes. ( ) Decreased blood flow inhibits a pathogen from spreading throughout the body.

Decreased blood flow inhibits a pathogen from spreading throughout the body.

Which function is NOT correctly matched to its type of tissue? ( ) Adipose tissue stores fat. ( ) Reticular connective tissue produces blood cells. ( ) Connective tissues bind organs together and provide support and protection. ( ) Loose fibrous connective tissue encloses internal organs including muscles. ( ) Dense connective tissue is muscle that contracts.

Dense connective tissue is muscle that contracts.

In the fetal heart, the lungs are deflated and the fetus receives oxygen from its mother across the placenta through the umbilical cord. There is an opening in the wall between the left and right side of the fetal heart. This should normally grow closed before birth. What symptoms would be expected if this heart wall opening remained open?

Deoxygenated blood would mix with oxygenated blood and systemic circulation would have too little oxygen to sustain healthy growth.

Which is NOT a correct association describing aspects of the cardiac cycle? ( ) Each heartbeat constitutes a cardiac cycle. ( ) Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation. ( ) A normal heart rate varies from 60 to 80 beats per minute. ( ) A pulse is the expansion and recoil of artery walls felt near the body surface. ( ) Valves prevent backflow of blood into the heart when the heart relaxes.

Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation.

Which of the following will produce carbon dioxide in cellular respiration? A) glycolysis B) preparation reaction C) citric acid cycle D) both glycolysis and the electron transport chain E) both the preparation reaction and the citric acid cycle

E) both the preparation reaction and the citric acid cycle

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of

Dinaflagellates

Which type of organism causes a "red tide"? ( ) euglenoids ( ) water molds ( ) brown algae ( ) green algae ( ) Dinaflagellates

Dinaflagellates

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement? ( ) Bacteria, fungi, and protozoans sometimes cause disease. ( ) Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and trypanosomes are unicellular algae. ( ) Cyanobacteria, diatoms, and euglenoids carry on photosynthesis. ( ) Protozoans include amoebas, paramecia, and flagellates. ( ) Amoeboids, zooflagellates, and sporozoans can cause human diseases.

Dinoflagellates, diatoms, and trypanosomes are unicellular algae.

Which of the following domains contains organisms that are adapted to life in harsh environments? ( ) Domain Archaea ( ) Domain Bacteria ( ) Domain Eukarya ( ) Domain Animalia ( ) Domain Plantae

Domain Archaea

What is the most likely reason that cellular respiration would shift from an aerobic state into an anaerobic state? A) The individual was exercising at a level beyond their capability and entered into oxygen debt. B) A smoker has developed emphysema and has decreased lung capacity. C) The individual has had a stroke in the left hemisphere of their brain. D) None of these E) All of the choices are reasons that an individual could shift into an anaerobic state

E) All of the choices are reasons that an individual could shift into an anaerobic state

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is TRUE? A) Glycolysis results in the release of carbon dioxide. B) Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction. C) Glycolysis is a reduction reaction where only glucose is reduced. D) Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule. E) Glycolysis breaks glucose down to 2 pyruvate molecules.

E) Glycolysis breaks glucose down to 2 pyruvate molecules.

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the lactate that results from fermentation in the muscles? A) It triggers ongoing heavier breathing to provide further oxygen for the muscles B) Much of the lactate is transported to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate C) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is converted back to glucose D) Some lactate converted to pyruvate is then completely broken down E) It is stored in muscle cells for later ATP production

E) It is stored in muscle cells for later ATP production

Which of the following does NOT describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration? A) It accepts 2 electrons B) It is a coenzyme C) It helps to oxidize the substrate D) It is reduced E) It provides the energy for the reaction

E) It provides the energy for the reaction

Which is NOT correct about the preparatory reaction? A) It connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. B) CO2 is given off. C) Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon acetyl group. D) NAD+ goes to NADH + H+ as acetyl-CoA forms. E) The reaction occurs once per glucose molecule.

E) The reaction occurs once per glucose molecule.

The electrical changes that occur in the heart during contraction are recordings termed

ECGs. (Cardio)

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a fern? ( ) Eggs are produced in antheridia. ( ) Fern sporophyte is the dominant generation in the fern life cycle. ( ) Fern gametophyte is nonvascular. ( ) Fern sporophyte leaves first appear in a curled-up form termed a fiddlehead. ( ) Fern sporophyte is vascular.

EGGS are produced in antheridia.

Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner filled space is called the matrix which contains ____ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing ____ to be used for ATP production.

Enzymes/Energy (matrix has DNA, RNA, & ribosomes but they don't breakdown carbs)

A tight junction forms an impermeable barrier between two cells. True or False?

True

Which of the following statement is NOT true? ( ) Viagra acts to increase blood flow to the penis during sexual arousal. ( ) BPH, a benign prostatic hyperplasia is suspected when men have a more frequent urge to urinate and produce a weaker stream of urine. ( ) Prostate enlargement is often due to the presence of a normal hormone (5-alpha reductase) present at an inappropriate time in development. ( ) Enlargement of the prostate puts pressure on the vas deferens leading to difficulty urinating. ( ) All of the statements listed are true.

Enlargement of the prostate puts pressure on the vas deferens leading to difficulty urinating.

Which statement is NOT true about epithelial tissue? ( ) Epithelial tissue helps to protect the body from bacterial invasion. ( ) Epithelial tissue can be glandular. ( ) Epithelial tissue can be found lining the tubules of the kidney. ( ) Epithelial tissue may contain column-shaped cells. ( ) Epithelial cells have spaces between them.

Epithelial cells have spaces between them.

Which of the following is NOT true about estrogen? ( ) Estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken. ( ) Estrogen causes the endometrium to become vascular and glandular. ( ) Estrogen causes a positive feedback on the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH. ( ) Estrogen causes a surge in LH production. ( ) Estrogen stimulates the release of FSH.

Estrogen stimulates the release of FSH.

What would be the outcome of applying ethylene to a bushel of oranges?

Ethylene stimulates cellulase which will hydrolyze the CELLULOSE in plant cell walls. This will cause the fruit to ripen.

Which of the following is one of the domains of life? ( ) Animalia ( ) Eukarya ( ) Molds ( ) Protista ( ) Fungi

Eukarya

Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning used to form a hypothesis? ( ) Every fungus that has ever been studied absorbs its food; therefore, food absorption is characteristic of fungi. ( ) All fungi absorb their food; if mushroom are fungi; then the mushroom absorbs its food. ( ) A mushroom is classified in the kingdom Fungi of the domain Eukarya. ( ) This cell from a mushroom has a nucleus. ( ) Fungi are not capable of photosynthesis.

Every fungus that has ever been studied absorbs its food; therefore, food absorption is characteristic of fungi.

As soon as a beautiful plant in your backyard blooms, you remove the flowers. By doing so, you have now inhibited the growth of the plant. True or False?

False

Why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP than NADH + H+?

FADH2 drops its electrons off LOWER on the electron transport chain

Female birth control pills act by inhibiting the production of

FSH and LH.

A corn kernel is classified as a seed. True or False?

False

A home heating system is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. True or False?

False

A reading of 120/80 indicates blood velocity. True or False?

False

A response that does not occur immediately cannot be considered an allergic response even if it appears like one. True or False?

False

A stem is identified by being aboveground and green. True or False?

False

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all similar in that each is composed of a single type of protein. True or False?

False

All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain nonoxygenated blood. True or False?

False

Which of the following is NOT true of ferns? ( ) Ferns are seedless vascular plants. ( ) Ferns can grow in dry, cold conditions. ( ) The gametophyte of ferns is nonvascular. ( ) Ferns can reproduce asexually through the growth of rhizomes in the soil. ( ) The gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte for nourishment.

Ferns are seedless vascular plants.

What tissue is found in pads between the vertebrae?

Fibrocartilage

Which is NOT a correct description of cartilage? ( ) Hyaline cartilage is white and translucent and found at the ends of long bones. ( ) Hyaline cartilage contains only very fine collagen fibers. ( ) Fibrocartilage contains strong collagen fibers. ( ) Fibrocartilage forms the nose. ( ) Elastic cartilage forms the flexible outer ear.

Fibrocartilage forms the nose.

What flower mechanism would NOT help prevent pollination by a foreign plant species?

Flowers of different plant species bloom at the same time with flowers of similar shape, size, and color.

What flower mechanism(s) would NOT help prevent pollination by a foreign species? ( ) A pollen tube only grows in the style of its own species. ( ) The stigma is sticky mainly to its own species of pollen. ( ) The timing of flowering varies by species and keeps pollinators moving among a limited number of species. ( ) Flowers attract a small number of specialized pollinators, and therefore pollen is not spread equally to all available species of flowers. ( ) Flowers of different species are the same color and attract similar pollinators.

Flowers of different species are the same color and attract similar pollinators.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about oogenesis in humans? ( ) It occurs in the ovary. ( ) The egg will contain 23 chromosomes. ( ) Four equal size daughter cells will form. ( ) Three nonfunctional polar bodies will form. ( ) Once started, it will not necessarily go to completion.

Four equal size daughter cells will form (one egg and two or three much smaller polar bodies are formed during oogenesis..the resulting cells are not all of the same size)

At one time, biologists thought that fungi were merely forms of plants that had lost their chlorophyll and had returned to saprotrophy to gain food. Why is this no longer considered a solid theory?

Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose. (full of chit!)

____ are mostly saprotrophic decomposers that assist in recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.

Fungi

The kingdom ____ are characterized by having filaments called hyphae that are used to absorb nutrients.

Fungi (fungi have filaments)

Molds and mushrooms belong to the kingdom

Fungi.

Upon examination, a cell is found to have twice as much DNA as the normal diploid state but is no longer in the process of replicating the DNA. All of the DNA is found within a single nucleus. Which stage of the cell cycle is this cell in?

G2 phase

Which of the following types of plants will produce a naked seed? ( ) moss ( ) ferns ( ) algae ( ) gymnosperms ( ) angiosperms

GYMnosperms (naked before gym class)

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the ginkgo is unique? ( ) The ginkgo grows well in polluted areas. ( ) Ginkgo biloba is the only surviving species in its division. ( ) The tree is propagated vegetatively to provide male trees that lack smelly seeds. ( ) Ginkgos have naked seeds. ( ) Ginkgos are popular for big cities along streets and parks.

Ginkgos have naked seeds.

Tissues that produce large amounts of secretions, such as the gastric glands of the stomach, contain cells with large numbers of

Golgi apparati.

Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials with the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Semen production does NOT involve the

Graafian follicle.

Which functional groups are associated with a dehydration reaction?

H & OH

Which of the following molecules is NOT a compound? ( ) H2O ( ) HCl ( ) H2 ( ) C6H12O6 ( ) NaOH

H2

A liver-damaging disease that is more likely to be contracted from sexual contact than HIV is

HBV.

HAART would most likely be used to treat which of the following? ( ) herpes ( ) syphilis ( ) HIV infection ( ) hepatitis ( ) none of these

HIV infection

HIV has a high rate of mutation because

HIV reverse transcriptase is likely to make errors when transcribing viral RNA into DNA.

In a hypothetical experiment, the blood flow between two dogs is joined and one dog is stressed so that its heart rate goes up rapidly. What will happen to the heart rate of the second dog?

Heart rate will go up due to an increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about wood? ( ) In the temperate regions, wood forms annual rings ( ) The vessels will be larger in size in the spring due to more moisture ( ) The wood produced in the summer will have a lower proportion of vessels than wood produced in the spring ( ) In large trees, the most recently formed layer of cells transports water ( ) Heartwood transports water to the leaves throughout the life of the tree

Heartwood transports water to the leaves throughout the life of the tree

In the later 1800s, the brilliant French chemist Louis Pasteur worked with chicken cholera, passing the disease agent from sick to healthy chickens. He suspended his research and went on vacation for several weeks. When he returned, the old cholera culture he gave to healthy chickens failed to kill them. He assumed his culture was bad and injected these same chickens with a fresh culture of chicken cholera. These chickens remained healthy while new chickens injected with the fresh culture of chicken cholera rapidly became sick and died. From our current knowledge of immunity, how would these observations be explained?

His first disease culture had weakened over time and stimulated the development of ACTIVE immunity.

Which of the following best describes the role of histones? ( ) Histones play a role in coding for hereditary features. ( ) Histones make RNA synthesis possible. ( ) Histones determine the structure of the chromosome. ( ) Histones are not thought to play any role in the cell. ( ) Histones determine the diploid number of chromosomes.

Histones determine the structure of the chromosome.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about homeostasis? ( ) Homeostasis is controlled by hormones. ( ) Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the circulatory system. ( ) Homeostasis holds fluctuations near to the body's average levels. ( ) Homeostasis requires coordination between internal organs. ( ) Homeostasis is often controlled by negative feedback.

Homeostasis is primarily controlled by the circulatory system

The first member of genus Homo to use fire is

Homo erectus.

Which hominid is considered to be the handyman by being the first to use tools? ( ) Gorilla ( ) Lucy ( ) Homo habilis ( ) Homo erectus ( ) Chimpanzee

Homo habilis (Hominid Handyman was Homo Habilis)

Of the following fossils, which is arranged in the correct order from oldest to the most recent? ( ) Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis ( ) Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo habilis ( ) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens ( ) Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens ( ) Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens (HH-HE-HS)

The ____ are believed to be the first group of hominids that buried their dead.

Homo neanderthalensis (Homo neUNDERthaearth)

What is the correct format for the binomial name of human beings?

Homo sapiens

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? ( ) Muscular tissue is specialized to contract. ( ) Human oral body temperature is always close to 37o C (98.6° F). ( ) There are more red cells than white cells. ( ) An organism is limited in how high it can jump. ( ) An organism makes about as many turns to the right as to the left.

Human oral body temperature is always close to 37o C (98.6° F).

Which of the following represents a potential threat to biodiversity? ( ) People construct artificial reefs to support marine life. ( ) Humans clear land for agriculture and housing. ( ) Energy flows through an ecosystem, with much lost as heat. ( ) Tropical rain forests and coral reefs are found where solar energy is the most abundant. ( ) In a food chain, one population feeds on another.

Humans clear land for agriculture and housing.

During surgery for breast cancer, surgeons will often remove lymph nodes in the armpit. What is the most likely reason for this?

If any cancer cells have entered the lymph, they will travel to the closest lymph node which are in the armpit.

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonding is INCORRECT? ( ) Hydrogen bonding occurs only between water molecules. ( ) Hydrogen bonds are easily broken. ( ) Hydrogen bonding can occur between different molecules or within the same molecule. ( ) Most hydrogen bonds involve hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen. ( ) The structure of a large, complex molecule can be influenced by hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonding occurs only between water molecules.

Which statement regarding the scientific method is FALSE? ( ) Experimental results are reported in scientific journals. ( ) Hypotheses are finally proven as absolutely true or false. ( ) The control is not subjected to the experimental variable. ( ) Statistical tests may be used to analyze experimental results. ( ) Experimental results are often summarized in a graph or table.

Hypotheses are finally proven as absolutely true or false.

Which of the following radioactive isotopes are used to detect whether or not an individual has a healthy thyroid? ( ) I131 ( ) C14 ( ) glucose ( ) H2 ( ) All of the above can be used.

I131

Which of the following is responsible for controlling the production of male sex hormones? ( ) testosterone ( ) progesterone ( ) GnRH ( ) FSH ( ) ICSH

ICSH

The inside and outside of the plasma membrane are

IDENTICAL in phospholipid bilayer but have cytoskeletal filaments on the INSIDE and carbohydrate chains of glycolipids and proteins on the OUTSIDE.

Which of the following is NOT a property of water that results from hydrogen bonding? ( ) The temperature of water changes very slowly. ( ) Many polar substances dissolve in water. ( ) Water molecules have cohesiveness. ( ) Ice melts at -100°C. ( ) Water has a high surface tension.

Ice melts at -100°C.

Which of the following factors could cause the cell membrane to become less permeable? ( ) If the channel proteins were to denature and become inactive ( ) If the molecules trying to enter the cell were decreased in size ( ) If the hydrophilic head of the phospholipids were to become hydrophobic while the hydrophobic tails become hydrophilic ( ) If the size of the protein channel was to increase ( ) All of these choices would cause the cell membrane to become less permeable

If the channel proteins were to denature and become inactive

Which antibody class is most responsible for the allergic reaction?

IgE

Most antibodies found in the blood belong to what class of immunoglobulins?

IgG

Which is a correct comparison of the role(s) of hormones in male and female cycles and sexual development? ( ) The same hormones are used by both systems; the names are simply different. ( ) The hypothalamus-pituitary uses a completely separate set of hormones to communicate with ovaries in contrast to testes. ( ) In males, the hypothalamus-pituitary and testes communicate; in females the uterus is an additional actor along with the ovaries and the hypothalamus-pituitary. ( ) In both males and females, there is a monthly cycle of changing hormone levels although in males, this only results in sperm production. ( ) The hypothalamus controls the male sexual development and keeps sperm production level; the pituitary constantly cycles the female production of eggs.

In males, the hypothalamus-pituitary and testes communicate; in females the uterus is an additional actor along with the ovaries and the hypothalamus-pituitary.

A person enters a heat chamber carrying a raw egg on a plate. As the temperature is gradually increased, the exposed egg is cooked while the subject continues to have a normal internal temperature by mouth thermometer. What mechanism is lacking in the egg but is present in the human subject that maintains homeostasis?

Increased sweating causes evaporation that carries away heat.

Which action would cause a long-day plant to flower? ( ) Interrupt the day with a period of darkness. ( ) Interrupt a long night with a flash of light. ( ) Give the plant some phytochrome. ( ) Allow an insect to pollinate the plant. ( ) Keep the plant in the dark.

Interrupt a long night with a flash of light.

Which of the following would be considered evidence that chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis? ( ) Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight. ( ) Plants that are green contain chloroplasts. ( ) Both plants and algae have chloroplasts. ( ) Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria. ( ) Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are stacked in structures called grana.

Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight.

What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?

It is an electron carrier

Why is fermentation essential to humans?

It is essential when we need a rapid burst of energy.

Which is true of facilitated transport by carrier proteins? ( ) Facilitated transport only applies to small and lipid soluble molecules. ( ) It is represented by the glucose carrier that can transport hundreds of molecules a second. ( ) After a carrier has transported a molecule, it is unable to transport any more. ( ) Facilitated transport requires expenditure of chemical energy and is therefore active transport. ( ) One carrier protein can carry a variety of different molecules

It is represented by the glucose carrier that can transport hundreds of molecules a second.

Why is it advantageous to have blood move slowly in the capillaries?

It provides time for substances to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluids.

What will happen to the protein solution of side A in Figure 4.1? {image of U shaped tube with 20% protein & 80% water on side A & 100% water on side B with a differentially permeable membrane between the sides}

It will become less concentrated since water passes from B to A.

What will happen to the water level in Figure 4.1? {image of U shaped tube with 20% protein & 80% water on side A & 100% water on side B with a differentially permeable membrane between the sides}

It will rise in side A.

A multicellular, photosynthetic organism with complex, specialized cells and tissues would most likely be assigned to

Kingdom Plantae.

Considering that leaf stomata have the conflicting functions of allowing gaseous carbon dioxide into the leaf, yet preserving the plant's supply of water, which of the following is NOT reasonable? ( ) Tree leaves that orient flat and present the top side to the sun would have most of their stomata on the bottom of the leaf ( ) A submerged-water plant would have no stomata ( ) Corn, oats, rice, and wheat (all monocots) have relatively upright blades with sunlight hitting both sides and would have stomata distributed fairly evenly on both sides ( ) Leaves of plants in dry areas will have more stomata than leaves of plants in humid areas ( ) Plants in arid environments open their stomata at night when temperatures are cooler and evaporation occurs less

Leaves of plants in dry areas will have more stomata than leaves of plants in humid areas

Which is NOT true concerning the cell theory? ( ) Virchow asserted that all cells come from preexisting cells ( ) Schleiden determined that all plants are made of cells ( ) Schwann researched animal tissues and discovered that they were all made of cells ( ) Hooke observed the cells of cork ( ) Leeuwenhoek first used the term "cells"

Leeuwenhoek first used the term "cells"

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood from the heart to the kidneys and back to the heart again? ( ) left ventricle → vena cava → renal vein → kidney → renal artery → aorta → right atrium ( ) right atrium → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → hepatic portal vein → vena cava → left atrium ( ) left ventricle → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium ( ) left ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → right atrium ( ) right ventricle → aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → vena cava → hepatic portal vein → right atrium

Left ventricle → Aorta → Renal artery → Kidney → Renal vein → Vena cava → Right atrium (LARK-RVR)

Which statement is FALSE concerning movement of molecules across the cell membrane? ( ) Water and gas molecules have no difficulty ( ) Small uncharged molecules pass through easily ( ) Large molecules do not pass through easily ( ) Charged molecules do not pass through easily ( ) Lipid molecules do not pass through easily

Lipid molecules do not pass through easily

Which statement about living organisms is NOT correct? ( ) Living organisms create energy. ( ) Living organisms maintain homeostasis. ( ) Living organisms reproduce. ( ) Living organisms have adaptations. ( ) Living organisms grow and develop.

Living organisms create energy.

Nutrient molecules are used as building blocks or for energy. This best represents which characteristic of life?

Living things acquire materials and energy from the environment.

The bones in a bird are hollow, reducing its weight for flight. This is an example of which characteristic of life?

Living things are adapted.

The body temperature in humans is maintained around 37°C. Which characteristic of life does this information represent?

Living things are homeostatic.

Organs are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells. This is an example of which characteristic of life?

Living things have levels of hierarchical organization.

Which statement is NOT true about the lymphatic system? ( ) It takes up excess tissue fluid at the site of capillaries. ( ) Lymph contains the same proteins as found in the blood. ( ) It helps defend the body against disease. ( ) It contains lymph that may have fat in it. ( ) Lymph is tissue fluid that has entered a lymph vessel.

Lymph contains the same proteins as found in the blood.

Following a cut or scrape, which process repairs your skin?

Mitosis

All of these humans are believed to have evolved in Africa EXCEPT ( ) Homo erectus. ( ) Homo habilis. ( ) Homo rudolfensis. ( ) Neandertals. ( ) Homo ergaster.

Neandertals

Until recently, we only described neurons as cellular units of the nervous system. Which is a probable reason science overlooked the importance of neuroglial cells? ( ) Neuroglial cells have long processes and look just like neurons. ( ) Neuroglial cells are rare compared to neurons and make up a very small volume of the brain. ( ) Neuroglial cells were thought to merely support neurons and their complex chemical role was not yet detected. ( ) Neuroglial cells are distant from the other neuron tissue. ( ) Neuroglial cells are developing larger today as people use more memory.

Neuroglial cells were thought to merely support neurons and their complex chemical role was not yet detected.

Ribosomes are composed of

RNA and protein.

Which statement is NOT true in regards to the inflammatory reaction? ( ) The skin becomes reddened and swollen. ( ) Swelling initiates pain nerve impulses. ( ) Increased capillary permeability causes more proteins and fluids to escape. ( ) Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria in the wound. ( ) Neutrophils change into macrophages that act as scavengers.

Neutrophils change into macrophages that act as scavengers.

Our body recognizes the foreign nature of a parasite or disease agent and we soon build up antibodies. A few parasites can change their identity to evade our immune system. How could cells do this on a regular basis?

New glycoproteins are produced in the cell and moved into the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning plant tissue culture? ( ) New plants can be cultivated from any existing plant cell. ( ) Most plant cells are totipotent, meaning an entire plant can be produced from one cell. ( ) Hormones can be used to cause the production of shoots from tissue. ( ) Plants can be produced from shoot tips, leaves, and anthers. ( ) Foreign genes such as those from other plants or even animals can be inserted into plant cells.

New plants can be cultivated from any existing plant cell.

Would it be possible to observe crossing-over between sister chromatids? Why or why not?

No. Since they are genetically identical you could not tell the difference without labeling the chromatids.

Which of the following variables does not increase an individual's likelihood of developing a cardiovascular disease? ( ) gender ( ) family history of heart attack under 55 years of age ( ) smoking ( ) hypertension ( ) None of these are correct.

None of these are correct.

What blood type does an individual have according to the blood typing results illustrated in this figure? {anti-A, anti-B, anti-Rh}

O positive

During the formation of a polymer, two monomers are joined by the removal of a _______ & _______.

OH, H

List the steps of the scientific method in the correct order:

Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion, Scientific theory

Which statement regarding the scientific method is FALSE? ( ) Inductive reasoning is used to form a hypothesis. ( ) Observations are used to form a hypothesis. ( ) Experiments need to be repeatable. ( ) Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment. ( ) The control and experimental group are identical except for one variable.

Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about flowering plants? ( ) Sporophyte generation produces spores. ( ) Gametophyte generation produces gametes. ( ) Ovules contain the microspore mother cell. ( ) Microspores undergo mitosis to produce pollen grains. ( ) Megaspores undergo mitosis to produce an embryo sac.

Ovules contain the microspore mother cell.

What two components are commonly found in the extracellular matrix that help resist stretching and provide resilience? ( ) proteins & polysaccharides ( ) proteins & phospholipids ( ) polysaccharides & phospholipids ( ) amino acids & phospholipids ( ) nucleic acids & proteins

PROteins & POLYsaccharides

A member of the sac fungi that contains an ascocarp is ( ) Amoeba proteus. ( ) Plasmodium vivax. ( ) Chlamydomonas. ( ) Penicillium species. ( ) Paramecium species.

Penicillium species.

Which organelle primarily functions to regulate the production of H2O2?

Peroxisome

Corn belongs to the kingdom

Plantae.

Why are green algae placed in the Protista while plants are given their own kingdom?

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not.

Why are green algae placed in the Protista while plants are placed in a separate kingdom?

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant while green algae do not.

Which of the following is of LEAST importance when concerning the preservation of ecosystems? ( ) Ecosystem preservation maintains the status of species in their current state. ( ) Many different organisms perform services that ensure our continued existence. ( ) Humans derive medicines, food and many important materials from functioning ecosystems. ( ) Preservation of ecosystems allows humans to exploit as many resources as possible. ( ) It is estimated that possibly 400 species become extinct each day due to activities of humans.

Preservation of ecosystems allows humans to exploit as many resources as possible.

One adaptation that was necessary for charophytes to move onto land was the protection of the embryo from desiccation. In mosses the embryo, called a developing sporophyte, is

Protected WITHIN THE ARCHEGONIUM and nourished by the 'foot' growing down into the gametophyte tissue.

Single-celled eukaryotes belong to the kingdom

Protista

Which phase of the ECG indicates ventricular excitation and contraction?

QRS wave

Which statement about the cellular nucleic acids DNA and RNA is INCORRECT? ( ) DNA is double-stranded, and RNA is single-stranded. ( ) The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, and in RNA the sugar is ribose. ( ) DNA has a helix shape; RNA does not. ( ) RNA and DNA have the same four nitrogen-containing bases. ( ) Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.

RNA and DNA have the same four nitrogen-containing bases.

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart valves? ( ) right atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve ( ) right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve ( ) left atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve ( ) pulmonary semilunar valve →left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve ( ) left atrioventricular valve →aortic semilunar valve →right atrioventricular valve →pulmonary semilunar valve

Right atrioventricular valve →Pulmonary semilunar valve →Left atrioventricular valve →Aortic semilunar valve (RPLA - blood encounters valves to RePLAy)

What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart chambers? ( ) left atrium →left ventricle →right atrium →right ventricle ( ) left ventricle →left atrium →right ventricle →right atrium ( ) right atrium →left atrium →left ventricle →right ventricle ( ) right atrium →left ventricle →left atrium →right ventricle ( ) right atrium →right ventricle →left atrium →left ventricle

Right atrium →Right ventricle →Left atrium →Left ventricle (RaRvLaLv)

Your task in the laboratory is to find cells that have projections to increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals. Which of the following slides would you use to find these cells? ( ) Eudicot woody stem slide ( ) Leaf slide of moncot or eudicot ( ) Monocot stem slide ( ) Root slide showing root cap ( ) Root slide showing zone of maturation

Root slide showing zone of maturation

Which of the below is the correct sequence for the cell cycle? ( ) S-M-G1-G2 ( ) S-M-G2-G1 ( ) S-G1-G1-M ( ) S-G2-M-G1 ( ) S-G1-M-G2

S-G2-M-G1

The pacemaker of the heart is termed the

SA node.

During a football game an offensive lineman is hit in the legs from the side. Upon examination by the physical trainer it was determined that the player has a dislocated knee. There was a significant amount of damage to the entire knee joint. What are the main tissues and membranes that would have been damaged?

SKELETAL muscle, CONNECTIVE tissues, and the SYNOVIAL membrane

Members of which genus of algae are found in ponds and have chloroplasts that are arranged in a spiral? ( ) Ulva ( ) Spirogyra ( ) Euglena ( ) Chlamydomonas ( ) Volvox

SPIRogyra

Which form of protist has a complicated parasitic life cycle that nearly always involves the production of infective spores? ( ) sporozoans ( ) zooflagellates ( ) slime molds ( ) diatoms ( ) ciliates

SPORozoans

When the paramedic shouts "stand back" and applies the paddles to administer a strong current, this is an attempt to

STOP the ventricles from uncontrolled contractions so the SA node can reestablish a coordinated beat.

What is the most probable evolutionary path for genus Homo? ( ) Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis ( ) Australopithecus afarensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo erectus ( ) Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus afarensis - Australopithecus anamensis - Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Homo habilis ( ) Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo ergaster

Sahelanthropus tchadensis - Ardipithecus kadabba - Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis - Homo habilis (ST...HH)

Which of the following statements is NOT true of chemical bonds? ( ) Both ionic and covalent bonds involve electrons in the outer shell. ( ) Covalent bonds share electrons between two atoms. ( ) An atom involved in an ionic bond has an unequal number of electrons and protons. ( ) Salts are covalently bonded. ( ) The atoms in a molecule of water (H2O) are covalently bound together.

Salts are covalently bonded.

Which statement regarding science technology is FALSE? ( ) Science technology has brought about life-improving discoveries, such as antibiotics. ( ) Science technology helps us to understand the causes of cancer. ( ) Science technology is a basis for all ethical or moral decisions. ( ) Science technology may ease the feeding of the world population by producing new plant strains. ( ) Scientific experimentation may make use of a model instead of an actual subject.

Science technology is a basis for all ethical or moral decisions.

Which statement is NOT true about seed plants? ( ) They generally do not require external water for reproduction. ( ) Seed plants produce homospores. ( ) The pollen grain later becomes the male gametophyte. ( ) The female gametophyte is retained within the sporophyte. ( ) The seed contains the embryonic sporophyte generation.

Seed plants produce homospores.

Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane? ( ) It provides mechanical strength to the cell ( ) It gives shape to the cell ( ) It regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell ( ) It is largely responsible for cellular homeostasis ( ) Serves as a site for protein synthesis

Serves as a site for protein synthesis

Without considering the variation provided by crossing-over, how much will two siblings from one set of parents vary from each other?

Siblings inherit essentially 50% of their genes from each parent, but two sibling offspring may share with each other from zero to 23 chromosomes in common from each parent and therefore vary widely from each other.

What is the major drawback to cytokine therapies?

Side effects can be life-threatening.

Although estrogen is primarily produced by ovaries, it is also produced by the adrenal glands and in fat tissue. Loss of the normal amount of fat lowers the level of estrogen so that the menstrual cycle and ovulation stops. Female Olympic athletes who train severely often shut off their cycles. What would be a reasonable EVOLUTIONARY cause of this shutdown?

Since an unborn infant gets priority on blood nutrient pools, pregnancy during famine will likely be fatal for both mother and offspring; this mechanism reduces this risk and increases survival.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why two children born to the same parents [not identical twins] are unlikely to have the same genetic makeup? ( ) Crossing over recombines portions of sister chromatids. ( ) Fertilization provides a new pairing of chromosomes. ( ) Each sperm or egg has a random assortment of chromosomes, half from each pair. ( ) Chromosomes align themselves independently during meiosis I. ( ) Since though they are produced at different times, all sperm will be genetically different from all other sperm.

Since though they are produced at different times, all sperm will be genetically different from all other sperm.

Which is a correct description of muscle tissues? ( ) Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, blood vessels, and nerves leading to the heart. ( ) Smooth muscle is voluntary and represented by most skeletal muscles. ( ) Skeletal muscle cells are often striated or banded where actin and myosin filaments overlap. ( ) Smooth muscle cells contain many nuclei because many cells fused into one fiber. ( ) Skeletal muscle cells are branched and tangled and bound end-to-end at intercalated disks.

Skeletal muscle cells are often striated or banded where actin and myosin filaments overlap.

Why is cellular respiration organized into four phases?

So that the energy within the glucose molecule can be released in a stepwise fashion.

During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the chloroplasts. The process is represented by:

Solar energy + Carbon dioxide + Water → Carbohydrate + Oxygen

List the sequence of classification categories in the proper order from least to most inclusive:

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain

An example of a filamentous green alga is ( ) Ulva. ( ) Chlamydomonas. ( ) Volvox. ( ) Spirogyra. ( ) Fucus.

Spirogyra

Some students consume large amounts of coffee and so-called energy drinks to help them stay alert when studying. You notice that many who engage in this practice seem to do poorly on exams. Suppose you want to investigate the relationship between caffeine consumption and exam performance. What would be an appropriate hypothesis?

Students who consume large amounts of caffeine while studying will have lower exam scores than those who consume less caffeine.

Intrinsic control of heartbeat rate involves what mechanism(s)?

The SA node initiates heartbeat although the AV node can generate a slower beat rate.

Which events and features are correctly associated with the roots during the pressure-flow model of phloem transport? ( ) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. ( ) Sugars are stored in the source. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. ( ) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for photosynthesis. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem. ( ) Sugar is stored in the sink. Cells use the sugar for cellular respiration. Water exits by diffusion and returns to the phloem. ( ) Sugar is stored in the source. Cells use the sugar for photosynthesis. Water exits by osmosis and returns to the xylem.

Sugar is stored in the SINK. Cells use the sugar for CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Water exits by OSMOSIS and returns to the XYLEM.

Which statement is NOT true regarding phloem transport during the summer in plants? ( ) The leaves must make sugar. ( ) A higher pressure exists in the leaves than in the roots. ( ) Water follows sugar into sieve-tube members in the leaves. ( ) Sugar is transported by passive diffusion into sieve-tube members. ( ) There is a fluid flow from the leaves to the roots.

Sugar is transported by passive diffusion into sieve-tube members.

Plants could readily develop seasonal responses based on temperature changes but have evolved their rhythms based on a comparison of daylight and darkness. Why has the day-night ratio system been selected?

Temperatures fluctuate widely across seasons and from year to year, but photoperiod comparisons are a more reliable indicator of season.

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the germination of the eudicot seed? ( ) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. ( ) The cotyledon was absorbed by the endosperm and supplies the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. ( ) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The radicle becomes part of the stem and the hypocotyl develops into the roots. ( ) The pericarp has absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The hypocotyl becomes part of the stem and the radicle develops into the roots. ( ) The two cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The plumule and the radicle push through the coleorhiza during germination.

The TWO cotyledons have absorbed the endosperm and supply the nutrients to the embryo. As the embryo emerges from the soil it consumes the nutrients and develops the shoot. The HYPOCOTYL becomes part of the stem and the RADICLE develops into the roots.

Larval tunicates differ from adults in all but one of the following ways. Which of the following is NOT true? ( ) The adults are sessile and the larvae are free swimming. ( ) The adults do not have a notochord while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have a dorsal, hollow nerve chord while the larvae do. ( ) The adults do not have a post-anal tail while the larvae do.

The adults do not have pharynx and gill slits while the larvae do.

Some anesthetics are also very effective in stopping the food from moving through the intestine. Therefore, after an operation, the surgeon will not permit a patient to eat until the digestive system is moving food again, and a patient has to suck on ice until there is some evidence the digestive tract is functioning. Without knowing more about the anesthetics, what is the likely mode of action of the anesthetic?

The anesthetic probably affects nerves that slow all SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIONS.

In time, bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces. Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf?

The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.

Changes in which organ system can lead to erectile dysfunction (ED)? ( ) The cardiovascular system because it can lead to an inadequate blood supply to the penis. ( ) The endocrine system because this can lower the sperm count. ( ) The digestive system because with poor digestion the body does not extract sufficient energy from food. ( ) The skeleto-muscular system because a reduction in muscle fibers will make an erection impossible. ( ) The endocrine system because this will limit the production of testosterone.

The cardiovascular system because it can lead to an inadequate blood supply to the penis.

How does cell division differ between animal and plant cells?

The cell plate is the final partitioning of plant cells.

A cell is placed in a solution of large nutrient molecules tagged with a red dye. Soon the cell is dark red, showing a concentration of the nutrient much higher than the external solution. We add a reagent that blocks the use of ATP. What result would you expect from this experiment? ( ) The nutrient would continue to rapidly enter the cell by diffusion because as a nutrient it is constantly being used in cell metabolism, so the cell will get redder ( ) The color will remain the same since all future transfer will stop ( ) The color will fade as the import of the nutrient stops and diffusion evens the concentrations ( ) The cell will continue to get darker since the import of the nutrient does not involve ATP ( ) The cell will die without access to ATP

The color will remain the same since all future transfer will stop. I said E but whatever.

The common name for "cat" in Spanish is "gato" and in Chinese is "mao." Which of the following statements pertaining to the use of scientific names instead of common names is FALSE? ( ) Common names may include different sets of organisms. ( ) Scientific names can be known and recognized by all scientists throughout the world. ( ) To recognize an organism in the literature by its common name, a scientist would have to know multiple languages. ( ) The scientific name begins to tie the organism into related groups. ( ) The common name clearly identifies an organism as unique.

The common name clearly identifies an organism as unique.

If a new anti-cancer drug is found effective in initial tests with mice, what do researchers conclude?

The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans.

Although estrogen is primarily produced by ovaries, it is also produced by the adrenal glands and in fat tissue. Young female athletes who train strenuously often find that their menstrual cycle shuts down. What would be a reasonable DIRECT CAUSE of this shutdown? ( ) The increased need for ATP for the muscle cells deprives ATP for ovaries. ( ) The increased use of ATP for muscles deprives ATP needed by the brain where the hypothalamus and pituitary control the menstrual cycle. ( ) The cycle requires minimal threshold of estrogen and although the ovaries produce their regular levels, the loss of body fat would lower the estrogen level to below the threshold, thus shutting down the menstrual cycle. ( ) Physical trauma to the ovaries themselves would shut down their estrogen production. ( ) Less food would result in less hormone production.

The cycle requires minimal threshold of estrogen and although the ovaries produce their regular levels, the loss of body fat would lower the estrogen level to below the threshold, thus shutting down the menstrual cycle.

If the proteins forming the cell junctions within the stomach were denatured, what is a likely consequence?

The desmosome junctions would not hold together causing the cells in the stomach to pull apart.

Which is NOT a correct description of body cavity partitioning? ( ) The meninges protect and isolate the brain and spinal cord. ( ) The diaphragm separates the pericardial cavity from the thoracic cavity. ( ) The cranial cavity contains the brain. ( ) The intestines must share space with the liver and stomach in the abdominal cavity. ( ) Reproductive organs are in the pelvic cavity or an extension of it.

The diaphragm separates the pericardial cavity from the thoracic cavity

During organ transplant, which feature is the most important to recognize? ( ) The difference between the MHC proteins of the donor and the recipient. ( ) The difference between the blood types of the donor and the recipient. ( ) The similarities between the blood types of the donor and the recipient. ( ) The type of organ being transplanted. ( ) The age of the recipient of the transplanted organ.

The difference between the MHC proteins of the donor and the recipient.

In which direction does a nerve impulse usually move?

dendrite → cell body → axon

Which structure of the eudicot embryo within a seed is NOT correctly identified? ( ) The radicle is the embryonic root. ( ) A cotyledon is a seed leaf. ( ) The endosperm is the nutrient source for the embryo. ( ) The epicotyl is the shoot above the attachment of the cotyledons. ( ) The hypocotyl is the embryo plant below the attachment of the cotyledons.

The endosperm is the nutrient source for the embryo.

In cellular respiration, what is the relationship between the energy content of the reactants (glucose and O2) and products (CO2 and H2O)?

The energy content of the reactants (glucose and O2) must be greater than the energy content of the products (CO2 and H2O).

The extracellular matrix is responsible for which of the following features?

The extracellular matrix does all of these: helps the cell resist stretching; enables adherence to neighboring cells; plays a role in cell signaling; and acts as a structural feature.

How does orgasm in the human male differ from orgasm in the female?

The female can experience multiple orgasms during one sexual experience.

Which of these is NOT true of the heart? ( ) The heart is a double pump. ( ) The heart helps maintain blood pressure. ( ) The heart helps make red blood cells. ( ) The heart is composed primarily of muscle. ( ) The heart has an inner lining of endothelium.

The heart helps make red blood cells.

Which statement is NOT true about the life cycle of flowering plants? ( ) The sporophyte is diploid. ( ) The sporophyte produces two different types of spores. ( ) The female gametophyte is the seed. ( ) The male gametophyte is the pollen grain. ( ) The female gametophyte is retained within the body of the sporophyte parent generation.

The female gametophyte is the seed.

Which is NOT true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle? ( ) Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned. ( ) Mitosis will not occur if DNA is damaged or not replicated. ( ) If DNA is damaged, apoptosis may occur. ( ) The first checkpoint is located in the S phase of interphase. ( ) Cyclins must be present at certain stages to advance to the next stage.

The first checkpoint is located in the S phase of interphase.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about angiosperms? ( ) The reproductive structures are located in flowers. ( ) The flower protects the developing male gametophyte. ( ) They are divided into monocots and eudicots. ( ) The seeds are enclosed by fruit. ( ) They exhibit double fertilization.

The flower protects the developing male gametophyte. (angi does not protect her man)

Determine what would happen to an individual's proteins if they developed a fever of 103 F for several days.

The proteins would DENATURE due to the increase in body temperature and would become UNABLE to function correctly.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the lymphatic system? ( ) The lymphatic system protects the body from disease. ( ) The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream. ( ) The fluid inside lymphatic vessels is called lymph. ( ) The lymphatic system absorbs fats at the villi and transports them to the bloodstream. ( ) The lymphatic system consists of blood vessels and lymphoid organs.

The lymphatic system consists of blood vessels and lymphoid organs.

Which statement is NOT true about the life cycle of gymnosperms? ( ) The sporophyte is diploid. ( ) The sporophyte produces two distinct types of spores. ( ) The megasporocyte develops into the pollen grain. ( ) The microsporocyte develops into the pollen grain. ( ) Two nonflagellated sperm are released by the male gametophyte.

The megasporocyte develops into the pollen grain.

Non-vertebrate chordates, tunicates and lancelets, differ from other chordates in that

The notochord of non-vertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column.

Which statement concerning reproduction is FALSE? ( ) Hereditary information is passed on to the next generation. ( ) Hereditary information is in the form of genes. ( ) The offspring of asexual organisms have the same genes as the single parent. ( ) The offspring of sexual organisms have roughly one half of the genes from each parent. ( ) The offspring of multicellular organisms tend to be identical to the parent.

The offspring of multicellular organisms tend to be identical to the parent.

Rain falling in the northeastern U.S. has a pH between 5.0 and 4.0. Normally, rainwater has a pH of about 5.6. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? ( ) The pH of the rainwater has changed from neutral to acidic. ( ) The pH of the rainwater has become more acidic. ( ) The hydrogen ion (H+) content of the rainwater has increased. ( ) The proportion of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the rainwater has declined. ( ) The rainwater with a pH of 4.0 is ten times more acidic than the rainwater with a pH of 5.0.

The pH of the rainwater has changed from neutral to acidic.

Which of the following statements is NOT true in regard to active immunity? ( ) It forms a specific defense against a particular antigen. ( ) It will last for some time. ( ) The particular antibody that is formed will react against any virus or bacterial cell. ( ) It is the result of B and T lymphocyte activity. ( ) An antigen-antibody reaction must occur.

The particular antibody that is formed will react against any virus or bacterial cell.

Which of the following health problems are likely to occur if a person is unable to form the IgE antibodies? ( ) The person would have problems defending themselves against parasitic worm infections as well as lacking an immediate allergic response. ( ) The person would be unable to activate the compliment. ( ) Pathogens would be able to attach to their epithelial cells much easier. ( ) They would be unable to have their cells clump. ( ) Their B cells would be unable to respond to antigens.

The person would have problems defending themselves against parasitic worm infections as well as lacking an immediate allergic response.

Which statement about leaves is NOT correct? ( ) The photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer. ( ) The epidermis is covered by a waxy layer of cuticle that reduces water loss. ( ) Gas exchange occurs through tiny openings in the leaf surface called stomata. ( ) Vascular tissue is arranged in a net pattern in eudicots and a parallel pattern in monocots. ( ) Regulation of gas exchange through the leaf is the responsibility of the guard cells.

The photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.

Why do testes shrink when male athletes take synthetic steroid testosterone hormones?

The pituitary detects high levels of testosterone in the bloodstream and reduces FSH and LH.

You find a plant that appears to contain stamens and carpels but no petals or sepals. What could you conclude about this "flower"?

The plant is pollinated by the wind.

Kidney dialysis relies on diffusion of various dissolved waste molecules (solutes) across a non-living semipermeable membrane. If the concentration of solutes in the blood increases over time before dialysis is administered, what will happen to the rate of dialysis when it occurs?

The rate will speed up since the concentration gradient is higher.

While transplanting flowers you accidentally damaged the roots. What is the most likely scenario that will occur as a result of damage to the roots? ( ) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of cell division. ( ) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of elongation. ( ) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of maturation. ( ) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the epidermal cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of cell division. ( ) The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the epidermal cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of maturation.

The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the PARENCHYMA cells were damaged resulting in damage to the zone of CELL DIVISION.

Which of these statements is NOT true about fertilization in a fern plant? ( ) An egg is produced in an archegonium. ( ) A sperm is produced in an antheridium. ( ) The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg. ( ) The eggs and sperm are produced on the same plant. ( ) Eggs and sperm are produced by the gametophyte generation.

The sperm is carried by the wind to the egg.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about alternation of generations life cycle? ( ) Meiosis produces spores that are haploid. ( ) Spores develop into the gametophyte generation. ( ) The gametophyte produces eggs and sperm. ( ) When the sperm fertilizes the egg, a zygote results that develops into the sporophyte. ( ) The sporophyte generation produces spores by mitosis in structures called sporangia.

The sporophyte generation produces spores by mitosis in structures called sporangia.

Which statement is NOT true about ferns? ( ) The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue. ( ) Antheridia and archegonia develop on the prothallus of the gametophyte stage. ( ) Fertilization requires moisture for the sperm to swim to the egg within the archegonia. ( ) The sporophyte stage is the dominant generation. ( ) The gametophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.

The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the arrangement of tissue in the eudicot root? ( ) The epidermis of the root consists of a single layer of cells ( ) The specialized root tissues can be seen at the zone of maturation ( ) The pericycle is the outer layer of cells in the vascular cylinder and has the ability to form secondary or branch roots ( ) The Casparian strip is a waxy lining on four sides of the cells of the endodermis that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the vascular cylinder. ( ) The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of the phloem.

The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of the phloem

Which feature(s) helps distinguish the subcutaneous layer from the epidermis and dermis? ( ) The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. ( ) The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and contains various sensory receptors. ( ) The epidermis is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. ( ) The subcutaneous layer is composed of fibrous connective tissue, such as collagen and elastic fibers. ( ) The subcutaneous layer contains melanocytes which will give skin its' pigmentation.

The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.

Radioactive isotopes are used to tag proteins in the cell membranes of mouse cells. These cells are then fused with human cells in cultures. What is the likely consequence of the tagged mouse proteins?

The tagged proteins DRIFT ACROSS cell membranes and are soon found dispersed across both human and mouse cell membranes.

In the Malpighian tubules of an insect (blind, threadlike excretory tubule attached to the gut of an insect), salt molecules are actively transferred from body fluids to the inside of the tubule. Which of the following is NOT true? ( ) Water is also "pulled" by osmosis into the Malpighian tubule. ( ) The concentration of salt is normally higher in the body fluids than it is inside the tubule. ( ) The process decreases the salt concentration of the body fluids. ( ) Insects must excrete excess salt through the Malpighian tubules. ( ) The tubules have the same tonicity as the body fluids.

The tubules have the same tonicity as the body fluids.

Alternation of generations means that a diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis and a haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis. True or False?

True

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of tissue culture? ( ) Plant tissue can be used to produce medicines such as digitoxin and other products for the treatment of human disease. ( ) Tissue culture allows the production of healthier plant varieties. ( ) New plant varieties can be formed by using somatic embryos. ( ) The use of transgenic plants has led to a serious decline in crop production throughout the world. ( ) Engineered plants are resistant to herbicides and disease.

The use of transgenic plants has led to a serious decline in crop production throughout the world.

Which statement regarding the scientific method is FALSE? ( ) A theory that has been repeatedly supported is sometimes called a law. ( ) Consistent observations about a hypothesis may lead to a theory. ( ) Theories formed in everyday life carry the same validity as a scientific theory. ( ) Only one experimental variable is used in a controlled experiment. ( ) Published research should provide enough detail to allow anyone to repeat the experiment in the same manner.

Theories formed in everyday life carry the same validity as a scientific theory.

What is the numerical relationship of neuroglial cells compared to neurons?

There are about 9 neuroglial cells for every neuron.

Which of the following is a potential consequence if people stop using technology in the agriculture industry? ( ) There could be a significant decrease in the amount of food produced. ( ) A collapse of many of the terrestrial ecosystems on Earth. ( ) The extinction of the top level species that reside in the communities around the agricultural land. ( ) The amount of food produced would increase. ( ) None of these consequences will occur if people stop using technology in the agriculture industry.

There could be a significant decrease in the amount of food produced.

If a cell stops at the G1 checkpoint, this is most likely due to what problem?

There is DNA damage.

Which statement about an ecosystem is INCORRECT? ( ) Chemicals are recycled in an ecosystem. ( ) Energy flows through an ecosystem, with some being lost as heat. ( ) Some organisms produce food used by themselves and others. ( ) There is a community of organisms, but no non-living components. ( ) Climate is the main factor that determines where an ecosystem will be located.

There is a community of organisms, but no non-living components.

What might plausibly be said by a scientist?

There is always a possibility that a more advanced experiment might falsify any hypothesis.

Which of the following reactions is most likely to occur if an individual was to ingest a large dose of lemon juice? ( ) There would be an increase in the amount of carbonic acid within the blood stream. If the carbonic acid did not form then the pH of the individual's blood could shift toward 7.2. ( ) There would be an decrease in the amount of carbonic acid within the blood stream. If the carbonic acid did not form then the pH of the individual's blood could shift toward 7.2. ( ) There would be an increase in the amount of carbonic acid within the blood stream. If the carbonic acid did not form then the pH of the individual's blood could shift toward 7.8. ( ) There would be a decrease in the amount of carbonic acid within the blood stream. If the carbonic acid did not form then the pH of the individual's blood could shift toward 7.2. ( ) There would be a decrease in the amount of carbonic acid within the blood stream. If the carbonic acid did not form then the pH of the individual's blood could shift toward 7.8.

There would be an INCREASE in the amount of carbonic acid within the blood stream. If the carbonic acid did not form then the pH of the individual's blood could shift toward 7.2.

If the pericycle in a plant was missing, what would be affected?

There would be no branch roots.

"Goose bumps" are caused by the arrector pili muscles making the hair follicles stand up. True or False?

True

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a somatic embryo? ( ) These are asexually produced. ( ) These are produced in large tanks called bioreactors. ( ) These are genetically quite diverse. ( ) These are encapsulated in a protective gel for shipping. ( ) These will generate an entire mature plant.

These are genetically quite diverse.

Which statement is NOT true about neutrophils? ( ) They are phagocytic. ( ) They have a multilobed nucleus. ( ) They are agranular leukocytes. ( ) They do not produce antibodies. ( ) They are the most abundant white blood cell.

They are agranular leukocytes.

Which of the following is NOT true of the chromosomes in a cell undergoing mitosis? ( ) They are highly compacted. ( ) They are available for RNA synthesis. ( ) They have histones bound to them. ( ) They are found within the cell nucleus. ( ) They are present in the diploid number.

They are available for RNA synthesis.

In what way are fungi like heterotrophic bacteria?

They are both HETEROTROPHIC and play an important role in ecosystems.

Which statement is NOT true about fiddleheads? ( ) They are young fronds curled up. ( ) They are found in ferns. ( ) They are part of the sporophyte generation. ( ) They are haploid. ( ) They are part of a vascular plant.

They are haploid. (cuz fiddles make you happy)

Which of the following is NOT true regarding monoclonal antibodies? ( ) The antibodies produced are all of the same type. ( ) They are produced from plasma cells derived from different B cells. ( ) They are formed when B lymphocytes are fused with malignant plasma cells. ( ) They are used in the diagnosis of various diseases. ( ) They are used to treat some cancers.

They are produced from plasma cells derived from different B cells.

Both land plants and algae use starch as a storage medium and cellulose in their cell walls, this means that ( ) They both produce glucose since this is the molecule that both starch and cellulose are made from. ( ) They both use chlorophyll as a photosynthetic pigment. ( ) They both use tubers to store starch and they both use the same enzymes to make cellulose. ( ) They both produce galactose which gives rise to maltose the molecule that both starch and cellulose are made from. ( ) If algae are transported to land they will be able to survive the same as a land plant.

They both PRODUCE GLUCOSE since this is the molecule that both starch and cellulose are made from.

How is a seed like a spore?

They both disperse the species.

Which statement is true regarding both gymnosperms and angiosperms? ( ) They both have swimming sperm. ( ) They both lack the gametophyte generation. ( ) They both have a separate male and female gametophyte generation. ( ) They both produce cones and flowers. ( ) They both rely on pollinators.

They both have a SEPARATE MALE AND FEMALE gametophyte generation. (separate male and female trailers on their movie set)

Which of the following is NOT true of both T cells and B cells? ( ) They are both lymphocytes. ( ) They both pass through the thymus. ( ) They both function in immunity. ( ) They both are specific. ( ) They both originated in bone marrow.

They both pass through the thymus.

Both echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes, this means that

They have a similar development in their embryonic stages.

Normal human sperm and eggs are similar in which one of the following respects? ( ) They have the same number of chromosomes in their nucleus. ( ) Their locomotion is achieved with equal facility. ( ) They have the same relative amount of cytoplasm surrounding their nuclei. ( ) Approximately the same number of gametes are produced from both gonads. ( ) Both use meiosis to produce four sperm or four eggs from the parent cell.

They have the same number of chromosomes in their nucleus.

How can marine animals such as sharks live in a salt water?

They increase OR decrease the amount of urea in their blood until the blood is ISOTONIC with the environment.

Which of the following is NOT true about T cells? ( ) They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. ( ) They can stimulate B cells. ( ) They produce antibodies. ( ) Helper T cells can secrete cytokines. ( ) They require an antigen-presenting cell.

They produce antibodies.

Which statement is NOT correct about the sporophyte generation in gymnosperms? ( ) It is the diploid generation. ( ) It contains vascular tissue. ( ) It is the dominant generation. ( ) They produce winged naked seeds. ( ) They produce homospores.

They produce homospores.

What will happen to dye crystals if placed in the bottom of a beaker of water over a long period of time?

They will diffuse equally throughout the beaker.

The textbook describes the problem with Rh factor hemolytic disease of the newborn in the case where the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+. Which of the following statements is true? ( ) This would also be a problem where the father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. ( ) This would be a problem any time the mother is Rh-, regardless of the father's blood type, since the mother has the immune problem. ( ) This is only a problem in the given case because the Rh- mother lacks the Rh+ protein and only a Rh+ father could produce an Rh+ child. ( ) This is simply a matter of a mother having a lower threshold for rejecting foreign tissues since all babies have half-foreign tissues. ( ) The problem is substantially more complicated since the hemolytic disease is also dependent on ABO blood groups.

This is ONLY a problem in the given case because the Rh- mother lacks the Rh+ protein and only a Rh+ father could produce an Rh+ child.

Which of the following is a true statement about tissue fluid? ( ) Tissue fluid exits from white blood cells. ( ) Tissue fluid exits the capillary at the venous end. ( ) Tissue fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries. ( ) Tissue fluid contains more protein than blood. ( ) Tissue fluid forms at the venous end of a capillary.

Tissue fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries.

Syphilis is caused by

Treponema pallidum.

In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur was searching for a vaccine for anthrax in livestock. One French veterinarian had a local reputation for being able to cure anthrax by applying oils and wrapping the animal in cloth to induce a fever. Pasteur also knew that some animals got well on their own when left untreated. Pasteur tested the effectiveness of the local veterinarian's methods by injecting four cattle with anthrax bacteria. He then directed the veterinarian to perform his procedures on two cattle. The other two cattle were left alone. What is the rationale for Pasteur's experimental design?

Two cattle represent a test of the treatment; two serve as a control to determine the likelihood of survival without treatment.

Which features set members of protist apart from the rest of the kingdoms? ( ) unicellular and microscopic ( ) multicellular and microscopic ( ) photosynthetic and unicellular ( ) heterotrophic and multicellular ( ) none of these features set the protists apart from the rest of the kingdoms

UNIcellular and microscopic

Which of the following radiation uses is the one that is most likely to have beneficial and harmful consequences? ( ) Using radiation to treat a cancer patient. ( ) Using radiation to sterilize mail. ( ) Using radiation to sterilize surgical equipment prior to a surgery. ( ) Radiating fruits and vegetables prior to storage. ( ) All of these will have beneficial and harmful consequences.

Using radiation to treat a cancer patient.

In the late 1800s, a Frenchman observed that individuals who recovered from a disease were not susceptible to that same disease again. Therefore, he proposed that the agent that caused syphilis should be given to all young healthy people as a vaccine to prevent them from getting a serious case of the disease. Although the mode of action of vaccines was not yet known, Pasteur argued vehemently against this proposal. And today, we do not follow this procedure for syphilis. Why?

Vaccines are made from weakened disease agents and using the syphilis organisms would spread a full-blown serious disease agent.

Which feature possessed by most land plants is missing in mosses, which grow low to the ground in damp, shaded areas?

Vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells.

Why are men who have a heart condition warned not to take Viagra?

Viagra increases blood flow to the penis in order to promote an erection and this could have an effect on the rest of the cardiovascular system.

Which of the following biological technology has enabled scientists to extend the life span of individuals who are suffering from HIV/AIDS? ( ) Virology ( ) Cell biology ( ) Biology ( ) Physics ( ) Technology

Virology

An example of a colonial green alga is ( ) Ulva. ( ) Chlamydomonas. ( ) Volvox. ( ) Spirogyra. ( ) Fucus.

Volvox (colonial green volvo)

Hydrogen bonding produces which following property of water? ( ) Boiling at a lower temperature than expected. ( ) Water is less dense as ice than as liquid water. ( ) Water absorbs heat with a large change in temperature. ( ) Water releases heat with a large change in temperature. ( ) Water can be more dense as ice than as liquid water.

Water is less dense as ice than as liquid water.

Which of the following is NOT true about the cohesion-tension model of water transport? ( ) Water must completely fill the pipeline ( ) Water molecules attract one another ( ) Transpiration exerts a tension at the leaves ( ) Water is transported in the phloem ( ) Water must be attracted to the sides of the xylem

Water is transported in the phloem

A membrane sac filled with large molecules of potassium is suspended in a beaker of water. What will happen?

Water will enter the sac and it will swell.

For the ancestors of land plants, supplying water to all cells of the organism would have been possible because

Water would SIMPLY diffuse into the cells from the surrounding environment. (not as SIMPLE as it sounds)

The moon lacks life and varies dramatically in temperature. If we could keep a layer of water spread on the surface of the moon, what effect would it have?

Water would absorb and hold heat and moderate the temperature extremes.

In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur was searching for a vaccine for anthrax in livestock. One French veterinarian had a local reputation for being able to cure anthrax by applying oils and wrapping the animal in cloth to induce a fever. Pasteur also knew that some animals got well on their own when left untreated. Pasteur tested the effectiveness of the local veterinarian's methods by injecting four cattle with anthrax bacteria. He then directed the veterinarian to perform his procedures on two cattle. The other two cattle were left alone. One cow from each group died and the other one in each group survived. Pasteur dismissed the veterinarian's procedure as ineffective, but he also considered this to be a poor test. Why would he consider this to be a poor test?

With such a small group you can't determine if survival was dependent on the treatment or random chance.

Circulating red blood cells in your body do not contain a nucleus and other organelles. Are these cells living?

Yes, because they are actively metabolizing and once contained organelles.

The term hypertonic means

a higher solute concentration.

It is possible to take the mature frond of many ferns and rub the brown growths on the lower surface over a wet plug of peat moss. Soon small heart-shaped green structures grow on the nutritious peat moss plugs. What has happened?

You have broken the sori on the bottom of the fern frond and spores fell on the plug to germinate and form the gametophyte called a prothallus.

What is a potential outcome if one of your fathers gametes did not go through meiosis correctly and one of the chromosomes did not separate correctly?

You inherited a normal amount of genetic material from your mother but inherited an extra chromosome from your father. One of your pairs of chromosomes will not be homologous.

Which includes the parasites that cause African sleeping sickness? ( ) sporozoa ( ) zooflagellates ( ) slime molds ( ) diatoms ( ) ciliates

ZOOflagellates

The clonal selection theory states that

a B or T cell is activated by binding to/recognizing an antigen, then that cell will be cloned into cells that recognize the same antigen.

The molecule that is found at the beginning and end of the citric acid cycle is

a C4 molecule.

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as ( ) a mutually beneficial relationship between normally free-living strains. ( ) a complete mixing of the genomes of the two groups at the cellular level. ( ) an endosymbiotic transfer of the chloroplasts of algae to the hyphae cells. ( ) a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae can grow better alone. ( ) a possible controlled parasitism wherein the algae are moistened and protected by the fungi but the fungi can grow better alone.

a MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL relationship between normally free-living strains.

In certain cancerous cells, the cell divides continuously even in the absence of a growth factor (signaling molecule) that indicates the cell should divide. Which of the following could NOT explain this? ( ) a receptor molecule that is always turned off ( ) a receptor molecule that is always activated ( ) a transduction pathway that is always turned on ( ) a target protein that is always activated ( ) a gene for cell division that is expressed when it should not be

a RECEPTOR molecule that is always turned OFF

Simple squamous epithelium has

a SINGLE layer of FLAT cells.

Anaphylactic shock may occur due to

a bee sting.

You are examining a cell under the microscope that is undergoing cell division and cannot find any asters. What else would not be present in this cell?

a cleavage furrow

Of the following conditions, which is absolutely necessary for diffusion to take place? ( ) a differentially permeable membrane ( ) a true solution ( ) a concentration difference ( ) a non-permeable membrane ( ) a living cell

a concentration difference

A chain of asexual spores produced by a sac fungus is called

a conidia.

For water transport to occur there must be

a continuous column of water in xylem and transpiration of water at the leaves.

If a burn victim loses most of his skin, what symptom would NOT be present? ( ) a decrease in thirst and water intake due to dry surface tissues ( ) intense pain from exposed nerve endings ( ) constantly cold due to a lack of body insulation ( ) serious risk of infection from microbial agents ( ) vitamin D deficiency

a decrease in thirst and water intake due to dry surface tissues

Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces

a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm.

Which of the following proteins would you expect to be a coded for by a proto-oncogene? ( ) a growth factor receptor ( ) a DNA repair protein ( ) a protein involved with the G1 checkpoint ( ) a caspase ( ) a DNA replication protein

a growth factor receptor

Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries of the lungs because there is

a higher concentration of O2 in the alveoli than the capillaries.

We presume that meiosis evolved later than mitosis. What process would NOT have to evolve in cells undergoing meiosis in order to make this transition? ( ) homologous chromosomes would have to pair up ( ) an additional division would have to occur but without a second DNA replication ( ) sister chromosomes do not separate at first anaphase; centromeres hold until second division ( ) a method of lining up single chromosomes along the metaphase plate ( ) fertilization processes to restore the diploid number in an organism

a method of lining up single chromosomes along the metaphase plate

Seeds contain all of the following EXCEPT ( ) a seed coat. ( ) an endosperm. ( ) an embryo. ( ) a pollen grain. ( ) triploid tissue.

a pollen grain.

In the pine life cycle, a microspore develops into ( ) a seed. ( ) a sporophyte. ( ) a pollen grain. ( ) a megaspore. ( ) an ovule.

a pollen grain. (grain of pine)

A major evolutionary trend among plants is

a reduction in the size of the GAMEtophyte and an increase in the size of the SPOROphyte. (less GAME, more SPORT)

A covalent bond is

a sharing of electrons between two atoms.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a shark? ( ) ability to sense electric currents in the water ( ) skeleton of cartilage ( ) a sucker used to attach to prey ( ) ability to sense pressure of other swimming objects ( ) ability to detect blood in minute amounts

a sucker used to attach to prey

A plant with small leaves and sunken stomata is most likely to be found in a

desert.

In the movie Bubble Boy, Jimmy lives inside a plastic bubble where he is protected from all outside agents. Which type of disease would require a child to live inside a plastic bubble?

a total immune deficiency

Two glucose molecules can combine to form a disaccharide molecule and

a water molecule.

Which plant hormone will act as an inhibitor of growth and maintains dormancy?

abscisic acid

Of the following, which is the most effective method of birth control? ( ) male condom ( ) abstinence ( ) female condom ( ) diaphragm ( ) IUD

abstinence

If we developed a molecule that blocked the ATP channel protein, what would be the first immediate effect?

accumulation of ATP in the mitochondrial matrix

Edema can be caused by

accumulation of tissue fluid.

What forms the contractile ring in animal cells?

actin filaments

The number of mitochondria in a cell would be a general indicator of the extent of

active transport.

When a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration while using energy, the process is termed

active transport.

The disruption of homeostaisis can lead to what type of disease that can be life-threatening, but usually occurs and is resolved quickly?

acute

Aspirin is acetyl salicylic acid and can therefore pose a problem to people who have ulcers. Bufferin uses a buffer to neutralize this effect by

adding chemicals that take up excess hydrogen (H+) ions.

Which is the most common type of intercellular junction between skin cells?

adhesion junctions

Which association is NOT correct? ( ) red blood cells—transport oxygen ( ) white blood cells—fight infection ( ) water—maintains blood volume ( ) oxygen—cellular respiration ( ) albumin—fights infection

albumin—fights infection

The cell theory states that

all cells come only from other cells.

What is the main reason for the presence of a pimple? ( ) all of these are reasons for the presence of a pimple ( ) increased production of sebum ( ) increased levels of hormones ( ) the presence of Propionibacterium acnes ( ) inflammatory response

all of these are reasons for the presence of a pimple

Stomata

allow gas exchange.

The backbone of a nucleic acid strand is composed of

alternating pentose sugars and phosphate groups.

Organic molecules

always contain carbon and hydrogen.

Since pure water is neutral, it contains

an equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).

Growth factors that are transported through the blood play what role in the cell cycle?

an external signal to tell the cell whether or not to divide

You are looking at a cell under the microscope, and see what appears to be several "X" structures being pulled to each side of the cell. What stage of meiosis are you looking at?

anaphase I

During what stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate from each other

anaphase II

A person with normal blood volume and white cell count but low red cell count or low hemoglobin content may be suffering from

anemia.

Swimming sperm are produced in the ____ of the moss gametophyte stage.

antheridia

Which of the following is NOT a component of the carpel of a flower? ( ) anthers ( ) stigma ( ) style ( ) ovary ( ) ovule

anthers

The cure for gonorrhea is

antibiotic treatment.

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a innate defense mechanism against infection? ( ) stomach acids ( ) skin ( ) mucus in respiratory tract ( ) normal bacteria in intestine ( ) antibodies in mother's milk

antibodies in mother's milk

A person who is blood type AB has ( ) only antigen A on the surface of RBCs. ( ) only antigen B on the surface of RBCs. ( ) antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs. ( ) antibodies A and B on the surface of RBCs. ( ) only antibody A on the surface of RBCs.

antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs.

A vaccine contains

antigens that are no longer virulent.

In order to decrease the effects of inflammation, you would take what type of medication?

antihistamine

The blood that enters the coronary artery comes from the

aorta.

Which two structures are associated with the terminal bud? ( ) apical meristem and leaf primordia ( ) shoot tip and zone of maturation ( ) apical meristem and zone of cell division ( ) zone of cell division and leaf primordial ( ) none of these structures are associated with the terminal bud

apical meristem and leaf primordia

Epidermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue systems are derived from

apical meristem.

Technology is the ______________________.

application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose.

All carbohydrate molecules

are composed of atoms of C, H, and the functional group -OH.

Centrioles

are composed of microtubule triplets.

Interleukin and interleukin antagonists may be used for all of the following EXCEPT ( ) as treatments for B cell deficiencies. ( ) as adjuncts for vaccines. ( ) as treatment for chronic infectious diseases. ( ) to prevent skin and organ rejection. ( ) to prevent allergies.

as treatments for B cell deficiencies.

Which pair is mismatched? ( ) sporangium-bread mold ( ) ascocarp-shelf fungi ( ) basidium-club fungi ( ) penicillin-sac fungi ( ) yeasts-sac fungi

ascocarp-shelf fungi

Which is a type of neuroglial cell? ( ) astrocyte ( ) lacunae ( ) dendrocytes ( ) macroglia ( ) myelin

astrocyte

You are planning to build a swimming pool in your backyard. How close can you get to the trees in your backyard without disturbing their root structure?

at least 4-5 times the diameter of the crown of the tree

If we inject three different antigens into a human at the same time,

at least three different plasma cells will be involved in antibody production since each plasma cell only produces one specific antibody.

Accumulation of cholesterol beneath the inner linings of arteries is called

atherosclerosis.

Positive phototropism and positive gravitropism occur from the action(s) of

auxin in both cases.

Beans, peas, and other legumes have root nodules that are caused by ____ and have the role of ____.

bacteria, taking up and reducing atmospheric nitrogen

Which of the following is a prokaryotic cell? ( ) plant cell ( ) liver cell ( ) muscle cell ( ) paramecium ( ) bacterium

bacterium

Which of these combinations would be found in a nucleotide? ( ) base-acid-salt ( ) adenine-thymine-uracil ( ) base-sugar-phosphate ( ) DNA-RNA-nucleus ( ) sugar-protein-fat

base-sugar-phosphate

A mushroom will produce a sexual spore at the tip of a club-shaped

basidia

Why would it make sense to have the birthing process controlled by a positive feedback loop?

because there is a definite cutoff point to be reached

In the life cycle of a fern, the zygote ( ) becomes the sporophyte generation. ( ) becomes the gametophyte generation. ( ) does not occur. ( ) undergoes meiosis. ( ) is haploid.

becomes the SPOROPHYTE generation.

Which of the following features was NOT necessary for adaptation by reptiles to life on land? ( ) hard, horny scales ( ) internal fertilization by means of a penis ( ) shelled egg ( ) being cold-blooded ( ) well-developed lungs

being cold-blooded

As the human population size increases,

biodiversity is adversely affected as humans have destructive effects on ecosystems.

The layer where organisms can exist on the surface of the earth is the

biosphere.

Which feature is used to distinguish modern humans? ( ) bipedalism ( ) notochord ( ) use of tools ( ) omnivore diet ( ) forward facing eyes

bipedalism

Endothermic animals with four-chambered hearts include the ( ) amphibians. ( ) reptiles. ( ) fish. ( ) arthropods. ( ) birds.

birds

Which of the following are NOT grouped with the Protista? ( ) protozoans ( ) algae ( ) slime molds ( ) water molds ( ) black bread mold

black bread mold

Trees are often identified by their leaves. What information about the leaves would you need to observe in order to identify the tree?

blades, pattern of venation, and arrangement on stem

Name the tissue in which the cells are separated by a liquid.

blood

Lymph, such as that collected under a blister, contains all the components of blood EXCEPT

blood cells, albumin and other plasma proteins.

Venous return does not depend on

blood pressure.

Which of the following would NOT lead to an immunodeficiency? ( ) inherited lack of B cells ( ) blood transfusion ( ) surgical removal of the thymus ( ) SCID ( ) AIDS

blood transfusion

Cellular respiration is best associated with the

mitochondrion.

The main features that place Homo habilis in the genus Homo rather than Australopithecus are ( ) human facial appearance and lack of hair. ( ) advanced use of language and total carnivorous diet. ( ) brain size, posture, and dentition. ( ) care of young and altruistic behavior. ( ) hand grip, extensive use of tools, and house-building.

brain size, posture, and dentition.

Cellular respiration involves ALL of the following EXCEPT

breathing in and out.

Which feature is NOT found on the epidermis of a plant leaf? ( ) bundle sheath cells ( ) stomata ( ) cuticle ( ) trichomes ( ) guard cells

bundle sheath cells

How are potato plants propagated?

by "eyes" (a bud)

The inactivation of the host cell protein p53 benefits Human papillomavirus (HPV)

by allowing the infected cell to go through repeated cell division thus replicating the virus.

You are examining a seed with tiny white plumes attached to it. How is this type of seed most likely dispersed?

by the wind

Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is an ionic compound in which

calcium has lost two electrons.

The element in your blood necessary for the clotting process is

calcium.

Stem cells

can differentiate into many cell types, including neurons.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding active transport? ( ) moves molecules or ions against their concentration gradient ( ) involves protein pumps ( ) is associated with large numbers of mitochondria ( ) is associated with nerve and muscle cells ( ) cannot be done by animal cells

cannot be done by animal cells

Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick?

capillaries

Which statement is NOT a correct association? ( ) arteries—have a thick muscular layer ( ) capillaries—oxygen and nutrient exchange ( ) arteries—can control blood pressure ( ) capillaries—contain most of overall blood volume ( ) veins—valves to return blood to heart

capillaries—contain most of overall blood volume

Maltose is classified as a

carbohydrate

During fermentation, _________ is produced by yeast cells causing the dough to rise.

carbon dioxide (co2 bubbles)

If the carbons from glucose were radioactively labeled, what molecule(s) would end up with the label?

carbon dioxide and citrate

Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?

carbon dioxide and water

The larger lymphatic vessels are most similar in structure to

cardiovascular veins.

The stigma, style, and ovary are located in a

carpel (carpel "tunnel" contains these)

The reproductive parts of an angiosperm are the

carpel and stamen.

In humans, the superior vena cava

carries blood to the right atrium.

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a fruit according to a biologist? ( ) apple ( ) grapes ( ) tomato ( ) peas in a pod ( ) celery

celery

Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and function? ( ) lysosome-intracellular digestion ( ) mitochondrion-cell respiration ( ) ribosome-production of proteins ( ) cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells ( ) vacuole-storage of chemicals

cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells

The smallest unit that has all of the characteristics of life is the

cell.

Which type of cells will have modifications that increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio?

cells that specialize in absorption

List the sequence of biological organization, from the smallest and simplest to the largest and most complex. ( ) cells-organs-tissues-organ systems-organism ( ) cells-tissues-organ systems-organs-organism ( ) tissues-cells-organs-organ systems-organism ( ) tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms-cells ( ) cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms

cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms

The equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 38 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O represents which cellular process?

cellular respiration

Which organelle has a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules?

centriole

In plant cells, what is responsible for organizing the spindle?

centrosomes

The complement system contains

certain plasma proteins.

A Pap smear is used to detect

cervical cancer.

Menopause refers to

cessation of menstruation.

Symptoms of menopause include

cessation of menstruation.

When comparing energy and chemicals in an ecosystem,

chemicals cycle over and over again but energy flows through once.

The production of ATP as a result of an electrochemical gradient is called

chemiosmosis.

Which of the following STDs is NOT the result of a virus? ( ) AIDS ( ) herpes ( ) chlamydia ( ) genital warts ( ) Hepatitis B

chlamydia

Amphibians most likely evolved from ancestors most similar to the

coelacanth

You notice that rain water forms "beads" on your car. This is an example of what property of water?

cohesion

When you have waxed your car, rainfall makes very large droplets that roll around on the hood. This property where the water molecules stick together is known as

cohesion.

Which of the following is NOT a part of a developing eudicot embryo? ( ) epicotyl ( ) hypocotyl ( ) cotyledon ( ) radicle ( ) coleoptile

coleoptile

The protective sheath that first surrounds the shoot is called the

coleoptile.

The fibers that get stuck between your teeth when you eat celery are

collenchyma.

Molecules such as glucose and amino acids are NOT lipid soluble and therefore they

combine with carrier proteins and pass across by facilitated transport.

Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) is more likely to appear on home-baked bread than commercially-distributed bread. A possible explanation is

commercially-distributed bread is more likely to contain chemical preservatives than home-baked bread.

The lancelets are found ( ) in tropical Amazon streams. ( ) as parasites inside the tracts of fish. ( ) very rarely in mountain streams, where they are almost extinct. ( ) commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world. ( ) on the bottom of the ocean.

commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world.

All the organisms of various species living within a given area constitute a

community.

Which cell found in phloem tissue has a nucleus? ( ) vessel element ( ) tracheids ( ) sieve-tube member ( ) guard cell ( ) companion cell

companion cell

Which protein forms pores in bacterial cell membranes?

complement

Spirogyra practice a type of sexual exchange called

conjugation

Collagenous and elastic fibers are found in what type of tissue?

connective

The role of the acrosome during the fertilization process is to

contain enzymes that help a sperm head digest its way into an egg.

When two mating strains of hyphae merge, the fungal cells

contain two haploid nuclei.

A simplified list of characteristics of "algae" includes the following Green Algae- mostly freshwater, cell wall, chlorophylls a and b Euglenoids- mostly freshwater, no cell wall, chlorophylls a and b Brown Algae- mostly marine, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Diatoms- marine and freshwater, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Dinoflagellates- mostly marine, cell wall, chlorophylls a and c Red Algae- mostly marine, chlorophylls a and phycobilin From examination of this restricted set of data, and referring back to discussions of systematics and taxonomy, it is most likely that the most primitive algae ( ) were marine. ( ) were freshwater. ( ) contained cell walls. ( ) contained chlorophyll a. ( ) contained chlorophyll c.

contained chlorophyll A.

The nucleolus

contains RNA and is found in the nucleus.

Once a solute and a solvent are evenly distributed in a solution, they will

continue to move about but with no net movement to higher concentration.

Which is NOT a physical barrier method of birth control? ( ) condom ( ) cervical cap ( ) diaphragm ( ) contraceptive implant ( ) IUD

contraceptive implant

The roots of many plants have a relationship with fungi called

mycorrhizae.

Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and lines kidney tubules? ( ) hyaline cartilage ( ) nerve tissue ( ) columnar epithelium ( ) cuboidal epithelium ( ) squamous epithelium

cuboidal epithelium

You need to identify a plant but it is winter and the leaves have fallen to the ground mixed with others. The parts of flowers, fruits, and seed leaves of germinating seeds are not available either. Your best clue to whether it is a monocot or a eudicot is to

cut the stem and if the vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, it is a monocot.

The tissue layers of a leaf, from the upper surface to the lower surface, are

cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis, cuticle

Which of the following is from a division within the gymnosperm group? ( ) horsetail ( ) cycad ( ) moss ( ) fern ( ) monocot

cycad

Plants that flourished in the Mesozoic era along with dinosaurs were the

cycads

Which of the following plant hormones prevents senescence and can initiate leaf growth? ( ) indoleacetic acid ( ) gibberellin ( ) cytokinin ( ) abscisic acid ( ) ethylene

cytokinin

Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?

cytoplasm

If cells were moved to a low-gravity environment, such as in space exploration, a change would most likely be expected in the

cytoskeleton.

Which type of lymphocyte is sometimes called a "killer cell" that brings about destruction of antigen-bearing cells?

cytotoxic T cell

Which of these descriptions could be associated with the secretory phase of the uterine cycle? ( ) low FSH → high estrogen → developing follicle → increase in uterine lining ( ) high LH → high estrogen → developing follicle → uterine lining breakdown ( ) decrease in LH → increase in progesterone → corpus luteum present → secretory uterine lining ( ) decrease in LH → decrease in progesterone → corpus luteum present → secretory uterine lining ( ) increase in LH → increase in progesterone → corpus luteum present → endometrium released

decrease in LH → increase in progesterone → corpus luteum present → secretory uterine lining

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of genetically engineered plants? ( ) decreased yield ( ) herbicide resistance ( ) salt tolerance ( ) drought tolerance ( ) disease protection

decreased yield

Two molecules of glucose combine to form a disaccharide molecule during a(n) ________ reaction.

dehydration

What type of reaction is necessary to produce a dipeptide from individual amino acids?

dehydration reaction

The final shape of a protein is very important to its function. When proteins undergo an irreversible change in shape called ___________ they __________ perform their usual functions.

denaturation/cannot

Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox infection, that was very similar to more dangerous smallpox, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. This was a case of these subjects

developing active immunity.

Which is grouped with the algae? ( ) sporozoa ( ) zooflagellates ( ) slime molds ( ) diatoms ( ) ciliates

diatoms

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle

differentiates into the corpus luteum.

A student sitting on the back row opened a bottle of foul-smelling perfume and dabbed it on her wrists. One-by-one (beginning from the back of the room) the students began to cough due to the foul smell. This phenomena was due to

diffusion

Which membrane transport process can continue whether the cell is alive or dead?

diffusion

The definition of osmosis is the

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Which of the following body systems is NOT involved in the control of fluid balance in the body? ( ) cardiovascular ( ) digestive ( ) lymphatic ( ) urinary ( ) endocrine

digestive

In the fern life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.

diploid sporophyte DipSpor

There is a condition where a baby is born with an opening [foramen ovale] in the septum or wall between the atria. What are reasonable consequences?

disability when deoxygenated blood is mixed and sent to the body and partly oxygenated blood is sent to the lungs

The duckbill platypus is an exception to many mammals because it

doesn't give birth but lays eggs.

After a seed has been produced, it often has a time during which no growth occurs called

dormancy.

When does apoptosis occur?

during development

In the life cycle of the fern, meiosis takes place ( ) during development of seeds. ( ) upon development of the gametophyte. ( ) during the production of egg and sperm. ( ) during the production of spores. ( ) during the development of vascular tissue.

during the PRODUCTION OF SPORES.

What lines up at the metaphase plate during metaphase II of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?

each chromosome composed of two sister chromatids at both

A community of organisms along with their physical environment constitutes an

ecosystem.

Elephantiasis is a tropical disease where small nematode larvae block the lymphatic ducts. As a result, the legs become large like those of an elephant and the scrotum and arms may also swell. This problem would be a severe form of

edema

You are looking at chromosome 1 in a human being. Assuming there is no crossing over, what is the source of all the genes on this chromosome?

either the mother or father

The largest number of ATP molecules are produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Which system is one of the two main body systems that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating other body systems?

endocrine

The waxy material known as the Casparian strip is found on the

endodermal cells.

Which is a correct association of protein types?

enzymatic proteins - carry out metabolic reactions directly

Which layer of the skin protects the body from bacterial infection and water loss?

epidermis

Which of the following is NOT one of the zones found in a growing root? ( ) epidermis ( ) elongation ( ) cell division ( ) maturation ( ) none of these are zones found in growing roots

epidermis

Sperm mature within the

epididymis.

Which of the following tissues may be specialized to secrete mucous? ( ) epithelial ( ) connective ( ) muscle ( ) nervous ( ) cartilage

epithelial

Which of the following tissues would line the mouth? ( ) muscular ( ) connective ( ) epithelial ( ) nervous ( ) glandular

epithelial

Which two types of tissue come together to make "basement membrane"?

epithelial and connective

Which type of tissue contains cells close together and connected to a basement membrane?

epithelial tissue

A more precise term for impotency is

erectile dysfunction.

The uterine cycle at day 12 would primarily be under the influence of

estrogen.

Which plant hormone is used by industry to cause fruits to drop from a tree?

ethylene

A unicellular algae that has both plant-like photosynthesis and animal-like motility is a(n)

euglenoid

A pellicle, either rigid or flexible, could be found in

euglenoids.

Which of the following is NOT a significant event in the evolution of plants? ( ) protection of the embryo ( ) evolution of vascular tissue ( ) evolution of the seed ( ) evolution of the flower ( ) evolution of the rhizoid

evolution of the rhizoid

Which of the following function would NOT be lost or seriously compromised if someone suffered a severe burn over most of their body? ( ) prevention of heat and water loss ( ) prevention of massive and continuous infection from invasion by external bacteria, viruses, and parasites ( ) production of sweat that evaporates and cools the body when it is overheating ( ) protection of muscle and other surface tissues from abrasion and pain ( ) exchange of gases

exchange of gases

Glands that secrete their products into ducts are classified as

exocrine glands.

Which of the following refers to materials only leaving the cell? ( ) diffusion ( ) exocytosis ( ) endocytosis ( ) pinocytosis ( ) phagocytosis

exocytosis

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a distinguishing feature of all primates? ( ) opposable thumb ( ) fingernails ( ) usually single birth ( ) extended period of parental care ( ) expanded hindbrain

expanded hindbrain

You are conducting an experiment to determine what concentration of disinfectant is most effective in killing bacteria. In this example, the concentration of disinfectant would represent the

experimental variable.

Primates are associated with all of the following EXCEPT ( ) nails rather than claws. ( ) a larger brain (cerebral) volume. ( ) opposable thumb and sometimes large toe. ( ) eyes on the sides of the head. ( ) good hand-eye coordination.

eyes on the sides of the head.

Another name for the oviduct is the

fallopian tube.

A long chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, ending in the acidic group -COOH would be a

fatty acid.

Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with flight requirements in birds? ( ) feet with claws ( ) light hollow bones ( ) a light horny beak with no teeth ( ) respiratory air sacs and lungs with one way air flow ( ) an enlarged breastbone with strong muscles attached

feet with claws

The megaspore in seed plants will develop into the

female gametophyte.

When you pick a bouquet of anther-less flowers, you have picked

female gametophytes retained within the body of sporophytes.

The small heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus is part of the life cycle of the

ferns (heart shaped cuz I love ferns)

Psilotum are most closely related to ( ) angiosperms. ( ) gymnosperms. ( ) conifers. ( ) green algae. ( ) ferns.

ferns. (you can store a lot of ferns in a silo)

The long insoluble threads of a blood clot originate from

fibrinogen. (threads are fibers)

If you had a problematic hillside that continually eroded when it rained, plants with which type of roots would best solve your problem?

fibrous

Which of the following is NOT part of the female portion of the flower? ( ) filament ( ) carpel ( ) pistil ( ) stigma ( ) style

filament

The male reproductive system includes all EXCEPT which of the following? ( ) testes ( ) epididymis ( ) penis ( ) prostate ( ) fimbriae

fimbriae

Jaws are believed to have evolved from the

first pair of gill arches.

A lily (a monocot) would have ( ) rhizoids rather than true roots. ( ) flower parts in threes. ( ) seeds in a cone. ( ) netted leaf veins. ( ) two cotyledons.

flower parts in threes.

Which of the following methods of reproduction is NOT asexual? ( ) runners and stolons ( ) rhizomes ( ) cuttings ( ) grafting and suckers ( ) flowering

flowering

Which of the following hormones is best associated with maturation of the egg? ( ) follicle stimulating hormone ( ) luteinizing hormone ( ) testosterone ( ) human chorionic gonadotropin hormone ( ) progesterone

follicle stimulating hormone

The deposits of chalky fossils that build the White Cliffs of Dover were produced by

foraminiferans

Microtubules

form a spindle that distributes chromosomes in an orderly manner.

Which is NOT part of a description of an antibody molecule? ( ) contains a constant and a variable region on each chain ( ) forms an X-shaped protein molecule ( ) contains an antigen-binding site on each arm ( ) contains two light chains and two heavy chains ( ) contains hypervariable regions where antigens bind

forms an X-shaped protein molecule

Strawberry plants do not produce seeds that are used for next year's crop. How are strawberry plants propagated?

from the nodes of stolons

The energy source for sperm to swim comes from

fructose sugar in the surrounding seminal fluids added by the seminal vesicles.

A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will

gain water.

Structures in plants that produce the gametes are called

gametophyte

Which sequence is correct in the life cycle of alternation of generations? ( ) gametophyte → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → zygote → spores → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → spores → gametes → zygote → sporophyte ( ) gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores

gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores (Gy-G-Z-Sy-S) (GYG like PYT, Zzzzz)

Which type of junction permits small molecules to pass between two cells?

gap junction

Which intercellular junction allows for the rapid movement of small molecules or ions to flow from one animal cell to the next?

gap junctions

Which is NOT a correct association? ( ) adhesion junctions--skin ( ) adhesion junctions--bladder ( ) gap junctions--stomach ( ) tight junctions--intestines ( ) tight junctions--bladder

gap junctions--stomach

The function of the spongy layer of a leaf is primarily

gas exchange.

Which of the following variables does NOT increase an individual's likelihood of developing a cardiovascular disease? ( ) gender ( ) family history of heart attack under 55 years of age ( ) smoking ( ) hypertension ( ) type 2 diabetes

gender

If a person believes that they have contracted a STD taking antibiotics may or may not cure them. Antibiotics would be useless against which of the following STDs? ( ) genital herpes ( ) chlamydia ( ) gonorrhea ( ) syphilis ( ) all of these can be cured with antibiotics

genital herpes

Which of these classification categories contains the closest related organisms? ( ) domain ( ) genus ( ) family ( ) phylum ( ) kingdom

genus

During the daytime, stomata in leaves

give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide.

Which is NOT a correct association? ( ) strawberry-stolon ( ) onion-bulb ( ) iris-rhizome ( ) gladiolus-bulb ( ) potato-tuber

gladiolus-bulb

The order of the structures in the vulva, from the frontal mons pubis to the anus, is

glans clitoris → urethra → vagina.

Which nutrient source is the easiest one for humans to breakdown and form ATP? ( ) glucose ( ) protein ( ) cellulose ( ) phospholipids ( ) chitin

glucose

All of the following may be found in the blood EXCEPT ( ) fibrinogen. ( ) glucose. ( ) urea. ( ) oxygen. ( ) glycogen.

glycogen.

You have discovered an organism that lives inside the gastrointestinal tract and does not contain a nucleus. Based on what you know of cellular respiration, how does it obtain its energy?

glycolysis

Some desert organisms can live out their life without ever drinking liquid water. What phase(s) of cellular respiration could provide the organism with water?

glycolysis and electron transport chain

What phase(s) of cellular respiration produce(s) NADH + H+?

glycolysis, prep reaction, and citric acid cycle

What is the correct order of phases in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

The ____ algae are thought to be closely related to the first plants because they share most of the characteristics of plants.

green

Which of these associations is INCORRECT? ( ) epidermal tissue-epidermal cell ( ) ground tissue-parenchymal cell ( ) ground tissue-tracheid ( ) vascular tissue-sieve-tube member ( ) vascular tissue-vessel element

ground tissue-tracheid

All of the following are possible origins of cell organelles in eukaryotes EXCEPT: ( ) invagination of the plasma membrane to form endoplasmic reticulum ( ) incorporation of engulfed heterotrophic bacteria to form mitochondria ( ) incorporation of engulfed autotrophic cyanobacteria to form chloroplasts ( ) a symbiotic relationship between a host cell and a porkaryote that was taken up but not destroyed ( ) groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group sharing products of metabolism

groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group sharing products of metabolism.

Which vascular plants have seeds?

gymnosperms

Pregnancy tests detect the presence of ______ in the urine.

hCG

The living coelacanths discovered off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean in 1938, and near Indonesia in 1998, proved that it

had changed very little and had not gone extinct.

When researchers videotaped the body of a dead whale on the bottom of the ocean, it was rippling with the activity of many scavengers inside the carcass. These scavengers would have been

hagfish

The chief distinguishing characteristic of all mammals is the presence of

hair and mammary glands.

In the moss life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.

haploid gametophyte

The second meiotic division is essentially a mitotic division except for the fact that the cells produced are

haploid.

An ion is an atom that

has a net charge.

When discussing homeostasis in body temperature, it is NOT true to state that the body responds to ( ) heat by stimulating sweat release. ( ) heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin. ( ) cold by contracting the arrector pili muscles. ( ) cold by contracting skeletal muscles causing shivering. ( ) cold by rerouting blood away from the skin.

heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin.

Which type of T cell improves the immune response?

helper T cell

Which type of T cell has a TCR that can recognize an antigen fragment presented by antigen-presenting cells with MHC class II proteins?

helper T cells

The AIDS virus attacks

helper T cells.

HIV attacks

helper T lymphocytes.

Which of the following proteins is found in abundance within red blood cells? ( ) albumin ( ) hemoglobin ( ) globulin ( ) fibrinogen ( ) myoglobin

hemoglobin (heaps of hemoglobin)

Usually there is only one capillary bed between an artery and vein; an exception to this is the

hepatic portal system which runs from the capillary bed in the intestine to the capillary bed in the liver via a hepatic portal vein.

Blood traveling from the intestines to the liver is traveling in the

hepatic portal vein.

During interphase,

hereditary material duplicates itself.

Which type of bond formation is responsible for the properties of water?

hydrogen

Because most birds travel through the air at high speeds, they must have

highly sensitive sensory systems.

When you are overheated, you perspire, and when you are too cold, you shiver to generate heat. Which property of life is best represented by this example?

homeostasis

What lines up at the metaphase plate during both metaphase I of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?

homologous chromosomes for meiosis, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids for mitosis

Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "man comes from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is ( ) monkeys have evolved less than humans. ( ) humans and monkeys share a common ancestor. ( ) humans and monkeys are biologically identical. ( ) evolution leads toward more perfect forms and humans therefore came after modern monkeys. ( ) humans continue to evolve while monkeys do not.

humans and monkeys share a common ancestor.

The tissue that has a white, translucent appearance and is found at the ends of long bones is called

hyaline cartilage.

The water strider is an insect that skates across the water without sinking. The tips of its feet must be coated with molecules that are

hydrophobic

Higher than normal blood pressure is called

hypertension.

Which portion of the antibody binds to the antigen?

hypervariable region

Ultimate control of testes development is by the _____ which secretes _____.

hypothalamus; GnRH

A possible explanation for a natural event, based on observations and past knowledge, is a

hypothesis.

If you have a 10% sugar solution and a 35% sugar solution how does the 10% solution compare to the 35% solution?

hypotonic

The reason that morning after pills can be taken over the period of one to three days after unprotected sex is

implantation of the embryo does not take place until around the third day after fertilization.

The role of mycorrhizae is to

improve the extraction of water and minerals from the soil.

Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?

in order to regenerate NAD+

Edema CANNOT be caused by ( ) increased amounts of tissue fluid. ( ) not enough tissue fluid being drained away. ( ) increased blood pressure. ( ) increased capillary osmotic pressure. ( ) poor circulation such as constricted veins during pregnancy.

increased capillary osmotic pressure.

The impotency drug Viagra acts by

increasing blood flow to the penis.

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? ( ) multiple sclerosis ( ) systemic lupus ( ) rheumatoid arthritis ( ) inflammation ( ) type I diabetes

inflammation

Platelets

initiate clotting.

Which is NOT a correct association? ( ) S stage-DNA synthesis ( ) M stage-mitosis and cytokinesis ( ) interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle ( ) G1 stage-cell grows in size and cell organelles increase in number ( ) G2 stage-metabolic preparation for mitosis

interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle

Girdling a tree involves cutting a deep groove all the way around a tree trunk; it would have the effect of

interrupting the passage of phloem sap and killing the tree

The male sex hormones are secreted by which of the following? ( ) spermatids ( ) interstitial cells ( ) vas deferens ( ) prostate ( ) seminiferous tubules

interstitial cells

ICSH stimulates the ______ of the testis to produce ______.

interstitial cells; testosterone

Which of these organs are found in the coelom? ( ) brain, spinal cord, kidneys, heart ( ) salivary glands, vertebrae, heart ( ) intestines, heart, lungs, liver ( ) intestines, brain, lungs, liver ( ) reproductive organs, heart, lungs, brain

intestines, HEART, lungs, liver

A sophisticated procedure where one sperm is injected into an egg is used in cases where a man has severe infertility problems and is called

intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Which specific component in hemoglobin combines with oxygen?

iron in the heme

Which of the following is true regarding Preven? ( ) kills sperm as they enter the female reproductive tract ( ) is a synthetic progesterone pill that disrupts the uterine cycle ( ) is another name for mifepristone or RU-486 ( ) destroys the embryo which in turn causes a spontaneous miscarriage ( ) is a synthetic progesterone that is injected

is a synthetic progesterone pill that disrupts the uterine cycle

The atomic mass of an element

is determined by its protons and neutrons.

Bone ( ) is made of only a hard matrix of inorganic (mainly calcium) salts. ( ) lacks the collagen fibers found in cartilage. ( ) is laden with blood vessels and canaliculi to deliver nutrients. ( ) is built by bone cells called osteons. ( ) is formed by concentric rings of bone cells in canaliculi.

is laden with blood vessels and canaliculi to deliver nutrients

Protist reproduction ( ) is asexual only. ( ) is sexual only. ( ) is neither sexual nor asexual. ( ) is mostly sexual with asexual as a second option. ( ) is mostly asexual with sexual as a second option.

is mostly Asexual with sexual as a second option.

LH is an abbreviation for luteinizing hormone, which is present in both males and females. In the male, LH

is sometimes called ICSH and controls production of testosterone.

An isotonic solution means that the solute concentration outside the cell

is the same as inside the cell.

To measure the activity of the human brain during certain thought processes, a short-lived radioactive sugar is injected in the carotid artery and is utilized by those cells that are most active. This shows up on a PET scan and demonstrates the detection of

isotopes

Glycolysis is likely to have evolved before the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain because

it is found in all living organisms.

Meiosis differs from mitosis in that

it occurs only in the reproductive tissues that produce gametes.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution? ( ) jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals ( ) jawless fish → amphibians → reptiles → lobe-finned fish → mammals ( ) mammals → lobe-finned fish → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians ( ) lobe-finned fish → mammals → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians ( ) lobe-finned fish → reptiles → mammals → jawless fish → amphibians

jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals (JaLARM)

Buffers

keep the pH within normal limits.

Which molecule is responsible for the waterproofing of the skin?

keratin

Which of the following are NOT considered lymphoid organs? ( ) bone marrow ( ) thymus ( ) spleen ( ) lymph nodes ( ) kidneys

kidneys

Which organ is NOT part of the digestive system? ( ) kidneys ( ) mouth ( ) esophagus ( ) large intestine ( ) pancreas

kidneys

Which classification category includes the most species? ( ) family ( ) genus ( ) class ( ) phylum ( ) kingdom

kingdom

You have discovered a previously unknown organism. It is multicellular, with a filamentous form, and absorbs food from its environment. Upon microscopic examination, you see that the cells have nuclei. How would you classify this organism?

kingdom Fungi

The reason red blood cells only live about 120 days is because red blood cells

lack a nucleus and therefore cannot REPAIR and rebuild cell structures.

Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell

lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.

What is the name of the cavity that contains the bone cells themselves?

lacunae

The jawless fish that is parasitic, attaching itself to and sucking fluids from the tissues of a living fish, is the

lamprey (jawless is limprey)

The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT ( ) lampreys. ( ) dogfish shark. ( ) skates. ( ) rays. ( ) whale shark.

lampreys

Tay-Sachs is a serious childhood metabolic disorder where ____ fail to digest certain lipids.

lysosomes

Which of the following associations is NOT correct? ( ) collagen—white fibers ( ) elastin—yellow fibers ( ) large matrix—epithelial tissue ( ) muscle—contraction ( ) nerve—impulse conduction

large matrix—epithelial tissue

Monocots differ from eudicots in that monocots have

leaf veins that are parallel.

Cabbage, spinach, and lettuce all come from which part of the plant?

leaves

Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the

left atrium.

The systemic circuit circulates blood from the

left ventricle to right atrium. (L to R system)

Crustose, fruticose and foliose obtain their nutrients from photosynthetic cells contained within their middle layer. These are varieties of

lichens.

What organic substance makes the walls of sclerenchyma cells tough and hard?

lignin

The cell membrane is composed of

lipids and proteins.

A leafy plant with no true roots, no stem, and rhizoids that grow into the soil from the leaf like structure is a

liverwort (a worry wort has no true roots in faith)

Clover is an example of a what type of flowering plant?

long-day

If neutral atoms become positive ions, they

lose electrons.

A functional advantage of having human testes in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen is

lower temperature.

If you are tracing the path of blood from the right to the left side of the heart, you must mention the

lungs.

Each time water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. The most reasonable explanation for the bad taste of meat that has "freezer burn" from repeated freezing is the destruction of

lysosomes, and the resultant self-digestion

Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT ( ) having hair. ( ) having mammary glands. ( ) maintaining a constant body temperature. ( ) having young born alive. ( ) having a bladder.

maintaining a constant body temperature.

Which of the following birth control methods is effective in preventing pregnancy as well as the spread of STDs? ( ) male condom ( ) coitus interruptus ( ) spermicidal jellies ( ) vaginal film ( ) intrauterine device

male condom

An animal that is characterized by vertebrae, dorsal hollow nerve cord, hair, and mammary glands must be a(n)

mammal

Which types of embryos have extraembryonic membranes?

mammalian

A heart with two separate atria and two separate ventricles is seen among

mammals and birds.

A fruit is a ( ) mature ovary. ( ) microspore. ( ) megaspore. ( ) seed. ( ) stigmatized pollen grain.

mature ovary.

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

metaphase.

Kinesin and dynein are associated with

microtubules

Which organelle has 13 rows of tubulin dimers around an empty central core?

microtubules

Which part of the sperm contains energy-producing mitochondria? ( ) head ( ) mid-piece ( ) tail ( ) acrosome ( ) zona pellucida

mid-piece

Which organelle will use up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water?

mitochondria

When viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. What organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see?

mitochondria and cytoskeleton

Which of these is mismatched? ( ) cilia-microtubules ( ) centrioles-spindle ( ) mitochondria-stroma ( ) lysosomes-hydrolytic enzymes ( ) ribosomes-RNA

mitochondria-stroma

The "powerhouse" of the cell is the

mitochondria.

Where does the preparatory reaction take place within the cell?

mitochondrial matrix

Which type of mammal lays eggs? ( ) monotremes ( ) marsupials ( ) placentals ( ) snakes ( ) birds

monotremes

Which of the following is a nonvascular plant that has the longest evolutionary history on land? ( ) ferns ( ) bristlecone pine tree ( ) moss ( ) redwood tree ( ) grass

moss

Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier to infection? ( ) mucous membrane ( ) Oil gland secretions ( ) pH of the stomach ( ) bacteria that live in the intestine ( ) inflammatory response

mucous membrane

Which is NOT part of the correct description of a protozoan? ( ) heterotrophic ( ) multicellular ( ) usually motile ( ) have usual eukaryotic organelles ( ) produce cysts

multicellular

Which of the following tissues is INCORRECTLY matched with a function? ( ) epithelial--capillary lining ( ) connective--storage of fat ( ) muscle--protection from pathogens ( ) nervous--integration of data ( ) connective--production of blood cells

muscle--protection from pathogens

In a person with a mitochondrial disease such that mitochondria do not produce enough energy for the cell, which organs would likely be most affected?

muscles

According to cell theory,

new cells arise only from preexisting cells.

The cure for herpes is

no cure exists for herpes infection.

Muscles undergo fermentation when

no oxygen is available.

The point on a stem to which a leaf or bud is attached is termed the

node.

Hemoglobin is NOT

normally found free in the plasma.

In vertebrates, the embryonic ____ is replaced by tissues that form a vertebral column.

notochord

What is the correct evolutionary pathway for the key features of chordates? ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands ( ) vertebrae - notochord- jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - amniotic egg - 4 limbs- mammary glands ( ) notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - mammary glands - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg ( ) mammary glands - notochord - vertebrae - jaws - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - bony skeleton

notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs - 4 limbs - amniotic egg - mammary glands (Noto Vert...Am Mam)

In vertebrates, the _______ is/are usually replaced by ________.

notochord; a vertebral column

Which of the following is NOT true of primary and secondary growth? ( ) occur in woody stems ( ) increase both the length and girth of plants, respectively ( ) involve two types of meristem tissues ( ) occur in both woody and herbaceous stems ( ) occur in trees and shrubs

occur in both woody and herbaceous stems

Sac fungi take their name from the shape

of the structure that produces the spores.

The carriers of the electron transport chain are located

on the cristae of the mitochondria.

Red blood cells come in many blood types including A, B, AB and type O (lacking proteins A and B), Rh positive, Rh negative (lacking Rh+), and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects any new or foreign proteins. The blood type proteins are

on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane.

A basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that in oogenesis

one functional egg is produced.

The out-of-Africa hypothesis of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from

one population of Homo ergaster and the other populations were supplanted by H. sapiens (evolved from ergaster, supplanted by sapiens)

Which of the following would be considered a dry fruit? ( ) one that doesn't split open ( ) one derived from a simple ovary ( ) one derived from the receptacle and not the ovary ( ) one derived from several individual ovaries ( ) one derived from many different carpels

one that doesn't split open

Which of the following is NOT a fruit? ( ) corn kernel ( ) peas and beans ( ) tomato ( ) cucumber ( ) onion

onion

One difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is

oogenesis stops at the second meiotic division and awaits fertilization by a sperm before finishing meiosis.

Which level of biological organization is composed of tissues?

organ

The pressure that is generated when water flows through a differentially permeable membrane is termed

osmotic pressure.

In the human female, the luteal phase is part of the

ovarian cycle.

A megasporocyte would be found in the

ovary

Ovules are contained within the

ovary

The structure that forms most of the flesh of an apple is the

ovary

A seed does NOT contain the

ovary.

The egg is propelled down the oviduct by

oviduct cilia and tubular muscle contractions.

Fertilization in humans normally occurs in the ( ) uterus. ( ) vagina. ( ) abdominal cavity. ( ) ovarian follicle. ( ) oviducts.

oviducts.

Botanically, a seed is a structure developed from a(n)

ovule

Some very important persons such as Japanese Emperor Hirohito and China's Premier Zhou Enlai were kept alive during their last days by many transfusions of blood. Without knowing further details of their ailments, which of the following functions most likely provided the most significant contribution to keeping them alive? ( ) oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying capacity ( ) supplement of hormone levels ( ) provision of organic nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fats ( ) provision of albumin and fibrinogen ( ) provision of immune antibodies

oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying capacity

Which molecules are the reactants or substrates for aerobic respiration?

oxygen and glucose

Pyruvate can be converted to lactate instead of going to the preparatory reaction. Why does this occur?

oxygen is not available

The final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic cellular respiration is

oxygen.

Which of the following is a monocot? ( ) dandelions ( ) oak trees ( ) maple trees ( ) palm trees ( ) roses

palm trees

Which cells are relatively unspecialized and correspond to a generalized plant cell? ( ) epidermal ( ) tracheid ( ) parenchyma ( ) sclerenchyma ( ) meristem

parenchyma

Cells of the ground tissue system are called

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.

Babies generally appear to be immune to diseases for approximately the first six months of life. After this, they develop more diseases. What could be responsible for this immunity?

passive immunity from the mother

When you have been bitten by a highly venomous snake and received a dose of venom sufficient to kill several people, you do not have the time to build up your own immunity over the next week. However, hospitals carry "antivenom" made from injecting horses with small-to-larger dosages of snake venom, and then harvesting the antibodies from the horse plasma. This is a case of

passive immunity.

Disease-causing agents like viruses or bacteria are considered a(an)

pathogen

Usually it is not possible to penetrate inside a body cavity without cutting through protective tissues. However, sperm reach the egg via the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes (oviducts). Without crossing any epidermal barrier, the sperm can find itself inside which body cavity?

pelvic

The glans clitoris in the female is homologous to the ____ in the male.

penis

What type of bond will connect the amino acids in a protein?

peptide

An aphid is an insect that has mouthparts to sip plant sap. When placed on a herbaceous stem, it soon has its mouthparts embedded and is withdrawing plant sap. Sometimes so much plant sap is taken that it cannot use all of it and the aphid secretes droplets of the sugar to attract ants that in turn protect and care for the aphids. What layer of cells has the aphid's mouthparts tapped?

phloem

The vascular tissue by which nutrients are transported throughout ferns is called

phloem

Sugars are conducted through plant tissues by the

phloem.

Which of the following types of lipid is the most abundant constituent of cell membranes? ( ) cholesterol ( ) phospholipid ( ) triglyceride ( ) neutral fat ( ) fat

phospholipid

Which group of lipids will contain hydrophilic heads that face outwards and hydrophobic tails that face inwards that will form a barrier?

phospholipids

The response of plants to the relative length of light and darkness is termed

photoperiodism.

In plants, chloroplasts are necessary for

photosynthesis.

Which substance will help in seed germination and indicates to the plant that the stem must elongate to reach the light? ( ) cytokinins ( ) ethylene ( ) auxin ( ) agent orange ( ) phytochrome

phytochrome

Haploid spores are produced in the ___ of a moss.

sporangium

An agent would make a good antibiotic if it affected a structure or process only found in bacterial cells and not in our (eukaryotic) cells. Which of the following actions would theoretically make a good antibiotic? ( ) prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall ( ) damages the nuclear membrane ( ) damages DNA ( ) prevents ribosomes from producing proteins ( ) stops cellular respiration

prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall

The _____ structure of a protein consists of the sequence of the amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

primary

Luteinizing hormone will stimulate the initial production of the first haploid cells during spermatogenesis. Which of the following are the first haploid cells produced? ( ) primary spermatocytes ( ) spermatogonium ( ) spermatids ( ) sertoli cells ( ) follicles

primary spermatocytes

A genetic mutation can cause a change in the sequence of the 20 amino acids used to build proteins. Such a change is a change to the protein's

primary structure, but this will likely alter higher levels of structure as well.

The function of meristematic tissue is

production of new tissues.

What two hormones influence the development of the secondary sexual characteristics of the female?

progesterone and estrogen

Menstruation begins because

progesterone and estrogen levels are both declining.

A researcher samples the waters of the boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Under the microscope, she observes what appear to be living cells in the water. If these indeed are living cells, what type of cell would they most likely be?

prokaryotic, archaea

Day 6-13 of a 28 day uterine cycle is called the

proliferative phase.

During what stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear and the chromosomes become distinct?

prophase

Synapsis occurs during what stage of meiosis?

prophase I

You are examining a cell under the microscope and see what appear to be four sister chromatids bound together and remnants of the nuclear envelope. What stage of meiosis are you looking at?

prophase I

During which phases of the cell cycle do the chromosomes look like "X"s?

prophase, metaphase

Which sequence of stages in mitosis is correct? ( ) prophase, metaphase, interphase, telophase ( ) metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase ( ) anaphase, interphase, telophase, prophase ( ) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase ( ) interphase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The most primitive primates are considered to be the ( ) prosimians. ( ) apes. ( ) New World monkeys. ( ) Old World monkeys. ( ) humans.

prosimians

Seminal fluid contains _____, chemicals that cause the uterus to contract.

prostaglandins

A male accessory organ that often becomes enlarged in older men is the

prostate gland.

Which of the following is matched to the INCORRECT body system? ( ) helps control pH of body fluids—urinary system ( ) protects against disease and infections—cardiovascular system ( ) produces body heat—muscular system ( ) helps regulate metabolism—endocrine system ( ) produces blood cells—skeletal system

protects against disease and infections—cardiovascular system

Which type of genes, if abnormally activated such that the protein is always present and active, can result in cancer?

proto-oncogenes

In the search to discover the agents that cause mad cow disease, scrapie in sheep, and CJD and kuru in humans, diseased brain tissues were passed through a fine filter to remove bacteria. The filtrate was still infectious, indicating that something smaller than bacteria, either viruses or organic molecules, must be the causative agent. If a virus were responsible for these brain diseases, then the infectious agent would contain either RNA or DNA. Other possibilities were that the agent was a carbohydrate, fat, or protein. Tissue filtrates were treated with agents that destroyed just one of these chemicals and then injected into a healthy animal, with the results as follows. What is the infectious agent? •Amylase digests carbohydrates; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. •Lipase digests fats; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. •Formaldehyde and/or heat denatures DNA and RNA; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. •Trypsin digests protein; tissue filtrate does not infect healthy test animal.

protein

Which components of a cell membrane are used for cell-to-cell recognition? ( ) phospholipids ( ) proteins ( ) glycolipids ( ) cholesterol molecules

proteins

DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein, but not for sugars or lipids. This is because

proteins are the main structural and functional components of cells.

According to the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure,

proteins float inside or within the phospholipid bilayer.

Enzymes are organic compounds classified as

proteins.

The two enzymes in the clotting process are

prothrombin activator and thrombin.

Which function does the lipid bilayer component of the plasma membrane NOT provide for the cell? ( ) defines a permeable boundary between the organized interior and the chaotic external environment ( ) provides an impermeable, self-sealing membrane that keeps all internal living processes sealed inside ( ) controls the exchange of molecules between one cell and adjacent cells or the environment ( ) provides a fluid and flexible boundary that insulates the interior from the variations in humidity, food, and other external conditions ( ) provides a matrix for proteins that regulate the exchange of molecules between the inside and outside of the cell

provides an impermeable, self-sealing membrane that keeps all internal living processes sealed inside

Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?

pulmonary artery

Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the

pulmonary artery.

The part of the circulation involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs is the

pulmonary circuit.

The alternating expansion and recoil of an arterial wall is termed a(n)

pulse.

Hemoglobin is a protein composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains. What is the highest level of protein structure represented in hemoglobin?

quaternary

The primary function of carbohydrates is

quick fuel and short-term energy storage.

Which of the following parts of a plant embryo grows downward? ( ) plumule ( ) epicotyl ( ) seed coat ( ) radicle ( ) shoot

radicle

All of the following are characteristics of primates EXCEPT the ( ) nails on hands and feet. ( ) stereoscopic vision. ( ) well-developed brain. ( ) opposable thumb. ( ) rapid postnatal maturation.

rapid postnatal maturation.

Which type of membrane protein will be used to bind to hormones? ( ) channel proteins ( ) carrier proteins ( ) cell recognition proteins ( ) receptor proteins ( ) enzymatic proteins

receptor proteins

Earlier in the history of Western medicine, surgeons did not know the immune function of the thymus gland and it was sometimes removed in children. What symptoms would you now predict these patients might display afterward?

reduced ability to recognize foreign material and distinguish it from body proteins

The time interval following ejaculation during which stimulation does not cause erection is called ( ) luteal phase. ( ) proliferative phase. ( ) secretory phase. ( ) spermatogenesis. ( ) refractory period.

refractory period.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that may contribute to infertility? ( ) low sperm count ( ) body weight of the female ( ) endometriosis ( ) environmental factors ( ) release of fibrinolsin

release of fibrinolsin

The above-ground portion of a mushroom is termed basidiocarp, which specializes in

reproduction

Cellular respiration is an aerobic process. This means that it

requires oxygen.

Lymph is ( ) excreted by the kidneys. ( ) returned to the circulatory system via arteries. ( ) returned to the circulatory system at the subclavian vein. ( ) absorbed by tissues. ( ) excreted as sweat.

returned to the circulatory system at the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN.

The structure found in non-vascular plants that anchor them to the soil and may serve in asexual reproduction is called the

rhizoids (grass is a rhizome and its roots anchor it to the soil)

The first fossil evidence of vascular tissue is seen in the

rhyniophytes

Antibiotics should be selectively toxic, that is, they should attack the infecting bacteria without harming you. Which of the following would be a good target for an antibiotic so it doesn't attack your cells? ( ) plasma membrane ( ) DNA ( ) ribosomes ( ) cytoplasm ( ) endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

If an active cell produces an important protein for secretion, what sequence of organelles might we examine for the origin of that secretion?

ribosomes - endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus

What evidence suggests that proteins are synthesized and modified in the rough ER as opposed to the smooth ER?

ribosomes are associated with the surface of the rough ER

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents blood from re-entering the

right ventricle.

In roots, which structure increases surface area for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil? ( ) root hairs ( ) root cap ( ) Casparian strip ( ) vascular cylinder ( ) zone of elongation

root hairs

Which of the following is the pathway for water transport in a plant? ( ) root hairs → cortex → vascular cylinder → leaf cells ( ) root hairs → pith → endodermis → xylem → leaves ( ) epidermis → cortex → phloem → root ( ) epidermis → pericycle → cortex → xylem → leaves ( ) root hairs → endodermis → leaves → xylem → pith

root hairs → cortex → vascular cylinder → leaf cells

Most of the water obtained by a plant enters through the

root hairs.

A hormone called cytokinin was discovered in coconut milk and found to stimulate cell division. With this function, where else in a plant would you expect to find cytokinin?

root tips

Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the

rough endoplasmic reticulum.

____ are organisms that break down dead organic matter in order to absorb the nutrient molecules.

saprotrophs

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter are called

saprotrophs (saps the dead matter)

Which of these associations is INCORRECT? ( ) epidermal cell--protection ( ) stomata--gas exchange ( ) sclerenchyma cells--cell division ( ) sieve-tube members--sugar transport ( ) xylem cells--water transport

sclerenchyma cells--cell division

If you wash your skin and hair many times a day, you will soon have dry skin that cracks and bleeds because you have removed the _____ secreted by ______ that is necessary to keep the skin supple.

sebum; OIL glands

The proposed cause of CJD and kuru in humans, mad cow disease, and scrapie in sheep is a change in a brain protein. Disease victims appear to have a protein that should normally contain alpha helices but instead they have changed into a protein made of beta pleated sheets. The disease appears to spread when the abnormal protein comes into contact with the normal protein, causing it to become deformed. Which level of protein structure is associated with these diseases?

secondary

Wood is composed of

secondary xylem.

Which is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? ( ) maintains a cell's shape ( ) anchors organelles in place within a cell ( ) allows cell and its organelles to move ( ) secretes the calcium for bone tissue ( ) allows the formation of pseudopodia

secrete calcium for bone tissue

Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves all of the following EXCEPT ( ) receptor proteins to bind to specific molecules ( ) a coated pit due to a layer of fibrous protein on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane ( ) various outcomes from destruction of the vesicle to restoration of the surface configuration ( ) the mechanism for regulating exchange between a mother and fetus ( ) secretion of materials from a cell

secretion of materials from a cell

Which of these associations is NOT correct? ( ) plumule—leaves ( ) radicle—roots ( ) seed coat—ovary wall ( ) cotyledons—stored food ( ) hypocotyl—stem

seed coat—ovary wall

When an ice cap moves south or arid conditions push across a continent, a plant species can "migrate" although not as fast as individual animals usually travel. Which of the following generally allows a plant population to migrate the fastest? ( ) pollination ( ) fertilization ( ) germination ( ) seed dispersal ( ) asexual or vegetative propagation

seed dispersal

A heart murmur that sounded "lub-dup-shush" would indicate which of the following? ( ) atrioventricular valve is not closing properly ( ) semilunar valve is not closing properly ( ) high blood pressure in the atria ( ) ventricles are not contracting properly ( ) low blood pressure in the ventricles

semilunar valve is not closing properly

Trace the correct path of the sperm during ejaculation.

seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > urethra

In the human male, sperm cells are produced in the

seminiferous tubules.

Osmosis can occur when a membrane is

semipermeable.

The respiratory advantage provided by a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart in vertebrates is

separation of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood.

The type of membrane that covers the heart is called a

serous membrane.

The multiregional continuity hypothesis of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from

several populations of Homo ergaster that existed in Asia, Africa, and Europe

Which structure is directly associated with the terminal bud? ( ) shoot tip ( ) zone of cell division ( ) zone of maturation ( ) zone of elongation ( ) none of these are associated with the terminal bud

shoot tip

Which association is INCORRECT? ( ) vessel element--xylem ( ) guard cells--epidermis ( ) parenchyma--ground tissue ( ) sieve-tube member--bark ( ) cuticle--epidermis

sieve-tube member--bark

If you wanted to grow a new plant in the laboratory with the appropriate technology, which tissue type would you NOT start with? ( ) companion cells ( ) parenchyma cells ( ) sieve-tube members ( ) epidermis ( ) meristem

sieve-tube members

The cell wall of diatoms is embedded with

silica

Which of the following are genetically identical? ( ) both members of a pair of chromosomes ( ) sister chromatids ( ) the mother's and the father's chromosomes ( ) the mother's and her child's chromosomes ( ) the father's and his child's chromosomes

sister chromatids

Based on molecular data, the split between apes and humans is thought to have occurred about ______ million years ago.

six

If the total number of chromosomes in a cell is six, then after mitosis there will be

six chromosomes in each daughter cell.

The muscle group in your upper arm is composed of what type of muscle tissue?

skeletal muscle

Melanin is a substance responsible for

skin pigmentation to protect from harmful light.

Which can have a cellular form as well as an acellular (plasmodial) form with multiple nuclei? ( ) sporozoa ( ) zooflagellates ( ) slime molds ( ) diatoms ( ) ciliates

slime molds

Blood flow in the capillaries is

slower because there are more capillaries and they represent more flow volume.

Castrating pre-pubescent bulls causes them to grow in female proportions because

small levels of estrogens are produced by the adrenal glands and fat tissue; with the lack of testosterone a body develops along female patterns.

If we cut a cross section through the testes, we would see

small tubules lined with developing sperm.

Which type of muscle is involuntary and lacks striations?

smooth

If a cell lacks ATP, which of the following processes would cease to operate immediately? ( ) diffusion ( ) sodium/potassium pump ( ) facilitated diffusion ( ) osmosis ( ) tonicity

sodium/potassium pump

When you add sugar to your coffee or tea, the sugar is the

solute

Spores are produced in the ____ of a fern.

sori (it's sore from producing spores)

The pollen grain contains the

sperm.

The formation of sperm gametes is termed

spermatogenesis.

Which lymphoid organ has sinuses filled with blood instead of lymph?

spleen

Aged red blood cells are destroyed in the

spleen and liver.

What type of bone contains numerous bony plates separated by irregular spaces?

spongy

In the black bread mold ( ) conjugation between hyphal cells occurs. ( ) binary fission produces haploid spores. ( ) spores are used in both the sexual and asexual portions of the life cycle. ( ) a diploid zygote enlarges to form a sporangium. ( ) spores are only produced by sexual reproduction.

spores are USED IN BOTH the sexual and asexual portions of the life cycle.

Which life cycle phase is diploid in moss?

sporophyte generation

Which of the following is NOT correct? ( ) xylem-conducts water up from the soil ( ) phloem-transports organic nutrients ( ) vascular tissue-xylem and phloem ( ) vascular plants-sporophyte is dominant ( ) sporophyte-haploid

sporophyte-haploid

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? ( ) amoeboids—pseudopodia ( ) ciliates—cilia ( ) zooflagellates—flagella ( ) sporozoa—flexing the pellicle ( ) Paramecium—cilia

sporozoa—flexing the pellicle

The anther and filament are parts of the

stamen

The site of formation of pollen grains is in the

stamen

Which of the following is NOT a part of a flower? ( ) stem ( ) sepals ( ) petals ( ) stamen ( ) carpel

stem

Which type of lipid molecule is characterized by a backbone of four fused rings? ( ) DNA ( ) phospholipid ( ) triglyceride ( ) steroid ( ) amino acid

steroid

Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and is an example of which type of lipid?

steroids

Pollen would land on the ______ during pollination.

stigma

During pollination in angiosperms, pollen grains will stick to the enlarged knob in the center of the flower called the

stigma (large knob is a stigma shift)

A fifteen-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of five feet. Years later, the tree is thirty feet high. The barbed wire of the fence is embedded in the tree bark at

still five feet high since the lengthening of the trunk occurs at the apical meristem.

What are the two most common applications of cytokine therapies?

stimulation of blood cells and treatment of cancer

Which of the following would NOT be a function of the peroxisomes? ( ) break down fats in the liver ( ) produce bile salts in the liver ( ) help germinating seeds convert fatty acids into molecules that can be converted to sugars ( ) storage of toxic materials in the cell ( ) metabolism that uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in leaves

storage of toxic materials in the cell

What type of epithelium contains thin, flat cells stacked upon each other?

stratified squamous

Opportunistic infections resulting from AIDS do NOT include

strokes.

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) almost completely dissociates in aqueous solution into K+ and OH- and is therefore a

strong base.

The part of the skin that has adipose tissue to help insulate the body is the

subcutaneous layer.

The layer that makes the Casparian strip waterproof is made of

suberin and lignin.

Removal of the hydroxyl functional group would disrupt the structure of _________.

sugars and some amino acids

What is the function of neuroglial cells?

support and nourish neurons

What is the function of the Sertoli cells in the male reproductive tract?

support and regulate the spermatogenic cells

Which membrane is composed of loose connective tissue and lines moveable joint cavities?

synovial

If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would NOT be able to

synthesize proteins.

The nuclear membrane reappears in mitosis during

telophase.

Muscles are connected to bones by

tendons.

Which structure can be classified as an endocrine and reproductive organ? ( ) testes ( ) lungs ( ) lymphocytes ( ) uterus ( ) oocytes

testes

Secondary sexual characteristics in the male are directly maintained by the hormone

testosterone.

The term for the body of a bryophyte such as Marchantia is

thallus (bryophyte body of Marchantia Thallus)

What occurs when a woman takes the Preven Emergency Contraceptive Kit?

the PROGESTERONE PILLS upset the uterine cycle and prevent the EMBRYO from IMPLANTING.

Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and CO2 is given off. This phase is called

the Preparatory Reaction.

A mutation, involving luteinizing hormone, that causes a change in the enzymes contained in the acrosome would affect

the ability of the sperm to fertilize the egg.

If an element has an atomic number of 15, then

the atom has 15 electrons.

In moving from the outside environment to the inside of the cell, the first layer of a bacterium encountered would be

the capsule.

What is the difference between the chromosomes in a secondary spermatocyte and those in a spermatid?

the chromosomes in secondary spermatocytes consist of two chromatids, the ones in the spermatid consist of only one chromatid

Which organ of the body contains very few, if any, capillary beds?

the cornea

Pregnancy occurs when

the developing embryo implants itself in the endometrium.

Permeability refers to

the extent to which a membrane allows a substance to pass through.

In the new procedures developed to clone a mammalian cell, the nucleus is removed from an egg cell and the nucleus from the adult to be cloned is injected inside this cell. If we did this process with a basketball, we would permanently damage the shell. What property of the cell repairs this damage?

the fluid-mosaic nature of the membrane

The lower the pH

the more acidic the solution.

The body of a slime mold that flows over a rotten log appears to lack any partitioning into distinct cells; however it does become cellular when it changes form and produces spores. The surfaces of parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are "syncytial" layers of living material that have many nuclei but lack partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues actively consume food and produce wastes. Considering that the cell theory states that "all living things are composed of cells," then

the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds since sometime in their life these organisms still utilize cells, but this shows cell membranes can be abandoned.

Systole occurs when

the heart tissue is contracting.

If the chloroplast is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote?

the inner chloroplast membrane

Insulin formed by the Golgi apparatus in insulin-producing cells leaves those cells by

the insulin-filled vesicles fusing with the cell membrane and spilling their contents externally.

The chemical reactivity of an element is dependent on

the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

The difference between 12 6C and 14 6C is

the number of neutrons.

If the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the mitochondrion represents the engulfing vesicle?

the outer mitochondrial membrane

Asexual reproduction in plants does NOT involve

the production of gametes.

In the uterine cycle, as the estrogen level in the blood rises

the proliferation phase ends which leads to negative feedback control over the anterior pituitary secretions of FSH as well as the production of a large amount of GnRH from secretions of the hypothalamus.

"Artery" and "vein" are defined by whether they leave or enter the heart. If they were defined by whether they carried oxygenated or deoxygenated blood, we would have to change the name(s) of

the pulmonary artery and vein (they would have to be switched).

Certain individuals with a Y chromosome develop into females because testosterone is not able to induce the formation of male sexual characteristics. This is most likely due to a defect in

the receptor

Isotopes of a given element have

the same number of protons but differ in atomic mass.

The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on

the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell (the "zip code").

When water enters a plant cell

the vacuole becomes enlarged.

The endosymbiotic theory argues that prokaryotes became some of the organelles of early eukaryotic cells. All of the following support this hypothesis EXCEPT: ( ) the vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane ( ) mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA ( ) mitochondria and chloroplasts are nearly identical to some free living prokaryotes ( ) the mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA AND are nearly identical to some free living prokaryotes ( ) mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by splitting

the vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane

If a tree has flower petals that are small and the same color as its leaves, it is likely to be pollinated by ( ) bats. ( ) bees. ( ) the wind. ( ) butterflies. ( ) moths.

the wind.

The cure for HIV is

there is no cure for HIV.

Amphibians are NOT considered to be fully adapted to life on land because ( ) they are dependent upon water for external fertilization. ( ) their skin is used for respiration. ( ) they have hopping legs. ( ) their skin is used for respiration. ( ) most amphibians live their entire lives in water.

they are dependent upon water for external fertilization.

Proteins do NOT pass through cell membranes because

they are very large molecules. (membrane is made of proteins but this doesn't explain why they can't pass through)

What property of phospholipids make them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

they have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end

If a crayfish has 200 total chromosomes in its body cells (not ovaries or testes)

they would consist of 100 pairs with one of each pair from the father, one of each pair from the mother.

Which lymphatic duct will drain the abdomen?

thoracic duct

How many NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle per turn?

three

How many nuclei are present inside a pollen grain?

three

How many layers does an arterial wall possess? Which is the thickest?

three, the middle layer

Monocots have their floral parts in ______, while eudicots have their parts in _______, or multiples of those numbers.

threes; fours or fives

What is a clot called that remains at its origin? What is a clot called that breaks away and becomes lodged in the lungs?

thrombus; pulmonary embolism

Which technology was first established by Cro-Magnon? ( ) throwing spears ( ) scrapers ( ) controlled fire ( ) group life ( ) All of these are unique to Cro-Magnon.

throwing spears

Which of the following lymphoid organs is largest during a person's childhood but shrinks in adulthood? ( ) tonsils ( ) lymph nodes ( ) spleen ( ) bone marrow ( ) thymus

thymus

Why does chemiosmosis require a membrane?

to separate two compartments of the cell to allow for gradient formation

When an ionic bond forms, electrons are

transferred from one atom to another.

The loss of water by evaporation from a leaf is termed

transpiration.

Tissue rejection following organ transplantation is due to all of the following EXCEPT ( ) MHC incompatibility between donor and recipient. ( ) transplantation of tissues from one part of the body to another in the same person. ( ) the destruction of transplanted tissue by the immune system. ( ) B cells and plasma cells that do not recognize the transplanted tissue as 'self'. ( ) T cells that do not recognize the transplanted tissue as 'self'.

transplantation of tissues from one part of the body to another in the same person.

Which of the following is NOT a major function of roots? ( ) absorb water ( ) absorb minerals ( ) produce hormones ( ) anchor and support the plant ( ) transport of materials throughout the plant

transport of materials throughout the plant

A cross section through the zone of maturation of a root would show

transport tissues.

Stored food in a cotyledon was derived from

triploid endosperm.

If a molecule crosses a plasma membrane faster than it diffuses in water, then the process is likely to involve active transport.

true

Although adult tunicates are stuck to the ocean bottom, they are considered early relatives of vertebrates because

tunicate larvae have a notochord.

An acetyl group contains how many carbons?

two

To which system do the kidneys and bladder belong?

urinary

The amphibian heart has ( ) two separate atria and two separate ventricles that partition oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. ( ) two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. ( ) two separate ventricles and one shared atrium that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. ( ) one atrium and one ventricle similar to the fish. ( ) one atrium and one ventricle but reroutes the blood through the heart after passing through the gills.

two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.

For the complete respiration of one molecule of glucose, the citric acid cycle must turn a total of

two times.

Dead plants seen alongside a salted roadway died because the saline solution caused the cells to

undergo plasmolysis

Polar covalent bonds result from

unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.

In the human male, the tube used to carry both sperm and urine is the

urethra.

Which one of these is NOT part of the human female external genitalia? ( ) mons pubis ( ) glans clitoris ( ) labia minora ( ) labia majora ( ) uterus

uterus

The ____ will store pigments and toxins in plant cells.

vacuole

Trace the path of the sperm through the female reproductive tract. ( ) vagina → uterus → oviduct → cervix ( ) urethra → vagina → oviduct → cervix ( ) vagina → cervix → uterus → oviduct ( ) urethra → uterus → cervix → fallopian tube ( ) cervix → fallopian tube → vagina → uterus

vagina → cervix → uterus → oviduct

Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic used to distinguish birds? ( ) feathers ( ) air sacs ( ) variable body temperature ( ) hard-shelled egg ( ) four-chambered heart

variable body temperature

Which association concerning structures in the human male is INCORRECT? ( ) testes—produce sperm ( ) vas deferens—carries urine ( ) prostate gland—seminal fluid ( ) urethra—conducts sperm ( ) seminal vesicle—seminal fluid

vas deferens—carries urine

Characteristics of eudicots include all EXCEPT ( ) two cotyledons. ( ) leaves with netted veins. ( ) woody or herbaceous plants. ( ) flower parts in fours and fives. ( ) vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem.

The meristematic tissue used for secondary growth that is found between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle in eudicot stems is termed the

vascular cambium.

The vascular tissue in the leaf is referred to as a

vein.

A waitress that stands for hours and has a habit of crossing her legs when she sits will increase the chances of having blood accumulate in her

veins.

Which structure(s) would be subject to the lowest blood pressure?

vena cava

Which of the following is NOT a correct association? ( ) arteries—blood away from heart ( ) ventricles—receive blood from body ( ) valves—veins ( ) right heart—lungs ( ) valves—capillary beds

ventricles—receive blood from body

Which represents the correct order of evolution of chordate features? ( ) amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae ( ) limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion ( ) lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion → limbs ( ) vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion ( ) vertebrae → amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws

vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion (Vert...Am)

Which of the following would be a way of finishing this hypothesis about the function of the Golgi apparatus? If the Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging products for secretion, then ( ) vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface. ( ) vesicles must travel from the rough ER and smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus. ( ) the Golgi apparatus must be part of the endomembrane system. ( ) the Golgi apparatus must consist of 3 to 20 slightly curved sacs. ( ) the Golgi apparatus would contain proteins.

vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface.

The structure from which an egg is released during ovulation is called a(n)

vesicular (Graafian) follicle.

Xylem tissue contains

vessel elements and tracheids.

Vertebrates possessing a four-chambered heart are

warm-blooded (maintains a constant body temperature).

Which skin disorder is the result of a proliferation caused by the human papillomavirus?

warts

Fertilization in the mosses is dependent upon

water

Water molds are not placed with the fungi because

water molds have cell walls of cellulose while fungi have cell walls of chitin

The stone tools and the dentition of Homo habilis indicate that early humans probably ( ) were herbivores. ( ) were carnivores. ( ) were omnivores. ( ) were predators. ( ) cooked with fire.

were omnivores.

Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of

white blood cells.

Researchers have long attempted to find a substitute for red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin carrying ability. With the low but possible risk of disease transfer from blood transfusion, such a synthetic substance could be guaranteed safe if it was effective. Which of the following properties would be important for "artificial red blood cells"? ( ) must attach to and never release oxygen ( ) must release oxygen to any other medium despite concentration gradient ( ) would bind to iron molecules already bound to other artificial blood units ( ) must provide the clotting reaction ( ) would bind to oxygen in a high oxygen concentration solution and release oxygen when in a low oxygen concentration solution

would bind to oxygen in a high oxygen concentration solution and release oxygen when in a low oxygen concentration solution

Plant vascular tissue contains

xylem and phloem.

The kingdom Protista includes all of the following kinds of organisms EXCEPT ( ) protozoa. ( ) algae. ( ) water molds. ( ) yeasts. ( ) slime molds.

yeasts

Which of the following is the correct sequence of zones in a longitudinal section of a root, starting from the bottom? ( ) zone of cell division → zone of elongation → zone of maturation ( ) zone of cell division → zone of maturation → zone of elongation ( ) zone of maturation → zone of elongation → zone of cell division ( ) zone of maturation → zone of cell division → zone of elongation ( ) zone of elongation → zone of maturation → zone of cell division

zone of cell division → zone of elongation → zone of maturation

Root hairs are found in which area of the root?

zone of maturation

A fungal structure that results from sexual reproduction and can survive unfavorable growing conditions is the

zygospore (sexual survivalist)