Chapter 1, 2, C5, Chapter 4, Chapter 3

In developing countries, ________ is/are the most readily available intervention for promoting the recovery of preterm babies. A. "kangaroo care" B. isolettes C. suspended hammocks D. a doula

"kangaroo care"

Between 6 and 8 months, infants begin to ________. A. display a sense of musical phrasing B. detect words in the speech stream that start with weak syllables C. "screen out" sounds not used in their native tongue D. decline in statistical learning capacity

"screen out" sounds not used in their native tongue

An employment leave of at least ________ weeks following childbirth predicts favorable maternal physical and mental health, supportive marital interaction, and sensitive caregiving. A. 2 B. 9 C. 6 D. 12

12

In the United States, the federal government mandates ________ weeks of ________ leave for employees in companies with at least 50 workers. A. 6; paid B. 12; unpaid C. 6; unpaid D. 12; paid

12; unpaid

Megan and Anthony are both heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele for PKU. What percentage of their offspring are likely to inherit the disorder? A. 75 B. 50 C. 100 D. 25

25

By age ________ months, infants have greater difficulty distinguishing a pair of monkey faces than a pair of human faces, a finding that illustrates ________. A. 6; statistical learning B. 9; the perceptual narrowing effect C. 2; dropping out of reflexive newborn imitation D. 18; the discovery of affordances

9; the perceptual narrowing effect

With respect to group differences in skeletal age, ________ tend to be ahead of ____________. A. Hispanic children; African-American children B. boys; girls C. European-American children; African-American children D. African-American children; European-American children

African-American children; European-American children

Which statement is consistent with evocative gene-environment correlation? A. Maya and Emmie, identical twins who followed different life paths from college-age on, differed substantially in personality by their forties. B. Identical twins Leila and Eloise, adopted into different families, discovered when reunited as adults that they have similar food tastes. C. Jolie loves to draw and paint and provides her young son with a rich array of art materials. D. Andreas, an active, friendly baby, receives more parental social stimulation than his sister Sophia, a passive, quiet baby.

Andreas, an active, friendly baby, receives more parental social stimulation than his sister Sophia, a passive, quiet baby.

Which statement about infants' hearing is true? A. Around 12 months, infants start to "screen out" sounds not used in their own language. B. Although 6- to 9-month-olds can distinguish individual words in the speech stream, they do not respond to variations in syllable stress patterns. C. During the first week of life, most infants can perceive and remember the unique face-voice pairings of unfamiliar adults. D. Around 6 to 7 months, infants can distinguish musical tunes on the basis of variations in rhythmic patterns, including beat and accent structure.

Around 6 to 7 months, infants can distinguish musical tunes on the basis of variations in rhythmic patterns, including beat and accent structure.

Which statement is true about weight faltering? A. Despite weight loss, affected children display normal feeding behaviors. B. Even when promptly treated, affected children do not show catch-up growth. C. As many as half of cases involve a disturbed parent-child relationship. D. Its most common secondary cause is inadequate caloric intake.

As many as half of cases involve a disturbed parent-child relationship.

Which statement about the impact of teratogens during the prenatal period is correct? A. Teratogens can inflict immediate physical damage but not delayed psychological harm. B. During the germinal period, teratogens rarely have any impact, and if they do, the damage is usually minor. C. Because the brain has an extended sensitive period, teratogens can damage it throughout the embryonic and fetal periods. D. Serious physical defects are most likely to arise during the fetal period, the longest prenatal period.

Because the brain has an extended sensitive period, teratogens can damage it throughout the embryonic and fetal periods.

Which statement about childbirth practices is true? A. Childbirth practices are similar around the world, regardless of culture. B. Women's knowledge of childbirth declined during the natural childbirth movement of the late twentieth century. C. In the United States, women are legally required to have a well-trained doctor present for a home birth. D. Before the late 1800s, childbirth in Western nations usually took place at home and was a family-centered event

Before the late 1800s, childbirth in Western nations usually took place at home and was a family-centered event

Which statement about the relationship between birth order, sibling spacing, and intelligence is true? A. First-born children score higher in intelligence than later-born children. B. The larger the family and more closely spaced the children, the higher the intelligence of all siblings. C. Birth order and sibling spacing are unrelated to children's intelligence. D. Middle and youngest children score higher in intelligence than oldest children.

Birth order and sibling spacing are unrelated to children's intelligence.

Which statement about breastfeeding is true? A. Breastfeeding in the first six months does not offer a nutritionally complete diet. B. Most U.S. mothers who breastfeed usually do so for at least one year. C. Breastfed babies require more frequent feedings than bottle-fed babies. D. Breastfeeding in industrialized nations has become less common in recent decades.

Breastfed babies require more frequent feedings than bottle-fed babies.

Which statement is true about development of children who experienced focal brain injury in infancy and early childhood? A. By age 5, they catch up in language skills but remain impaired in spatial skills. B. Though they show deficits in basic skills, complex mental abilities remain unaffected. C. Due to brain plasticity, few if any show lasting cognitive deficits of any kind. D. They remain more impaired in language and spatial skills than later-injured children.

By age 5, they catch up in language skills but remain impaired in spatial skills.

Researchers believe that the stimulation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is vital for ________. A. central nervous system growth B. attaining an adultlike sleep-wake cycle C. infant dreaming D. motor development

CNS growth

Which statement is true about sex differences in birth rates and disorders? A. China's male-to-female birth sex ratio is much larger than the worldwide average. B. Rates of miscarriage, infant deaths, and birth defects are higher for girls. C. Worldwide, more girls are conceived and born than boys. D. Boys are more likely to inherit recessive disorders carried on the autosomes.

China's male-to-female birth sex ratio is much larger than the worldwide average.

Which statement about instrument delivery is true? A. Both low forceps and vacuum extractors increase the risk of bleeding beneath the skull tenfold. B. Compared with low forceps, vacuum extractors are more likely to tear the mother's tissues. C. Compared with nonassisted deliveries, vacuum extractors greatly elevate the risk of seizures. D. Because of their greater ease of use, low forceps are used more often than vacuum extractors

Compared with nonassisted deliveries, vacuum extractors greatly elevate the risk of seizures.

________ promotes three-dimensional understanding, such as depth-at-an-edge, finding hidden objects, and recognizing a previously viewed object from a new angle. A. Unified pattern perception B. Crawling experience C. Detection of subjective boundaries in drawings D. The visual cliff

Crawling experience

________ brain development occurs naturally as caregivers offer age-appropriate play materials and engage in enjoyable daily routines. A. Experience-dependent B. Proximodistal C. Stimulation-dependent D. Experience-expectant

Experience-expectant

Which milestone is reached by the end of the second trimester of pregnancy? A. Fetuses are first able to move, although their flutters are too light to be felt by the mother. B. Fetuses try to shield their eyes from light with their hands, indicating that sight has begun to emerge. C. A sharp reduction occurs in production of fetal glial cells, which support and feed the brain's neurons. D. Synchrony between fetal heart rate and motor activity peaks, indicating functioning brain networks.

Fetuses try to shield their eyes from light with their hands, indicating that sight has begun to emerge.

Which statement about the transition to parenthood is true? A. Marriages that are troubled usually become less distressed after a baby is born. B. The demands of new parenthood usually cause both parents to adopt less traditional gender roles. C. For most new parents, the arrival of a baby does not cause significant marital strain. D. Fathers generally take a less active role in parenting after the arrival of a second child.

For most new parents, the arrival of a baby does not cause significant marital strain.

Which statement is true about risk for FASD? A. It is 20 to 25 times greater among African-American than Hispanic and Native-American women. B. It is especially high in Western European countries and among economically advantaged women. C. Even minimal, intermittent drinking in the first trimester is strongly linked to the two most severe forms. D. Frequent binge drinking, especially early in pregnancy, elevates risk for the two most severe forms.

Frequent binge drinking, especially early in pregnancy, elevates risk for the two most severe forms.

_______ is/are responsible for the overall increase in brain size from birth to age 2. A. Programmed cell death B. Synaptic pruning C. Gains in neural fibers and myelination D. Production of new neurons

Gains in neural fibers and myelination

Although Galen met most early developmental milestones on time, he did not crawl until age 12 months. Galen's parents are concerned that because he was a late crawler, he may be a late walker. Which statement about Galen is true? A. Because he was a late crawler, Galen is likely to be impaired in depth perception. B. Infants with gross-motor skill delays often show delays in fine-motor development. C. Because Galen was a late crawler, he will likely be delayed in other gross-motor skills, including walking. D. Galen's parents should be concerned about his development only if many motor skills are seriously delayed.

Galen's parents should be concerned about his development only if many motor skills are seriously delayed.

Eight-month-old Annika has had little exposure to people of other races. With respect to face perception, which outcome is likely for Annika? A. She can more easily discriminate among male than female faces. B. Her ability to discriminate other-race faces has weakened. C. She prefers looking at images of her own face over those of others. D. Her preference for naturally arranged facial features has strengthened.

Her ability to discriminate other-race faces has weakened.

Which research findings suggest that statistical learning is a built-in, broadly applied capacity? A. Human newborns are capable of statistical learning only from the speech stream. B. Human newborns are capable of statistical learning from speech and visual information. C. Statistical learning is evident only in nonhuman species, such as whales and chimps, who are capable of acquiring some kind of language. D. Nonhuman species, such as rats, are not capable of statistical learning.

Human newborns are capable of statistical learning from speech and visual information.

Which statement is consistent with children's research rights? A. Children, but not the adults responsible for them, have the right to be informed of research results in language they understand. B. School-age children, but not infants and preschoolers, have the right to discontinue participation in research at any time. C. If an experimental treatment is found to be beneficial, children in control groups have the right to the same or an alternative beneficial treatment. D. Parents and children, except those younger than age 8, have the right to explanations of all aspects of the research that may affect their willingness to participate.

If an experimental treatment is found to be beneficial, children in control groups have the right to the same or an alternative beneficial treatment.

Which statement about research on newborn imitation is true? A. Imitation is harder to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than in newborns. B. The human neural mirroring system is fully developed at birth. C. Researchers agree that newborn imitative behaviors are merely automatic responses to arousing stimuli. D. Researchers agree that newborn imitation is a flexible, voluntary capacity.

Imitation is harder to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than in newborns.

Which statement about cultural variations in motor development is true? A. Cross-culturally, attainment of gross-motor milestones is actively encouraged in infants from birth on. B. In some cultures, rapid motor progress is actively discouraged. C. In most cultures, rapid motor progress is encouraged only in boys. D. Few cultures encourage rapid motor progress in infancy.

In some cultures, rapid motor progress is actively discouraged.

Which statement about early growth is true? A. Between birth and 5 months, an infant's height usually triples. B. Typically, infants gain weight slowly in their first year. C. Infants and toddlers tend to grow slowly and steadily. D. Infants and toddlers grow in little spurts.

Infants and toddlers grow in little spurts.

Which statement helps explain how intermodal perception develops so quickly in infancy? A. Most parents are careful not to influence and, thus, interfere with infant intermodal perception. B. Most contemporary toys for babies have been designed to accelerate intermodal perception. C. Caregivers deliberately train infants in intermodal matches, beginning with newborn imitation of adult facial expressions and gestures. D. Infants are biologically primed to focus on amodal relations, which provide the basis for detecting wide-ranging, specific intermodal matches.

Infants are biologically primed to focus on amodal relations, which provide the basis for detecting wide-ranging, specific intermodal matches.

Which statement is true about cosleeping? A. Children who bedshared as babies are better adjusted than children who did not. B. Cultural values seldom have any impact on a parent's decision to cosleep. C. Bedsharing is most common among European-American mothers and their babies. D. Infants who sleep with their parents breastfeed longer than infants who sleep alone.

Infants who sleep with their parents breastfeed longer than infants who sleep alone.

Which statement is true about intermodal perception and detection of amodal sensory properties in the first two years? A. Newborns cannot yet perceive amodal properties or engage in intermodal perception. B. Intermodal perception eases perception of the physical world and facilitates social and language processing. C. Young babies' intermodal sensitivity can overwhelm them and interfere with perceptual development. D. At 15 months, babies can first perceive and remember the unique face-voice pairings of unfamiliar adults.

Intermodal perception eases perception of the physical world and facilitates social and language processing.

Strong commitment to the Hispanic cultural ideal of familism ________. A. has virtually disappeared in recent generations of parents B. strengthens over the teenager years as Hispanic youths spend less time with family members C. Is linked to positive parent-child interaction and children's social competence D. exists only in families in which grandparents have taken over day-to-day parenting responsibilities

Is linked to positive parent-child interaction and children's social competence

Which statement is true about methylation? A. Its impact on development cannot be reversed, even with carefully designed interventions. B. It becomes influential after birth as children are increasingly exposed to environmental influences. C. It helps explain why identical twins tend to become more similar in intelligence and personality with age. D. It can affect development in subsequent generations because methylated genes can be passed to offspring at conception.

It can affect development in subsequent generations because methylated genes can be passed to offspring at conception.

Which statement reflects an ethical dilemma posed by surrogate motherhood? A. Health risks to surrogate mother and baby are magnified. B. It is a dangerous step toward "designer babies." C. It may promote exploitation of financially needy women. D. Couples often desire it to enable parental sex selection.

It may promote exploitation of financially needy women.

Which statement about development of handedness is correct? A. Most infants who display a hand preference prefer the left hand, which is controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere. B. The rise in hand preference during the first two years is not a reflection of cerebral lateralization. C. Left-handed and mixed-handed individuals usually display the same lateralization pattern for language and spatial abilities as right-handers. D. Early environmental influences on handedness, such as parental insistence that babies hold a spoon in the right hand, are well-supported by research.

Left-handed and mixed-handed individuals usually display the same lateralization pattern for language and spatial abilities as right-handers.

Which example illustrates passive gene-environment correlation? A. Mateo, a talented musician, enrolls his preschool child in music lessons. B. Lynn and Laurie, identical twins who are both well-behaved, excellent students, are treated with similar warmth and approval by their parents. C. Darren, a cooperative, attentive child, receives more sensitive parenting than his inattentive, distractible brother. D. Luciana, a well-coordinated fifth grader, chooses to spend more time at after-school sports than her inactive, studious sister.

Mateo, a talented musician, enrolls his preschool child in music lessons.

Which statement about Down syndrome is true? A. Affected children experiencing early intervention benefit more in cognitive than in emotional and social skills. B. Most affected individuals who live past age 40 show symptoms of cardiovascular disease. C. Measures of brain activity in affected individuals reveal substantial disruption in connectivity among brain regions. D. In about half of cases, the extra genetic material linked to the twenty-first pair of chromosomes originates with the father.

Measures of brain activity in affected individuals reveal substantial disruption in connectivity among brain regions.

Which statement about newborn sleep is true? A. Newborns spend 4 to 5 hours a day in each of five states of arousal. B. REM sleep accounts for 80 percent of newborns' sleep time. C. Newborns' normal sleep behavior is typically disorganized. D. Newborns spend about 16 to 18 hours a day asleep

Newborns spend about 16 to 18 hours a day asleep

A researcher wants to study children's reactions to everyday stressors using naturalistic observation. Which statement expresses a major limitation of this research method? A. Not all children have equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest. B. Findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied. C. Only a single observation on a single participant can be gathered at a time. D. Naturalistic observation is unable to capture real-world, everyday behavior

Not all children have equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.

Which perspective maintains that development is discontinuous? A. Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory B. information processing C. ecological systems theory D. social learning theory

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory

Which strategy can reduce the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? A. Cover the infant with many soft blankets during sleep. B. Place the infant to sleep on his or her stomach. C. Tightly swaddle the infant on a regular basis. D. Refrain from smoking during and after pregnancy

Refrain from smoking during and after pregnancy

Which statement is true about sleep during the first two years of life? A. When young infants wake up and cry, delaying only a few minutes before feeding increases night wakings. B. Compared to Dutch infants, U.S. infants are put to bed earlier and sleep two hours longer per day. C. Bedtime routines reduce night wakings in toddlers but not in infants. D. Restful sleep enhances memory and problem solving during waking hours.

Restful sleep enhances memory and problem solving during waking hours.

Which statement about U.S. births is accurate? A. The U.S. birthrate has risen for women in their twenties but declined for women age 35 and older. B. Since 2007-2009, the U.S. fertility rate has declined to 1.8 lifetime births per woman. C. Compared to the United States, fertility rates in most other industrialized nations are higher. D. About 60 percent of births in the United States are the result of unintended pregnancies.

Since 2007-2009, the U.S. fertility rate has declined to 1.8 lifetime births per woman.

Which statement about parental bonding to newborn infants is true? A. Parent and infant must experience early, close physical contact to establish a lasting affectionate relationship. B. The human parent-infant relationship does not depend on a precise, early period of togetherness. C. Adoptive parents often have difficulty establishing a close parent-infant bond in the days after birth. D. Newborns are biologically equipped to bond more easily with mothers than with fathers.

The human parent-infant relationship does not depend on a precise, early period of togetherness.

What do the Kauai study and other similar investigations reveal about the long-term consequences of birth complications? A. Children born with moderate to severe birth complications nearly always display long-term negative outcomes, regardless of home environment. B. The impact of early biological risks often wanes as children's personal characteristics and social experiences contribute increasingly to their functioning. C. The majority of children with both severe birth complications and troubled family environments fare well as adults. D. Babies born with mild birth complications are just as likely to experience long-term difficulties as babies born with moderate to severe complications.

The impact of early biological risks often wanes as children's personal characteristics and social experiences contribute increasingly to their functioning.

Which statement is true about malnutrition in the early years? A. Even when malnourished children's diets improve, their basal metabolism rate remains high, so they have difficulty gaining weight. B. Inadequate nutrition in young children sometimes occurs in the United States, though it has little impact on children's physical growth and ability to learn. C. Intellectual deficits resulting from iron deficiency anemia, though affecting half of children worldwide, are easily remedied through iron supplementation. D. The passivity and irritability of malnourished children worsen the impact of poor diet on development.

The passivity and irritability of malnourished children worsen the impact of poor diet on development.

________ is a well-known example of incomplete dominance. A. Diabetes B. Phenylketonuria (PKU) C. The sickle cell trait D. Hemophilia

The sickle cell trait

Which statement about visual capacities in newborns is true? A. Their visual acuity is considerably better than that of adults. B. They perceive objects at 20 feet about as clearly as adults do at 600 feet. C. They can see over 20 colors with adultlike accuracy. D. Their lens muscles are strong, permitting clear visual focus.

They perceive objects at 20 feet about as clearly as adults do at 600 feet.

Which statement is true about the development of twins? A. Heredity plays a major role in identical twinning. B. Young twins are generally healthier and develop more rapidly than children of single births. C. Though slower to develop than their agemates, twins usually catch up by middle childhood. D. In vitro fertilization is a major cause of the dramatic rise in identical twinning in industrialized nations.

Though slower to develop than their agemates, twins usually catch up by middle childhood.

Which research finding is accurate and also confirms that early experience greatly influences cerebral lateralization for language? A. Toddlers who are verbally advanced show greater left-hemispheric specialization for language. B. A few children who experienced focal brain injury in infancy or early childhood display lasting deficits in language. C. Deaf adults who as infants and children learned sign language (a spatial skill) nevertheless depend on the left hemisphere for language processing. D. Compared with spatial skills, language skills are strongly lateralized at birth.

Toddlers who are verbally advanced show greater left-hemispheric specialization for language.

Among these four countries, the practice of home birth is least common in ________. A. Sweden B. the Netherlands C. England D. the United States

USA

Two theories that view development as both continuous and discontinuous are ________ and ________. A. social learning theory; information processing B. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory; the dynamic systems perspective C. Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; ecological systems theory D. the psychoanalytic perspective; behaviorism

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory; the dynamic systems perspective

Which question might be asked by a researcher in the field of evolutionary developmental psychology? A. What role does early helping and sharing behavior play in the development of uniquely human cooperative skills? B. What impact does early rearing in deprived orphanages have on brain development and cognitive, emotional, and social skills? C. What strategies do younger and older children use to remember new information? D. Which neural systems underlie adolescent risk-taking behavior?

What role does early helping and sharing behavior play in the development of uniquely human cooperative skills?

________ contribute(s) to the high infant mortality rate in the United States. A. The rise in number of emergency cesarean deliveries B. Widespread poverty and inadequate health-care programs C. Job-protected maternity leave of fewer than six weeks D. Lack of paid, job-protected parental employment leave

Widespread poverty and inadequate health-care programs

Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, is a(n) ________ disorder that is more likely to affect ________ children. A. recessive-gene; female B. dominant-gene; male C. X-linked; male D. incomplete-dominance; female

X-linked; male

A research study finds that young children whose parents routinely read bedtime stories to them are advanced in language development over children whose parents rarely read bedtime stories. This study illustrates ________. A. a cause-and-effect relationship B. a field experiment C. random assignment D. a correlational design

a correlational design

n the vast majority of cases, Down syndrome results from ________. A. a shortage in the total number of X chromosomes B. the inheritance of an extra Y chromosome C. the inheritance of a twenty-fourth pair of chromosomes D. a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

________ is an example of an indirect parental influence on child development. A. Detached parenting B. Harsh discipline C. Warm but firm parenting D. A positive marital relationship

a positive marital relationship

For newborns who were subjected to anoxia during labor or delivery, hypothermia treatment helps prevent ________. A. a second phase of brain injury in the hours after birth B. a reduced newborn metabolic rate, which worsens oxygen depletion C. the initial phase of brain injury during childbirth D. hemorrhaging resulting from placenta abruptio and placenta previa

a second phase of brain injury in the hours after birth

The most consistent asset of resilient children is ________. A. an emotionally reactive temperament B. a strong bond with a competent, caring adult C. frequent interaction with rule-abiding peers D. access to average-quality community resources

a strong bond with a competent, caring adult

Infant mastery of new motor skills involves ________. A. inadvertent strengthening of previously mastered motor skills, reflecting a more mature dynamic system B. a temporary decline in security of previously mastered skills, reflecting loss of the dynamic system C. parental encouragement, which is more influential than infant attributes or the surrounding physical environment D. minimal practice; skills emerge as the result of readiness of the baby's brain and body

a temporary decline in security of previously mastered skills, reflecting loss of the dynamic system

Enriching women's diets with folic acid helps prevent ________. A. infantile hypothyroidism B. abnormalities of the neural tube, such spina bifida C. respiratory illnesses in the first year D. newborn liver and kidney dysfunction

abnormalities of the neural tube, such spina bifida

According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, children ________. A. reason in much the same way adults do B. reason illogically until they reach adolescence C. actively construct knowledge D. passively acquire knowledge

actively construct knowledge

Central to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory is the biological concept of ________. A. operant conditioning B. plasticity C. behaviorism D. adaptation

adaptation

Sex chromosome disorders often are not recognized until ________. A. early childhood B. late adulthood C. birth D. adolescence

adolescence

Learning and emotional difficulties in adopted children are greater in those ________. A. with a preadoption history of parental affection B. who identify strongly with their culture of origin C. adopted at older ages D. adopted from foreign countries

adopted at older ages

Among the !Kung of Botswana, mothers carry infants on their hips or in slings for most of the day. As a result, !Kung infants are ________ in development of ________. A. advanced; reaching and grasping B. delayed; reaching and grasping C. delayed; sitting and standing D. advanced; crawling and walking

advanced; reaching and grasping

Which statement accurately describes a feature of culturally sensitive prenatal care? A. respects mothers' busy schedules with efficient medical check-ups B. aims to ensure understanding through respectful provider-patient communication C. holds group discussions in mothers' native language in place of check-ups D. completes all required tests and conveys results in written reports

aims to ensure understanding through respectful provider-patient communication

Forty-two-year-old Mi Ling is 15 weeks pregnant with her first child. Because of her age, her doctor is concerned about risk of chromosomal abnormalities. Which prenatal diagnostic method will the doctor most likely recommend for Mi Ling? A. preimplantation genetic diagnosis B. ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging C. fetoscopy D. amniocentesis

amniocentesis

Research suggests that regular family mealtimes are a general indicator of ________. A. parental multitasking while caring for children B. an organized family life and positive parent involvement C. disruption in other parent-child routines D. limited parental emotional and financial resources

an organized family life and positive parent involvement

To avoid violating the promise to participating children that their responses will remain confidential, researchers should tell children in advance that ________. A. parents and school officials are exceptions to the researcher's confidentiality promise B. they will be debriefed if the researcher's confidentiality promise cannot be kept C. any responses they give that suggest their safety is at risk must be reported to an appropriate adult D. they should not disclose information about anyone who is harming them or threatening to do so

any responses they give that suggest their safety is at risk must be reported to an appropriate adult

As neurons form connections in the infant brain, which factor is vital for the survival of those connections? A. periodically overwhelming the brain's neural circuits with environmental input B. ample myelin coating of neural fibers C. rapid production of glial cells D. appropriate stimulation from the surrounding environment

appropriate stimulation from the surrounding environment

Babies born to users of cocaine or heroin ________. A. have lasting difficulties if their mothers used heroin but not cocaine B. almost always grow up to become adults who abuse illegal drugs C. are at risk for low birth weight, physical defects, and death around the time of birth D. rarely exhibit any adverse effects, because these drugs cannot cross into the fetus's bloodstream

are at risk for low birth weight, physical defects, and death around the time of birth

Scores of Asian- and Native-American newborns on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) reveal that they ________. A. attain overall scores considerably lower than other newborns B. display especially strong muscle tone, due to parental regular massage C. are less responsive to physical and social stimuli than other newborns D. are less irritable than European-American newborns

are less irritable than European-American newborns

When mothers have a trained companion who stays with them throughout labor and delivery, they ________. A. are less likely to need medication to control pain B. usually breastfeed at birth, bonding to the baby faster C. tend to interact less with their babies after birth D. more often have instrument-assisted deliveries

are less likely to need medication to control pain

ndividuals who delay pregnancy until their late thirties or early forties ________. A. often have more children than they had planned because of an intense desire for parenthood B. are especially likely to be low-income couples who could not afford to have children earlier C. conceive with the assistance of reproductive technologies at the same rate as individuals in their twenties D. are likely to have fewer children than they desire, or none at all, due to a decline in reproductive capacity

are likely to have fewer children than they desire, or none at all, due to a decline in reproductive capacity

With respect to the powerful impact of schooling on development, children from homes in low-income and poverty-stricken neighborhoods ________. A. generally experience the highest-quality education due to generous federal funding B. benefit more from later interventions that target specific educational problems than from early educational interventions C. have parents with more time available for volunteering in classrooms D. are more likely to attend underfunded schools and experience poorer-quality education

are more likely to attend underfunded schools and experience poorer-quality education

As a group, affluent parents ________. A. eat dinner with their children far more often than low-SES parents do B. are lax with their children and have low expectations for achievement and behavior C. are nearly as physically and emotionally unavailable to their youngsters as parents coping with serious financial strain D. value character over personal accomplishments in their children

are nearly as physically and emotionally unavailable to their youngsters as parents coping with serious financial strain

Deidra works in a neonatal unit and often cares for babies who experienced severe prenatal and birth complications. Compared to healthy newborns, the cries of these babies ________. A. are often shrill, piercing, and short in duration B. often subside with swaddling or gentle motion C. sound like extended, monotone whimpers D. usually occur in response to temperature changes

are often shrill, piercing, and short in duration

Immigrant youths whose parents face considerable financial hardship and who speak little English ________. A. are successful academically only when they separate themselves from their ethnic community B. tend to have low self-esteem even when they achieve well in school C. rarely encounter racial or ethnic prejudices outside their ethnic community D. are often successful academically because of family values and strong ethnic-community ties

are often successful academically because of family values and strong ethnic-community ties

Stress hormones produced by the baby during delivery ________. A. arouse the infant into alertness at birth B. stimulate the uterus to begin contracting C. can interfere with first attempts to breathe D. put the infant at risk for anoxia

arouse the infant into alertness at birth

Fraternal twinning occurs more often ________. A. in adolescents and young women than in older women B. as a result of in vitro fertilization C. in women of slight body build as opposed to overweight women D. when the fertilizing sperm contains dominant genes

as a result of in vitro fertilization

The image newborn Eduardo would most likely prefer to look at is a/an ________. A. stationary, complex facial pattern B. simple facial pattern with unnaturally arranged features C. attractive face with closed eyes D. attractive face with a direct gaze

attractive face with a direct gaze

Research on infant taste perception demonstrates that ________. A. newborns cannot distinguish basic tastes until 4 months of age B. prenatal experiences are unrelated to newborn taste preferences C. newborns prefer a salty and sour tastes over a sweet taste D. babies prefer a salty taste to plain water at 4 months of age

babies prefer a salty taste to plain water at 4 months of age

Gene-environment interaction shows that ________. A. because of each child's unique genetic makeup, children respond differently to the same environment B. environmental factors are primarily involved in personality traits, whereas heredity plays a greater role in intelligence C. the relationship between heredity and environment is bidirectional D. heredity influences the environments to which children are exposed

because of each child's unique genetic makeup, children respond differently to the same environment

During early childhood, children _____. a. take their first independent steps, shifting toward greater autonomy b. become more self-controlled and self-sufficient c. master new adult like responsibilities d. focus on defining personal values and goals

become more self-controlled and self-sufficient

John Locke viewed the child as a tabula rasa. According to this philosophy, children ________. A. are primarily influenced by heredity B. begin as nothing at all, and are shaped by experience C. actively learn by interacting with their environment D. display discontinuous development

begin as nothing at all, and are shaped by experience

Which theory emphasizes nurture only? A. dynamic systems theory B. ecological systems theory C. information processing D. behaviorism

behaviorism

Epigenesis views the relationship between heredity and environment as ____________. A. additive B. correlational C. bidirectional D. interactive

bidirectional

Three-year-old Jonah cries often, throws tantrums, and has unpredictable eating and sleeping habits. Jonah's mother frequently responds to his behavior with anger and harshness, which causes Jonah to act out even more. This is an example of ________ within the family. A. bidirectional influences B. niche-picking C. third-party influences D. passive correlation

bidirectional influences

Eight-year-old Elaina is a candidate for a research study. For Elaina to participate, who should be asked to provide informed consent/assent? A. both Elaina and her parents B. Elaina only C. Elaina's parents only D. an institutional review board (IRB)

both Elaina and her parents

Children who are chronically exposed to angry, unresolved parental conflict develop________. A. both internalizing and externalizing difficulties due to disrupted emotional security B. internalizing difficulties due to disrupted emotional security, but not externalizing difficulties C. resilience as they increasingly rely on their internal resources D. favorably because most parents compensate by expressing more affection toward the child

both internalizing and externalizing difficulties due to disrupted emotional security

Although it is the most common basis for comparing cultures, the collectivism-individualism distinction is controversial because ________. A. collectivism, individualism, and their combination are linked to poor psychological well-being B. most countries worldwide have moved increasingly toward individualism C. both sets of values have been found to promote striving for personal rather than communal goals D. both sets of values exist in most cultures, in varying mixtures

both sets of values exist in most cultures, in varying mixtures

Habituation research on object perception reveals that ________. A. shape constancy is present in the first week of life, emerging earlier than size constancy B. both size constancy and shape constancy, along with perception of object unity, are present in the first week of life C. size constancy is present in the first week of life, emerging earlier than shape constancy D. size and shape constancy, along with perception of object unity, take about four months to emerge

both size constancy and shape constancy, along with perception of object unity, are present in the first week of life

In X-linked inheritance, ________ are more likely to inherit recessive disorders carried on the ________. A. girls; autosomes B. girls; X chromosome C. boys; X chromosome D. boys; autosomes

boys; X chromosome

Prenatal exposure to dioxins—toxic compounds resulting from incineration and burning of fuels—is linked to ________. A. prematurity, low birth weight, and brain damage B. deficits in attention and memory during the school years C. birth of twice as many boys as girls D. breast and uterine cancers in women

breast and uterine cancers in women

To induce improvements in infant feeding practices, the U.S. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children offers low-income mothers who ________ during the baby's first year. A. formula-feed enhanced dairy-product-only food packages for themselves and their infant B. breastfeed enhanced food packages with a variety of healthy foods for themselves C. breastfeed enhanced formula-only food packages D. formula-feed monthly payments in return for switching to breastfeeding

breastfeed enhanced food packages with a variety of healthy foods for themselves

With respect to newborn hearing, babies just a few days old ________. A. can distinguish between happy-sounding and negative-sounding speech B. can detect all speech sounds in their native language but not in other languages C. prefer listening to a foreign language over their native language D. cannot yet distinguish utterances with two versus three syllables

can distinguish between happy-sounding and negative-sounding speech

An inadequate diet during pregnancy ________. A. damages the central nervous system but not other organs such as the liver and kidney B. yields greater loss in brain weight if the malnutrition occurs during the first trimester C. causes no central nervous system damage if the dietary deficiency is limited to micronutrients D. can impair the liver, kidney, pancreas, and other organs, increasing later risk of health problems

can impair the liver, kidney, pancreas, and other organs, increasing later risk of health problems

Severe maternal emotional stress during pregnancy places babies at risk because it ________. A. can induce abnormal cortisol levels associated with long-term, reduced physiological capacity to manage stress B. causes carbon monoxide to build up in the fetal bloodstream, damaging the central nervous system C. interferes with cell duplication in the neural tube and migration of neurons to form the major parts of the brain D. prevents them from coming down with typical childhood infectious diseases, thereby weakening the immune system

can induce abnormal cortisol levels associated with long-term, reduced physiological capacity to manage stress

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, a parent's workplace ________. A. has little impact on children's relationships with their parents and other caregivers B. plays the role of a third party in the bidirectional relationship between parent and child C. can support family functioning through practices such as paid parental leave D. is a static force that affects the children of all employees in a uniform way

can support family functioning through practices such as paid parental leave

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental research designs, investigators sometimes use sequential designs, which ________. A. reflect unique experiences associated with a particular culture B. rule out longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons C. can uncover cohort effects, which help explain diversity in development D. reveal the long-term consequences of extreme personality styles

can uncover cohort effects, which help explain diversity in development

According to dynamic systems theory of motor development, in addition to the child's perceptual and cognitive capacities, which factors jointly contribute to each new skill? A. central nervous system development, the body's movement capacities, the child's goals, and environmental supports B. cephalocaudal growth, synaptic pruning, skeletal age, and the body's movement capacities C. central nervous system development, night-day sleep-wake pattern, habituation and recovery, and the child's goals D. development of the cerebral cortex, skeletal age, statistical learning of motor skills, and environmental supports

central nervous system development, the body's movement capacities, the child's goals, and environmental supports

During medieval times, ________. A. childhood was regarded as a separate period of life B. children were viewed as small adults C. children were dressed in stiff, uncomfortable clothing D. laws existed that allowed adults to mistreat children

childhood was regarded as a separate period of life

The heritability of children's intelligence increases as parental education and income increase. This finding suggests that in economically disadvantaged environments, ________. A. families with less favorable genes are more likely to establish residence B. children are prevented from making the most of their genetic endowment C. people have very similar home, school, and community experiences D. children have more varied home, school, and community experiences

children are prevented from making the most of their genetic endowment

Research stimulated by the dynamic systems perspective reveals that ________. A. teenagers' changing bodies immediately induce positive, reorganized family communication B. different skills are usually similar in maturity within the same child C. children often master skills such as walking and talking in unique ways D. development undergoes continuous but not stagewise transformations

children often master skills such as walking and talking in unique ways

Serious diseases rarely result from dominant alleles because ________. A. genetic diseases are carried only on recessive alleles B. children who inherit the dominant allele seldom live long enough to reproduce C. regulator genes dilute the effects of harmful dominant alleles D. dominance requires that the same allele be inherited from each parent

children who inherit the dominant allele seldom live long enough to reproduce

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the environment is ever-changing—a feature captured by the ________. A. macrosystem B. microsystem C. exosystem D. chronosystem

chronosystem

In a typical natural childbirth program, the expectant mother and a companion participate in which three activities? A. video training, childbirth observations, and reading assignments B. relaxation techniques, training in birth complications, and reading assignments C. classes, childbirth observations, and interviews with new parents D. classes, relaxation and breathing techniques, and labor coaching

classes, relaxation and breathing techniques, and labor coaching

In longitudinal research, children who witnessed the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, because they were near Ground Zero were far more likely than other children to display persistent emotional problems. This example illustrates that ________ can occur when specific experiences influence only some children within the same generation. A. cohort effects B. practice effects C. biased sampling D. age-related changes

cohort effects

In one investigation, researchers followed three adolescent cohorts, each born a year apart, over three years to see if family harmony changed as the participants experienced dramatic physical and psychological changes. After ruling out ________, the researchers concluded from this ________ design that family closeness declines steadily from sixth to tenth grade. A. biased sampling; correlational B. practice effects; longitudinal C. cohort effects: sequential D. cohort effects; cross-sectional

cohort effects: sequential

Research on child development ______. a. is conducted almost entirely by psychologists b. combines contributions from many fields of study c. emphasizes common changes across all societies d. rarely offers practical solutions to problems

combines contributions from many fields of study

Research confirms the ________ in promoting resilience. A. overriding role of children's genetically influenced traits B. weak role of children's intelligence and socially valued talents C. complex connections between children's personal traits and rearing experiences D. independence of children's personal dispositions and social supports

complex connections between children's personal traits and rearing experiences

The umbilical cord, which delivers nutrients and removes waste products, ________. A. permits the mother's and embryo's blood to mix directly B. is soft and pliable, leading to a high risk of tangling C. typically grows to a length of five to six feet D. connects the placenta to the developing organism

connects the placenta to the developing organism

During the germinal period, the fertilized ovum duplicates and forms a blastocyst. This hollow ball of cells ________. A. fills the amnion with fluid B. contains the embryonic disk C. develops a tail for movement D. shrinks and is absorbed by the blood

contains the embryonic disk

With respect to newborn odor and taste preferences, babies of mothers who had consumed alcoholic drinks during pregnancy ________. A. could not distinguish the odor of alcohol from the odor of their mother's breast milk B. nevertheless preferred the odor of chocolate to that of alcohol in the first two weeks of life C. displayed negative facial expressions to the odor of alcohol in the first two weeks of life D. continued to be attracted to alcohol in adolescence and early adulthood

continued to be attracted to alcohol in adolescence and early adulthood

Sanjay and Rita are a happily married couple with three children. The family has dinner together most evenings, and the parents routinely attend their children's activities, encouraging their participation. Sanjay and Rita are effectively ________. A. promoting externalizing difficulties B. relying on third parties C. coparenting D. adapting to a subculture

coparenting

Among infants and young children experiencing a chronically impoverished early environment, sensitive, loving care in the early years helps normalize ________. A. oxytocin production, whether it is too high or too low B. cortisol production, whether it is too high or too low C. oxytocin production, but only when it is too high D. cortisol production, but only when it is too high

cortisol production, whether it is too high or too low

The Better Beginnings, Better Futures Project of Ontario, Canada, ________. A. yielded gains in children's academic performance but failed to reduce adolescent problem behaviors B. countered the effects of poverty by strengthening community capacity to provide development-enhancing environments for children and families C. intervened directly to promote family functioning and effective parenting, with substantial success D. targeted lawmakers in an effort to get them to strengthen social programs for poverty-stricken children and families

countered the effects of poverty by strengthening community capacity to provide development-enhancing environments for children and families

Research on infant colic reveals that it ________. A. is more common in infants who show little reaction to unpleasant stimuli B. declines with intervention that helps parents identify early warning signs of infant excessive arousal C. usually persists into early childhood, despite attempts at intervention D. predicts reduced risk of child behavior problems at 5 to 6 years of age

declines with intervention that helps parents identify early warning signs of infant excessive arousal

From 3 to 4 months on, reaching improves as ________ advances and as infants gain greater ________. A. proprioception; hand-eye coordination B. habituation; motivation to reach for objects C. depth perception; control of arm and hand movements D. Intermodal perception; control of arm and hand movements

depth perception; control of arm and hand movements

The Gibsons described their theory as differentiation because over time, babies ________. A. detect finer and finer invariant features among stimuli B. can master a remarkable range of intermodal relationships C. are guided by the discovery of unpredictable relationships D. impose meaning on what they perceive

detect finer and finer invariant features among stimuli

Overall, international adoptees ________. A. are advanced in cognitive development compared with children born to U.S. parents B. show a high incidence of aggressive and hostile behaviors C. generally fail to improve over time in feelings of trust and affection for their adoptive parents D. develop much more favorably than birth siblings or institutionalized agemates who remain in their birth country

develop much more favorably than birth siblings or institutionalized agemates who remain in their birth country

Paige is a shy 15-year-old who tries to avoid social encounters with unfamiliar people. Compared with her outgoing, socially confident friend Krista, who is also 15, Paige is ________. A. likely to undergo a sudden transformation in her style of relating to others B. developing in different contexts from Krista, based on unique personal and environmental circumstances C. developing in the same contexts as Krista but responding very differently to them D. at an earlier stage of development because she has not yet mastered essential social skills

developing in different contexts from Krista, based on unique personal and environmental circumstances

An experimental design permits inferences about cause and effect because the researcher ________. A. gathers information on participants over an extended period of time B. gathers information on participants without altering their experiences C. directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable D. directly controls or manipulates changes in the dependent variable

directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable

Relative to controls, children with p-FAS and ARND experiencing Alert as a therapeutic intervention ________. A. gained most on complex self-regulation tasks, overcoming their significant brain pathology B. displayed denser gray matter in regions of the cerebral cortex governing self-regulation C. showed little improvement in ability to inhibit irrelevant actions and control their emotions D. improved dramatically in self-regulation skills, even though parents reported more behavior problems

displayed denser gray matter in regions of the cerebral cortex governing self-regulation

Unlike Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach does not ________. A. view children as active, sense-making beings B. focus on the impact of culture on development C. use rigorous research methods to study children's thinking D. divide children's development into stages

divide children's development into stages

In developing nations, which factor is the most effective means for combating worldwide threats to children's health and well-being, such as poverty, child mortality, disease, and illiteracy? A. expanding men's employment opportunities B. securing economic aid C. building rural schools D. educating girls

educating girls

Rapid progress in the field of developmental neuroscience is contributing to ________. A. ethical dilemmas about how best to study children's brain activity B. an understanding of economic inequalities in families and communities C. greater clarity on cognitive functioning than social functioning D. effective interventions for enhancing cognitive and social functioning

effective interventions for enhancing cognitive and social functioning

At the end of the second month of pregnancy, the ________. A. embryo's lungs begin to expand and contract B. sex of the embryo can be detected with ultrasound C. embryo's heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope D. embryo responds to touch, and it can move

embryo responds to touch, and it can move

With respect to the impact of teratogens during prenatal development, the ________ period is the time when ________ abnormalities are most likely to occur. A. germinal; minor structural B. fetal; major structural C. germinal; central nervous system D. embryonic; major structural

embryonic; major structural

Statistical learning helps infants identify words in the speech stream by ________. A. enabling them to discriminate syllables that tend to occur together from syllables that do not B. enabling them to isolate soft from hard consonant sounds C. focusing attention on the length of syllables that occur at word boundaries D. focusing attention on sounds that occur at the beginning of sentences

enabling them to discriminate syllables that tend to occur together from syllables that do not

The risk of brain injury and intellectual disability due to prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation is greatest from the ________, when ________ is/are especially high A. germinal period through the first trimester; folding of the ectoderm to create the neural tube B. seventh through the ninth month of pregnancy; gains in body length and weight C. end of the first trimester through the second trimester; production and migration of neurons D. end of the second trimester through the third trimester; production of glial cells to feed the neurons

end of the first trimester through the second trimester; production and migration of neurons

The benefits of breastfeeding for babies include ________. A. enhanced immune system functioning with fewer respiratory and intestinal illnesses B. reduced acceptance of solid foods, which promotes longer breastfeeding C. a large advantage in intelligence test scores by the school years D. a higher percentage of body fat to muscle that persists into the preschool years

enhanced immune system functioning with fewer respiratory and intestinal illnesses

In the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, early placement of children in foster families, compared to typical institutional care, resulted in ________ brain development as measured by EEGF and ERP, ______________ intelligence test scores, self-regulation skills, and social skills. A. enhanced; as well as improved B. deficiencies in; along with poorer C. enhanced; but no differences in D. deficiencies in; but improved

enhanced; as well as improved

With respect to infant mortality, each country that ranks better than the United States ________. A. has a higher gross national product B. has more up-to-date health-care technology C. ensures access to high-quality medical care D. has a much higher birth rate

ensures access to high-quality medical care

Hispanic parents instill the cultural value of familism in children by ________. A. reacting with patience and amusement when children challenge what adults say B. ensuring frequent contact with and respectful behavior toward extended kin C. waiting until children are older before insisting on good manners, especially with elders D. taking over care of younger siblings when an older sibling desires time with friends

ensuring frequent contact with and respectful behavior toward extended kin

Theorists who emphasize stability in children's development as due to ________ usually point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior. A. cultural values B. heredity C. environment D. plasticity

environment

A researcher believes that both nature and nurture influence development and that in sensitive periods, early experiences set the course of later development. What theoretical perspective is this researcher expressing? A. ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology B. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory C. Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory D. social learning theory

ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology

Longitudinal studies permit investigators to ________. A. track participants' behavior over a few hours B. identify whether cohort effects are operating C. examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors D. overcome participant dropout and practice effects

examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors

Young children conceived through donor insemination or in vitro fertilization ________. A. often experience a cold, rejecting style of child rearing and are poorly adjusted B. are, by adolescence, far better adjusted than their counterparts who were naturally conceived C. generally react favorably as long as parents wait until they are age 10 or older to tell them how they were conceived D. experience somewhat warmer caregiving than their counterparts who were naturally conceived

experience somewhat warmer caregiving than their counterparts who were naturally conceived

Infants' remarkable statistical learning capacity ________. A. extends to visual and musical stimuli B. begins to develop in the middle of the first year C. is limited to the speech stream D. emerges about the time they say their first words

extends to visual and musical stimuli

During Stage 1 of childbirth, in which the cervix dilates and effaces, the mother ________ A. feels contractions of the uterus increase in frequency and strength B. experiences the bloody show, a sign that labor is already well under way C. feels the baby's head crowning, with the vaginal opening maximally stretched D. can speed up the process by pushing with each contraction

feels contractions of the uterus increase in frequency and strength

When researchers held sounding toys alternately in front of young infants' hands and feet, the infants reached first with their ________. A. feet, in a reflexive prereaching gesture activated when an object touches their toes B. arms, consistent with the normative sequence of arm and hand control preceding leg and foot control C. feet, because they could better control leg than arm movements. D. arms after many exposures to the sounding toys

feet, because they could better control leg than arm movements.

Fetal monitoring is a safe medical procedure that has saved the lives of many babies in high-risk situations. In healthy pregnancies, ________. A. fetal monitoring does not reduce rates of brain damage and death B. cesarean deliveries offer a safer alternative to fetal monitoring C. women find the devices comfortable and feel more secure D. U.S. doctors choose not to use fetal monitoring techniques

fetal monitoring does not reduce rates of brain damage and death

Researchers randomly assigned poverty-stricken families with a 2-year-old to either a home-based intervention called the Family Check-Up or a control group. They then assessed the impact of the intervention on child problem behaviors and academic achievement when the children reached school age. This study combines two research designs: ________ and ________. A. correlational; microgenetic B. field experiment; longitudinal C. correlational; cross-sectional D. natural experiment; longitudinal

field experiment; longitudinal

Interventions to help children surmount the risks of poverty are most effective when they ________. A. target academic and social skills while refraining from attempting to address family needs B. target family needs while refraining from attempting to address academic and social skills C. focus on family, parenting, and children's academic, emotional, and social needs at once D. allow children to express their naturally resilient attributes

focus on family, parenting, and children's academic, emotional, and social needs at once

During dilation and effacement of the cervix, uterine contractions cause the cervix to widen and thin, ________. A. which forces the baby into a breech delivery position B. forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal C. which indicates that the baby must be delivered surgically D. and delivery of the placenta plus umbilical cord begins

forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal

Pregnancy complications, such as maternal preeclampsia, low birth weight, and fetal death, increase when women reach their ________, with a sharp rise between ________. A. forties; 50 and 55 B. late twenties; 35 and 40 C. thirties; 40 and 45 D. fifties; 55 and 60

forties; 50 and 55

Fetal medical procedures, such as blood transfusions and surgery, ________. A. are advised only when there is a family history of medical problems B. are used routinely to correct even minor developmental problems C. frequently result in complications, the most common being premature labor and miscarriage D. are used only after parents receive intensive counseling in how to make an informed decision about each procedure

frequently result in complications, the most common being premature labor and miscarriage

Suzanna is often irritable, impatient, and punitive with Alana and Ben, her two preschool children. In response, Alana is becoming difficult and poorly adjusted, whereas Ben despite his mother's harshness remains even-tempered and self-controlled. Which concept helps explain Alana and Ben's differing reactions? A. gene-environment interaction B. heritability C. genomic imprinting D. passive gene-environment correlation

gene-environment interaction

With respect to genomic imprinting, ________. A. genes subjected to it typically disrupt brain development and physical health B. genes subjected to it typically lead to enhanced athletic skills C. though large numbers of genes are affected, they are rarely passed to the next generation D. its consequences for development result from silencing of both members of allele pairs

genes subjected to it typically disrupt brain development and physical health

Which factor helps explain why some individuals develop serious illnesses (such as cancer) as a result of smoking or exposure to pollutants, whereas other individuals do not? A. genetic susceptibility to somatic mutation B. genomic imprinting C. genetic susceptibility to germline mutation D. incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance

genetic susceptibility to somatic mutation

Lydia and Daniel would like to have a child but are concerned about a genetically influenced psychological disorder that runs in Daniel's family. Before conceiving, which procedure can help them assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder? A. gene therapy B. ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging C. genetic engineering D. genomewide testing for genetic markers

genomewide testing for genetic markers

Bandura is unique among theorists whose work grew out of the behaviorist tradition because he ________. A. granted children an active role in their own learning B. replaced his social cognitive-approach with a social learning approach C. believed that operant conditioning is supremely important in development D. disregarded the role of cognition in children's modeling of others' behavior

granted children an active role in their own learning

Kangaroo care for preterm infants in the weeks after birth leads to ________. A. reduced oxygenation and greater temperature variations in the baby's body B. greater confidence on the part of parents in caring for their fragile babies C. a protective shield against stimulation of all infant sensory modalities D. a decline in the caregiving burden and more restful sleep for new parents

greater confidence on the part of parents in caring for their fragile babies

What do researchers suspect largely explains why African-American infants have about twice the rates of early and underweight births as White and Hispanic infants do? A. greater maternal exposure to poor nutrition B. greater maternal exposure to chronic stressors C. a higher rate of single parenthood D. more births to young mothers

greater maternal exposure to chronic stressors

With respect to sensory capacities in the third trimester, the fetus ________. A. benefits from maternal reading aloud long-term, evident in more rapid language progress into early childhood B. can hear, but cannot recognize a new sound as distinct from a previous auditory stimulus C. habituates to a repeated auditory stimulus against the mother's abdomen, confirming the capacity to hear D. is insensitive to pain, making painkillers during surgery unnecessary for both premature and full-term newborns

habituates to a repeated auditory stimulus against the mother's abdomen, confirming the capacity to hear

In one experiment, extremely preterm newborns, born between the 25th and 32nd prenatal weeks, were exposed to recordings of their mother's voice and heartbeat for several hours each day. When assessed at age 1 month, these babies, compared to those who heard routine hospital noise, ________. A. were advanced in brain growth throughout the cerebral cortex B. had substantially larger auditory areas in the cerebral cortex C. could better regulate their own body temperature D. showed greater weight gain and were more alert

had substantially larger auditory areas in the cerebral cortex

Preterm infants, especially those who are very ill at birth, are more likely to be subjected to ________ parenting. A. harsh, insensitive B. gentle, affectionate C. aloof, uninvolved D. verbally stimulating

harsh, insensitive

A shortcoming of the information-processing approach is that it ________. A. has had little to say about aspects of cognition that are not linear and logical B. focuses almost exclusively on executive processes, neglecting other aspects of cognition C. has offered few implications for the education of children D. has had difficulty analyzing thinking into its components

has had little to say about aspects of cognition that are not linear and logical

When it comes to adopting public policies to safeguard children and youths, the United States ________. A. has lagged behind other developed nations, in part due to its valuing of self-reliance B. has designed and implemented some of the world's most progressive and highest quality child-care programs C. ranks first on measures of children's health and well-being D. has attained public consensus on important issues and the funding to implement needed programs

has lagged behind other developed nations, in part due to its valuing of self-reliance

Young infants can be classically conditioned most easily when the association to be learned ___________________, as classical conditioning of __________ responses in infants younger than age 6 months illustrates. A. has survival value; feeding B. involves emotions; fear C. taps statistical learning; musical D. involves motor skills; stepping

has survival value; feeding

In low-income neighborhoods, in-school and after-school programs that provide children with art, music, sports, and other enrichment activities ________. A. have less impact on development than they do in higher-income neighborhoods B. have a greater impact on development than they do in higher-income neighborhoods C. reduce children's emotional and behavior problems but do not improve their academic performance D. are especially likely to reach the neediest children living in the least stimulating homes

have a greater impact on development than they do in higher-income neighborhoods

Prenatal complications resulting from maternal severe emotional stress are greatly reduced when expectant mothers ________. A. regularly take a mild sedative B. have access to social support C. eat a nutritionally balanced diet D. get regular, moderate exercise

have access to social support

Both full-term and preterm babies with poor sleep organization ________. A. are no more at risk for SIDS than babies with well-organized sleep B. have difficulty learning and eliciting interactions from caregivers C. evoke warm, gentle interactions from caregivers that enhance development D. compensate through increased behavioral organization while awake

have difficulty learning and eliciting interactions from caregivers

By middle childhood, small-for-date infants ________. A. have chronic respiratory infections and allergies B. manage stress effectively, though neurologically impaired C. have lower intelligence test scores and are socially immature D. usually catch up to their agemates in development

have lower intelligence test scores and are socially immature

Allowing a newborn baby to endure severe pain overwhelms the nervous system with stress hormones, which can result in ________. A. breathing difficulties and high blood pressure in childhood B. heightened pain sensitivity and difficulty calming down when upset C. abnormally low stress reactivity in childhood D. a dramatic, permanent decline in heart rate

heightened pain sensitivity and difficulty calming down when upset

Overwhelming the fetus with maternal stress hormones ________. A. causes a dramatic drop in heart rate, blood pressure, and activity level B. triggers increased blood flow to the uterus along with an oversupply of nutrients C. heightens risk of childhood infectious diseases and adult cardiovascular disease D. causes excessive sleep, diminished crying, and behavioral passivity during infancy

heightens risk of childhood infectious diseases and adult cardiovascular disease

Brain-wave and neuroimaging findings must be combined with evidence from other methods, such as observations and self-reports, to ________. A. ensure that brain activity matches associated behaviors in real time B. help clarify the actual meaning of changes in brain activity C. overcome the inability of brain functioning measures to assess neural activity before lateralization D. compensate for the recency of brain functioning measures, which are not dependable

help clarify the actual meaning of changes in brain activity

During childbirth, high levels of the hormone cortisol serve the adaptive function of ________. A. helping babies withstand oxygen deprivation during contractions B. diverting blood away from the brain and heart to the extremities C. sedating babies to protect them from experiencing pain during contractions D. narrowing the bronchial tubes to prevent the baby from breathing too soon

helping babies withstand oxygen deprivation during contractions

The rooting reflex________. A. protects the infant from strong stimulation B. helps a baby who loses support hold on to the mother's body C. helps a breastfed baby find the mother's nipple D. prepares the infant for voluntary walking

helps a baby who loses support hold on to the mother's body

Classical conditioning ________. A. involves reinforcing certain behaviors, making them more likely to occur in the future B. helps infants recognize which everyday events usually occur together, so they can anticipate what is likely to happen next C. accelerates infant motor attainments, including rolling over, reaching, sitting, and crawling D. increases the survival value of reflexive responses, thereby strengthening newborn reflexes

helps infants recognize which everyday events usually occur together, so they can anticipate what is likely to happen next

The increase in "baby fat" during the first year ________. A. contributes to development of motor coordination B. provides a layer of protection against injury C. helps maintain a constant body temperature D. boosts immunity against infectious diseases

helps maintain a constant body temperature

A growing number of theorists believe that ________. A. viewing child development from a developmental systems perspective is misleading B. neither continuous nor discontinuous developmental change occurs in the vast majority of children C. the relative impact of early and later experiences is constant across domains of development D. heredity and environment each affect the potential of the other to modify traits and capacities

heredity and environment each affect the potential of the other to modify traits and capacities

The first successful intelligence test, devised by Binet and Simon, was constructed for the purpose of ________. A. developing a theory of cognitive development B. resolving the nature-nurture controversy C. identifying gifted and talented children D. identifying children with learning problems

identifying children with learning problems

In longitudinal studies that tracked children's lead exposure in multiple countries over an extended time, nearly all investigations reported ________. A. increased childhood distractibility, overactivity, and behavior problems, but only at low lead levels B. impaired childhood cognitive functioning at all lead exposure levels, even small quantities C. impaired cognitive functioning in adulthood that was not evident in childhood D. a reduction in lead-induced brain damage associated with iron and zinc dietary deficiencies

impaired childhood cognitive functioning at all lead exposure levels, even small quantities

An important way that family-neighborhood ties reduce parenting stress and promote children's development is by provision of social support, which ________. A. helps parents adjust their overly high self-worth to realistic levels B. generally convinces parents to take full responsibility for child rearing C. includes parental role models of effective parenting practices D. results in higher-quality neighborhood schools

includes parental role models of effective parenting practices

Older paternal age is linked to ________ in offspring. A. heightened risk of sickle cell anemia B. increased incidence of autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder C. increased incidence of asthma and hay fever D. most cases of Down syndrome

increased incidence of autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder

During the final three months of pregnancy, brain weight ________, due to ________. A. doubles; rapid increase in glial cells, which replace the neurons B. stabilizes; most of the brain's neurons being in place by this time C. increases tenfold; rapid increase in glial cells, which feed the neurons D. increases thirtyfold; convolutions and folds appearing in the cerebral cortex

increases tenfold; rapid increase in glial cells, which feed the neurons

Which factor is responsible for the dramatic rise in cesarean deliveries in Western nations over the past several decades? A. an increase in birth complication rates B. increasing medical control over childbirth C. the rule, "once a cesarean, always a cesarean" D. difficulty reducing labor pain with analgesics

increasing medical control over childbirth

Most newborn reflexes disappear during the first six months as a result of ________. A. increasing voluntary control over behavior B. the development of complex motor skills C. rapid gains in body weight D. their lack of survival value

increasing voluntary control over behavior

With respect to human genetic sex determination, ________. A. individuals' inherited sex chromosomes always match their sexual anatomy B. scientists have isolated a gene on the X chromosome responsible for genetic sex C. individuals born with intersex traits have led to sex being redefined as a spectrum D. genetic sex depends on whether an X-bearing or Y-bearing ovum is fertilized

individuals born with intersex traits have led to sex being redefined as a spectrum

Phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates that ________. A. maternal age is a strong predictor of recessive disorders B. most disorders are inherited from the father rather than the mother C. inheriting unfavorable genes does not always lead to an untreatable condition D. inherited disorders are usually due to incomplete dominance

inheriting unfavorable genes does not always lead to an untreatable condition

One way that alcohol consumption produces its devastating prenatal effects is through ________. A. drawing away carbon dioxide to metabolize alcohol, making it unavailable to support embryonic and fetal cell growth B. its association with maternal stress, which is the cause of alcohol-linked damage to many brain structures C. malformations to the arteries, causing insufficient oxygen supply to reach the brain D. interfering with production and migration of neurons in the neural tube, which results in damage to many brain structures

interfering with production and migration of neurons in the neural tube, which results in damage to many brain structures

As families adjust to a new baby, the family schedule becomes ________. A. adult-focused and predictable B. regular and rigid C. relaxed and laid-back D. irregular and uncertain

irregular and uncertain

Fetal monitoring ________. A. is a safe medical procedure that has saved the lives of many babies in high-risk situations B. is not used frequently in most hospitals and birth centers in the United States C. reduces the rate of infant brain damage and death in healthy pregnancies D. is comfortable and does not interfere with the normal course of labor

is a safe medical procedure that has saved the lives of many babies in high-risk situations

Structured observations are especially useful for studying behavior that ________ real-world, everyday contexts. A. differs in the laboratory compared to B. can be controlled in C. is difficult to observe in D. can be observed easily in

is difficult to observe in

Newborn Delilah's combined Apgar score is 8, which indicates that she ________. A. is in good physical condition B. needs a few minutes to adjust C. needs help with breathing and other vital signs D. requires emergency medical attention

is in good physical condition

Newborn Jeffrey's combined Apgar score is 3, which indicates that he ________. A. is in serious danger and requires emergency medical attention B. was likely delivered in breech position C. is in good physical condition D. needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs

is in serious danger and requires emergency medical attention

Cesarean delivery ________. A. reduces the chances of squeezing the umbilical cord and oxygen deprivation B. is justified when babies are in breech position C. increases the chances of rupture of the uterus and infant death D. has become increasingly rare in the United States and elsewhere in the world

is justified when babies are in breech position

The United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child is a legal agreement that commits cooperating countries to work toward guaranteeing environments that foster children's development, protect them from harm, and enhance their community participation and self-determination. The United States ________. A. had no input in developing the Convention but was among the first nations to ratify it B. was both a leader in drawing up the Convention and the first country to ratify it C. is the only country in the world whose legislature has not ratified the Convention D. has already met and exceeded all of the Convention's outlined goals

is the only country in the world whose legislature has not ratified the Convention

Currently, the most widely used, potent teratogenic medication is ________. A. dieythylstilbetrol, prescribed to prevent miscarriages B. antidepressant medication C. aspirin, used to relieve pain D. isotretinoin, prescribed to treat severe acne

isotretinoin, prescribed to treat severe acne

One disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that ________. A. participants benefit from practice effects, leading to biased developmental findings B. it does not permit examination of age-related differences C. participants are likely to drop out before the study is complete D. it does not permit researchers to study individual developmental trends

it does not permit researchers to study individual developmental trends

Khadija and her 2-year-old son, Akeem, live in a refugee camp in Bangladesh. Akeem's diet consists almost exclusively of starchy foods with little protein. In the past six months, his belly has enlarged, his hair has fallen out, his feet have swollen, and he has developed a rash. Akeem is suffering from ________ and is likely to display ________. A. marasmus; long-term cognitive impairments B. kwashiorkor; long-term cognitive impairments C. obesity; excessive weight gain despite inadequate nutrition D. low basal metabolic rate; weight loss even after nutrition improves

kwashiorkor; long-term cognitive impairments

After a new baby's arrival, ________. A. most couples find more time to devote to each other B. troubled marriages usually become less conflict-ridden C. couples usually experience significant marital strain D. lack of partner support negatively affects parent-infant interaction

lack of partner support negatively affects parent-infant interaction

First-time expectant couples received coaching sessions aimed either at solving relationships challenges or at devising a plan for effective coparenting. Both conditions resulted in ________ relative to a control group during the baby's first two years. A. large gains in supportive coparenting but not relationship satisfaction B. large gains in supportive coparenting and relationship satisfaction C. a large rise in men's reports of distress and depression D. a modest rise in women's reports of distress and depression

large gains in supportive coparenting and relationship satisfaction

Because longitudinal research conducted over multiple years requires large investments of time, effort, and resources, researchers are increasingly answering questions about development using ________. A. case studies on individuals of differing ages B. large, multipurpose longitudinal data banks, which any researcher can access C. microgenetic studies, which take less time to complete D. cross-sectional investigations with small but carefully chosen samples

large, multipurpose longitudinal data banks, which any researcher can access

Untreated maternal preeclampsia, a complication experienced in the ________ half of pregnancy, elevates risk of ________. A. first; infant type 2 diabetes B. first; diverse physical malformations C. last: placental damage and fetal death D. last; childhood overweight and obesity

last: placental damage and fetal death

Maternal high blood glucose associated with diabetes during pregnancy compromises the health of the newborn by elevating his or her chances of ________ A. brain hemorrhages B. low birth weight C. later type 2 diabetes D. damage to the placenta

later type 2 diabetes

Early, prolonged institutionalization of children ________. A. strengthens neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and brain structures involved in control of emotion B. leads to a generalized decrease in activity of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex C. results in diminished activity in the right cerebral hemisphere compared with the left cerebral hemisphere D. has no substantial effects on neural activity in the cerebral cortex

leads to a generalized decrease in activity of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex

Research indicates that by the end of pregnancy, the fetus shows the beginnings of a personality. In one study, more active fetuses became 2-year-olds who were ________. A. less attentive B. more easily frustrated C. less fearful D. more social

less fearful

Compared with those who give birth lying on their backs, women in an upright position are ________ likely to ________. A. less; have a cesarean delivery B. more; have closely spaced multiple births C. more; have a breech delivery D. less; use pain-relieving medication

less; use pain-relieving medication

With respect to the consequences of prenatal marijuana exposure, both animal and human longitudinal studies indicate ________. A. likely epigenetic changes that heighten sensitivity to postnatal environmental stressors B. well-established later difficulties with attention, memory, and academic achievement C. consistent increased incidence of low birth weight and newborn death D. deficits in production of neurons and their synaptic connections in the fetus's brain

likely epigenetic changes that heighten sensitivity to postnatal environmental stressors

In a process called synaptic pruning, seldom stimulated neurons ________. A. form glial cells to improve the efficiency of neural message transfer B. lose their synapses, which allows for rearrangement and strengthening of remaining synapses C. die quickly to make room for other developing neurons and their synaptic connections D. multiply rapidly to support early, rapid brain growth

lose their synapses, which allows for rearrangement and strengthening of remaining synapses

Relative to boys, girls' greater physical maturity may contribute to their ________. A. greater incidence of developmental problems B. stronger hand preference when reaching during infancy C. slightly greater length and weight in infancy D. lower infant and childhood mortality rates

lower infant and childhood mortality rates

Programmed cell death ________. A. stimulates the production of new neurons B. makes room for growth of connective structures between neurons C. strengthens remaining synapses to ensure effective information processing D. destroys unstimulated neurons so new neurons can form

makes room for growth of connective structures between neurons

Research on newborns who experienced anoxia indicates that ________. A. mild to moderate oxygen deprivation predicts social isolation in childhood B. even after severe oxygen deprivation, most show typical cognitive and language skills by middle childhood C. brain damage is likely if breathing at birth is delayed by as little as 1 minute D. many infants treated with hypothermia nevertheless display persisting motor and cognitive deficits

many infants treated with hypothermia nevertheless display persisting motor and cognitive deficits

Although humans have far fewer genes than scientists once thought, they nevertheless develop into complex beings, due to the ________. A. impact of multiple DNA base pairs on every human trait B. many millions of proteins human genes can make C. lack of shared genetic makeup with other mammals, especially primates D. resistance of human gene expression to modification by environmental factors

many millions of proteins human genes can make

Behaviorism, social learning theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, ecological systems theory, and the dynamic systems perspective all emphasize ________. A. only one possible course of development B. nature over nurture C. both nature and nurture D. many possible courses of development

many possible courses of development

Contemporary theorists believe the contexts that shape development are _______. a. unimportant in the early years but more important later b. similar across most children c. many-layered and complex d. especially influential in non-Western village societies

many-layered and complex

Today, in Western industrialized nations, the issue of whether to have children is a ________. A. biological given B. compelling social expectation C. joint decision by couples and extended families D. matter of true individual choice

matter of true individual choice

Eighteenth century French philosopher Rousseau's view of children includes two concepts— ________ and ________—that remain influential in contemporary theories. A. equilibrium; imprinting B. social mediation; culture C. maturation; stage D. sensitive period; adaptation

maturation; stage

The tonic neck reflex ________. A. prepares the infant for voluntary walking B. may prepare the infant for voluntary reaching C. protects the infant from strong stimulation D. helps the infant survive if dropped in water

may prepare the infant for voluntary reaching

To protect against prenatal brain damage, pregnant women should avoid eating long-lived predatory fish, such as swordfish, albacore tuna, and shark, which are heavily contaminated with ________. A. lead B. dioxins C. radiation D. mercury

mercury

In a(n) ________ design, the researcher presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. A. sequential B. cross-sectional C. experimental D. microgenetic

microgenetic

Newly walking babies ________. A. more actively attend to and initiate social interaction B. fall more often when they are carrying objects C. are reluctant to freely explore and fetch distant objects D. can usually be trusted not walk down a steep surface

more actively attend to and initiate social interaction

In an experiment addressing the impact of cartoons with violent content on children's aggression, researchers randomly assigned 4-year-olds to either a violent cartoon-viewing condition or a nonviolent cartoon-viewing condition for 30 minutes per day for one month. Then the researchers observed the children for instances of aggressive behavior in preschool. In this experiment, a possible confounding variable might be ________. A. more children who enjoy art ending up in the violent cartoon-viewing condition B. more aggressive children ending up in the nonviolent cartoon-viewing condition C. violent cartoon content in one of the experimental conditions D. nonviolent cartoon content in one of the experimental conditions

more aggressive children ending up in the nonviolent cartoon-viewing condition

With age, babies habituate and recover to stimuli ________, indicating that ________. A. more quickly; they process information more efficiently B. more often; familiarity preference is being replaced by novelty preference C. more slowly; their cognition is increasing in complexity D. less often; remote memory is strengthening relative to recent memory

more quickly; they process information more efficiently

In which order do infants become sensitive to visual depth cues? A. motion, pictorial, binocular B. motion, binocular, pictorial C. binocular, motion, pictorial D. pictorial, motion, binocular

motion, binocular, pictorial

According to dynamic systems theory, motor development cannot be governed by a genetically determined, fixed maturational timetable, as once believed, because ________. A. motor development is motivated by exploration and desire to master new tasks and varies with context B. dynamic systems theory invokes only three influences on motor development, none of which are genetic C. the human genetic code lacks the complexity necessary to determine the vast range of human motor behaviors D. physical prerequisites for motor development, such as posture and body control, have no genetic basis

motor development is motivated by exploration and desire to master new tasks and varies with context

In vitro fertilization often leads to ________. A. reduced risk of pregnancy complications B. academic and adjustment problems in children and adolescents C. multiple fetuses, with higher risks of low birth weight and major birth defects D. genetically unrelated children who worry about whether their parents love them

multiple fetuses, with higher risks of low birth weight and major birth defects

Unlike Freud, Erikson pointed out that normal development ________. A. must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation B. is a continuous process and does not occur in stages C. is fully explained by the ego mediating between the id and the superego D. requires the child's mind and body to form an integrated system

must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation

A researcher wants to find out which areas of the cerebral cortex are activated when 4-month-olds process a visual pattern. Which measure of brain functioning should she use? A. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) B. positron emission tomography (PET) C. electroencephalogram (EEG) D. near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

In the middle of the second trimester, the fetus is physically active ________ percent of the time, which helps ________. A. about 50; convince the mother to prepare for parenthood B. nearly 30; strengthen the joints and muscles C. only 5; conserve energy for the birth process D. about 70; strengthen the heart and increase blood flow

nearly 30; strengthen the joints and muscles

Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to ________. A. neglect the biological side of child development B. focus on children's capacity to shape their own development C. reject Piaget's concept of developmental stages D. view the child as developing within a complex system of relationships

neglect the biological side of child development

Negative developmental outcomes linked to poverty are higher in rural than urban communities because ________ in rural areas. A. ethnic minorities make up a higher percentage of the population B. neighborhood disorganization is greater and community services are scarcer C. homelessness is more prevalent D. many more single-parent families with young children reside

neighborhood disorganization is greater and community services are scarcer

Following implantation, during the last half of the first month of pregnancy, the ________ develop(s) fastest. A. lungs B. nervous system C. muscles D. heart

nervous system

During the third trimester, the brain gains in ________, first within areas supporting specific functions and then between those areas. A. convolutions and grooves B. weight by fortyfold C. neural connectivity D. per minute production of neurons

neural connectivity

The view that newborns are capable of voluntary, flexible learning through imitation is controversial because ________. A. newborns imitate facial expressions but not head movements B. newborns' apparent imitative behaviors may be no more than a natural tendency for perceptions to elicit corresponding actions C. newborns lack the structures in the cerebral cortex required for imitative learning D. evidence for newborn imitative learning has been largely anecdotal

newborns' apparent imitative behaviors may be no more than a natural tendency for perceptions to elicit corresponding actions

Remy, like her mother, is short, muscular, and athletic. During childhood, Remy loved her gymnastics lessons. As a teenager, she joined a competitive gymnastics team and spent most weekends at gymnastics meets. Remy's choice of a sports activity in adolescence is an example of ________. A. passive gene-environment correlation B. gene-gene correlation C. niche-picking D. gene-environment interaction

niche-picking

The Infant Health and Development Program combined maternal training with cognitively stimulating child care between ages 1 and 3. Children born into stressed, economically disadvantaged households who experienced the intervention were more likely to show ________ compared to no-intervention controls. A. declining intellectual functioning and academic achievement at ages 5 and 8 B. normal-range intelligence, adjustment, and physical growth at age 3 C. improved sleep and higher language scores at ages 5 and 8 D. greater affection toward their mothers and increased playfulness at age 3

normal-range intelligence, adjustment, and physical growth at age 3

As more time intervenes between habituation and test phases in research, infants shift from a ________. A. familiarity preference to a novelty preference B. novelty preference to loss of interest C. familiarity preference to recovery D. novelty preference to a familiarity preference

novelty preference to a familiarity preference

Research on family chaos reveals that it is ________. A. contributes to high anxiety and low self-esteem but not to behavior problems in children B. more common in economically advantaged families in which parents are reluctant to multitask C. cannot occur as long as parents and children engage in joint activities, such as family meals D. often linked to stressful exosystem forces, such as parental workplace pressures

often linked to stressful exosystem forces, such as parental workplace pressures

Among American and European adults, which is a highly rated reason for having children? A. having a future source of economic support in later life B. opportunities for providing care and teaching C. being recognized as a mature community member D. passing on one's family name, heritage, and values

opportunities for providing care and teaching

Evidence from longitudinal studies on birth order and spacing confirms that ________. A. parents respond more to children's personalities, interests, and behaviors than to these aspects of family structure B. larger families, earlier birth order, and wider spacing of siblings result in less favorable cognitive outcomes C. earlier birth order grants children more parental attention, resulting in more favorable cognitive outcomes D. wider spacing of siblings grants children more parental stimulation, resulting in more favorable cognitive outcomes

parents respond more to children's personalities, interests, and behaviors than to these aspects of family structure

A major limitation of the clinical interview is that ________. A. it does not yield the same depth of information as a structured interview B. participants may not accurately report their thoughts, feelings, and experiences C. it cannot provide insights into the multiplicity of factors affecting development D. researchers often must use rewards to elicit participants' points of view

participants may not accurately report their thoughts, feelings, and experiences

With respect to ethical concerns in research, if any risks to the safety and welfare of participants outweigh the worth of the research for advancing knowledge and improving life conditions, then preference is always given to the ________. A. participants' interests B. researchers' interests C. views of uninvolved developmental scientists D. views of officials in schools, hospitals, or other relevant institutions

participants' interests

A limitation of Piaget's theory is that it ________. A. pays insufficient attention to variations in thinking among same-age children B. overemphasizes the power of adult teaching to enhance children's thinking C. underestimates the active role children play in their own development D. posits a sequence of stages that are too vague to be tested empirically

pays insufficient attention to variations in thinking among same-age children

During the ________, the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs. A. second trimester B. germinal period C. period of the fetus D. period of the embryo

period of the embryo

Lateralization of brain functions may occur because it ________. A. results in specialization of neurons as "left" or "right" information processors B. limits the amount of programmed cell death occurring in the brain C. permits a wider array of functions to be carried out effectively D. guarantees that most children will be right- rather than left-handed

permits a wider array of functions to be carried out effectively

The cognitive and behavioral impairments of adolescents and adults with FAS, p-FAS, and ARND ________. A. are limited to infants of mothers who engaged in frequent binge drinking early in pregnancy B. persist and are evident in school failure, trouble with the law, and mental health problems C. are controversial because brain abnormalities are rarely linked to these conditions D. can be reversed by providing a highly stimulating home environment

persist and are evident in school failure, trouble with the law, and mental health problems

According to Bandura's revised social learning theory, children develop ________ and ________ by watching others engage in self-praise and self-blame and through feedback about their own actions. A. personal standards; a sense of self-efficacy B. imitative skills; social cognitions C. reflexive behaviors; conditioned responses D. early motor skills; emotional reactions

personal standards; a sense of self-efficacy

The three broad domains into which child development is often divided are ________, ___________, and __________. a. social; genetic; environmental b. practical; emotional; mental and intellectual c. physical; cognitive; emotional and social d. emotional; social; interpersonal

physical; cognitive; emotional and social

Four- to 11-month-olds are better able to detect the identity of an object traveling behind a screen by attending to its surface features after they have ________. A. been given parental coaching B. physically manipulated the object C. mastered statistical learning D. felt the table surface behind the screen

physically manipulated the object

As infants' ________ becomes well-coordinated around ________, the ability to manipulate objects greatly expands. A. reaching in a darkened room; 5 to 6 months B. prereaching; age 7 weeks C. ulnar grasp; age 3 to 4 months D. pincer grasp; the end of the first year

pincer grasp; the end of the first year

In child rearing, low-SES parents more often emphasize ________, whereas higher-SES parents place greater weight on ________. A. independence; obedience B. exploration; verbal stimulation C. politeness; self-direction D. self-esteem; neatness

politeness; self-direction

Developmental neuroscience research has so captivated the field that it ________. A. poses the risk that brain properties will be granted undue importance in explaining development B. has nearly replaced the information-processing perspective C. risks overemphasizing the roles of parenting and education in development D. has revealed nearly all there is to know about factors that support or undermine brain development

poses the risk that brain properties will be granted undue importance in explaining development

The majority of U.S. nonmarital births are to ________. A. teenagers, who usually receive social and financial support from their families B. poverty-stricken women in their twenties, who experience a stressful transition to parenthood C. financially secure 30- to 45-year-old women, who encounter few parenting difficulties D. ethnic minority women, whose partners have not yet been able to immigrate

poverty-stricken women in their twenties, who experience a stressful transition to parenthood

Fathers show hormonal changes around the time of birth that ________. A. predict paternal involvement and sensitive interactions with infants B. enhance their focus on work, earnings, and the provider role C. consist of a reduction in estrogens and an increase in androgens. D. occur only if they were present during the baby's birth

predict paternal involvement and sensitive interactions with infants

Persistent intake of antidepressant medication during pregnancy is associated with ________. A. extensive prenatal damage to the brain and heart B. prematurity, low birth weight, and respiratory distress at birth C. delayed cognitive and language development in early childhood D. late-childhood depression and adult psychological problems

prematurity, low birth weight, and respiratory distress at birth

An important function of the amniotic fluid is to ________. A. separate the mother's bloodstream from the fetus's bloodstream B. provide a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman's movement C. provide a protective cover and nourishment to the prenatal organism D. produce blood cells until the developing organs can take over this function

provide a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman's movement

In the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first, then the arms and legs, and finally the hands and feet. In infancy, the arms and legs continue to grow ahead of the hands and feet. This pattern of physical growth is known as the ________ trend. A. dynamic systems B. proximodistal C. differentiation D. cephalocaudal

proximodistal

To protect against the influence of confounding variables in experimental studies, researchers use ________. A. field and natural experiments B. structured observations and interviews C. random assignment and matching D. experimental and developmental designs

random assignment and matching

When researchers hung mobiles over the cribs of 2- to 6-month-olds and attached the baby's foot to the mobile with a long cord, the infants ________. A. readily learned to kick the mobile to make it move, an illustration of operant conditioning B. cried reflexively at being restrained by the cord, an illustration of classical conditioning C. looked intently at the moving mobile, a response that gradually waned as they habituated D. kicked forcefully until their foot was freed from the cord, an illustration of reinforcement

readily learned to kick the mobile to make it move, an illustration of operant conditioning

The diverse negative effects of cigarette smoking during the prenatal period are ________. A. reduced, if a pregnant mother stops smoking at any time, even during the third trimester B. similar, regardless of how many cigarettes per day a pregnant mother smokes C. caused by excessive blood flow to the uterus, which results in abnormal placental growth D. linked to oxygen displacing carbon monoxide in red blood cells, which induces brain damage

reduced, if a pregnant mother stops smoking at any time, even during the third trimester

Methylation affects gene expression by ________. A. uncoupling unfavorable gene-environment correlations B. reducing or silencing the expression of a gene C. disrupting separation of chromosomes during meiosis D. triggering the action of regulator genes

reducing or silencing the expression of a gene

Twelve-month-old Olivia's family speaks English at home. If her parents engage a nanny who speaks German exclusively, Olivia will ________ her perceptual sensitivity to __________ speech sounds. A. strengthen; English B. narrow; only German C. regain; wide-ranging D. show no change in; any

regain; wide-ranging

G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, ________. A. were primarily interested in studying children with exceptional talents B. developed theories that were the forerunners of the psychoanalytic perspective C. discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species D. regarded development as a genetically determined, maturational process

regarded development as a genetically determined, maturational process

In healthy, physically fit women, ________ exercise is related to ________. A. frequent, vigorous; increased birth weight B. regular moderate; decreased birth weight C. regular moderate; improved fetal cardiovascular functioning D. lack of; premature birth

regular moderate; improved fetal cardiovascular functioning

Observations by ethologists have shown that many aspects of children's social behavior ________. A. contradict the notion of sensitive periods in development B. could not have arisen through evolutionary processes C. have little to no value in promoting survival D. resemble those of our primitive relatives

resemble those of our primitive relatives

One possible reason for rising rates of overweight in young children is the ________. A. high-fat content of many commercial formulas for infants B. greater number of parents who begin including solid foods in their infants' diets around age 6 months C. greater number of mothers who breastfeed for six or more months, which is a risk factor for later obesity D. rise in overweight among adults, who engage in unhealthy feeding practices as early as the first year

rise in overweight among adults, who engage in unhealthy feeding practices as early as the first year

In many cultures, infant crying typically ________ in the early weeks, ________ at about 4 to 6 weeks. A. rises; peaking B. declines; reaching its lowest point C. remains steady; declining D. declines; then rises

rises; peaking

Use of pain-relieving drugs during childbirth increases the ________. A. strength of uterine contractions, which shortens labor B. chances of children's long-term adjustment problems C. risk of respiratory distress and irritability in newborns D. likelihood that newborns will be calm and alert when awake

risk of respiratory distress and irritability in newborns

A researcher interested in children's motivation following failure wants to conduct a study in which some first graders are given false feedback about their performance on math quizzes. Ethical standards require that before initiating a study with this deceptive procedure, the researcher must ________. A. satisfy her institutional review board that the deception is necessary B. make sure that no emotionally vulnerable children are included in the sample C. debrief the children and ensure that they will not be emotionally harmed D. obtain consent of the school principal, in addition to the children's assent

satisfy her institutional review board that the deception is necessary

Anne and her son, Luke, were enrolled in the Nurse-Family Partnership until Luke was 2 years old. Compared to other children in similar life conditions, Luke is more likely to ________. A. score higher in academic achievement and display fewer behavior problems in elementary school B. live in a more advantaged neighborhood with higher-quality schools throughout childhood C. engage in increased drug-taking in adolescence, despite higher academic achievement D. have a mother whose welfare dependence and stress levels increase over time

score higher in academic achievement and display fewer behavior problems in elementary school

Rh factor incompatibility problems are more likely to occur if an Rh-negative mother is carrying her ________ Rh-________ baby. A. first; negative B. first; positive C. second; positive D. second; negative

second; positive

Bria just found out she is pregnant. Because she has always been fairly healthy, Bria wonders if she even needs prenatal care. You should advise Bria to _____________. A. wait until the second trimester to see a doctor, unless complications arise before then B. not worry too much about prenatal care, which is primarily designed for women with a history of health problems C. attend one or two prenatal visits to make sure the embryo is developing normally D. seek prenatal care early in the first trimester and sustain it, even if the pregnancy seems to be going well

seek prenatal care early in the first trimester and sustain it, even if the pregnancy seems to be going well

Among mothers who are at low risk for birth complications, water birth is associated with ________ than back-lying and seated birth positions. A. greater maternal stress B. more restrictive movement options C. greater odds of a medicated delivery D. shorter length of labor

shorter length of labor

When researchers followed the progress of a large sample of children transferred from extremely deprived Romanian orphanages to adoptive families in Great Britain, those who had been institutionalized for more than ________ displayed ________. A. six months; well-below-average scores on mental tests B. two years; impressive cognitive catch-up C. two years; abnormally high urine levels of oxytocin, a hormone that evokes calmness D. six months; few mental health problems despite their poor mental test performance

six months; well-below-average scores on mental tests

The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is ________. A. height B. body weight C. rate of physical growth D. skeletal age

skeletal age

In the weeks after birth, infants of depressed mothers ________. A. quickly catch up in development B. actively try to get their mothers to smile C. have low levels of cortisol and rarely cry D. sleep poorly and are less attentive to their surroundings

sleep poorly and are less attentive to their surroundings

In longitudinal research on thousands of births, infants born 1 to 2 weeks early displayed ________ compared to full-term newborns. A. no differences in kindergarten cognitive and language scores B. slightly lower third-grade reading and math test scores C. much larger rates of school failure in elementary school D. more frequent infectious diseases throughout childhood

slightly lower third-grade reading and math test scores

Operant conditioning plays a vital role in the development of ________. A. social relationships B. autobiographical memories C. motor skills D. perceptual differentiation

social relationships

Vygotsky viewed development as a ________, in which children depend on assistance from others as they tackle new challenges. A. socially mediated process B. biologically motivated process C. complex system of relationships D. symbol-manipulating system

socially mediated process

Joey, age 9 months, who sits up securely and has been crawling for over a month, uses depth cues to detect the danger of falling when crawling to the edge of a risky drop-off, and he pulls back. Joey can be expected to ________. A. refuse to crawl across a bridge from one table surface to another, regardless of bridge width B. continue to avoid drop-offs as soon as he starts to walk C. lean out over drop-offs to grasp an out-of-reach, attractive object when in a sitting position D. step repeatedly over drop-offs when first learning to walk

step repeatedly over drop-offs when first learning to walk

Freud's psychosexual theory, although widely discredited today, is important in that it was the first theory to ________. A. point out that early development must be understood in relation to the individual's culture B. stress the influence of the early parent-child relationship on development C. investigate relationships between childhood intelligence and personality D. directly study children in varying national contexts

stress the influence of the early parent-child relationship on development

In a study of the impact of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi people of Rwanda, researchers found that children of trauma-exposed mothers, compared to those of nonexposed mothers, displayed ________ methylation of the GR gene and ________ cortisol levels, plus ________ PTSD and depression scores. A. stronger; higher; higher B. weaker; lower; higher C. stronger; lower; higher D. weaker; higher; lower

stronger; lower; higher

Paternal depression after the birth of a baby ________. A. is more likely to lead to adjustment problems in girls than in boys B. predicts child adjustment problems only if the mother is also depressed C. strongly predicts overactivity, defiance, and aggression in boys D. is unrelated to marital satisfaction and life stressors, such as job loss

strongly predicts overactivity, defiance, and aggression in boys

Researchers who adopt a dynamic systems perspective try to find out how children attain new levels of organization by ________. A. investigating how children navigate a single line of stagewise or continuous change B. designing flow charts to map the precise steps children use to complete tasks C. studying behavior while children are in transition to more complex, effective skills D. bringing together investigators from psychology, biology, and medicine

studying behavior while children are in transition to more complex, effective skills

Because newborns of cigarette-smoking mothers are less attentive to sights and sounds, display more muscle tension, and are more emotionally reactive to frustration, researchers believe that smoking during pregnancy can lead to ________. A. abnormal spinal cord development B. severe impairments in vision, hearing, and touch C. gross abnormalities in brain functioning D. subtle negative effects on brain development

subtle negative effects on brain development

Both ________ lessen pain in newborns by releasing endorphins. A. sweet liquid and physical touch B. physical touch and soft music C. speech sounds and visual patterns D. Swaddling and speech sounds

sweet liquid and physical touch

Darwin's emphasis on ________ found its way into important developmental theories. A. age-related changes in information processing B. basic psychosocial conflicts C. the nature-nurture controversy D. the adaptive value of physical characteristics and behavior

the adaptive value of physical characteristics and behavior

Which research method provides richly detailed case narratives offering valuable insights into factors affecting development? A. structured observation B. the clinical, or case study, method C. naturalistic observation D. structured interviews

the clinical, or case study, method

A researcher who wants to uncover the cultural meanings of the behaviors of children and adults would most likely use ________. A. the ethnographic method B. the clinical, or case study, method C. questionnaires in participants' native language D. structured observations

the ethnographic method

A growing consensus among researchers in behavioral genetics maintains that ________. A. genetic and environmental influences must be considered separately B. the important question is how heredity and environment work together C. environment is the primary influence on development D. heredity is the primary influence on development

the important question is how heredity and environment work together

During the final two months of prenatal development, the fetus shows systematic heart-rate and brain-wave changes in response to ________. A. a pleasant odor versus an unpleasant odor B. the mother's voice versus the father's voice C. sweet versus sour versus bitter tastes D. a Mozart melody versus a Beethoven melody

the mother's voice versus the father's voice

A recent outbreak of ________, transmitted mainly by mosquito, caused a rise in the number of babies born with ________ in Central and South America and the Caribbean. A. toxoplasmosis; eye damage B. the zika virus; microcephaly C. malaria; intellectual disability D. cytomegalovirus; physical malformations

the zika virus; microcephaly

Which statement accurately expresses a major criticism of heritability estimates? A. Twinning is too infrequent an occurrence to yield an adequate sample size for computing heritabilities. B. The daily experiences of twin pairs are often too discrepant to permit heritabilities to be computed. C. They have been inappropriately used to suggest a genetic basis for ethnic differences in intelligence. D. They often exaggerate the role of the environment in development.

they have been inappropriately used to suggest a genetic basis for ethnic differences in intelligence

Proximal parenting, often practiced in ________, has been found to ________. A. Western European nations; promote restful sleep B. non-Western developed nations; enhance social development C. tribal and village societies; reduce infant crying D. U.S. suburban areas; foster perceptual development

tribal and village societies; reduce infant crying

Behaviorism and social learning theory have been criticized for ________. A. presenting concepts that are difficult or impossible to test empirically B. paying insufficient attention to development beyond adolescence C. paying insufficient attention to social and cultural influences on development D. underestimating people's contributions to their own development

underestimating people's contributions to their own development

Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are similar in that both ________. A. are appropriate for use with infants and young children B. are suited only to studying brain-wave activity in the cerebral cortex C. use scanners to detect patterns of brain blood flow and oxygen metabolism D. require children to be injected with or to inhale a radioactive substance

use scanners to detect patterns of brain blood flow and oxygen metabolism

During infancy, muscle tissue increases ________. A. by 75 percent B. at a rapid pace C. very slowly D. by 50 percent

very slowly

Ethnographic research reveals that immigrant parents ________. A. stress individual goals over allegiance to family and community B. have great difficulty persuading their adolescent children to avoid risky behaviors C. take personal credit for their children's academic achievement and other successes D. view education as the surest way to improve life chances

view education as the surest way to improve life chances

Theories that accept the discontinuous perspective ________. a. view the development as taking place in stages b. regard the individual's context as unimportant c. view development in terms of increasing amount or complexity d. do not rely on scientific information

view the development as taking place in stages

Maternal rubella continues to be hazardous, causing over 100,000 cases of prenatal infection in Africa and Asia each year, because of ________. A. weak or absent immunization programs B. a shortage of antiretroviral drugs to reduce transmission C. lack of quarantine procedures for affected individuals D. poor maternal nutrition, which increases risk of infection

weak or absent immunization programs

According to the dynamic systems view, development is best conceived as a ________. A. web of fibers, each representing an advancing skill, branching out in many directions B. staircase with each step corresponding to a more mature way of functioning C. series of nested, interrelated environmental layers that form an ever-changing system D. flowchart depicting a symbol-manipulating system performing mental operations

web of fibers, each representing an advancing skill, branching out in many directions

The psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research because psychoanalytic theorists ________. A. were so committed to the clinical approach that they failed to consider other methods B. were overly focused on adult behavior to the neglect of children's development C. placed too much emphasis on the impact of culture on children's development D. refused to conduct any research out of fear that their ideas would not be confirmed

were so committed to the clinical approach that they failed to consider other methods

Most homeless families consist of ________. A. women with children under age 5 B. unmarried couples and the child or children of one partner C. women with adolescent children D. a multigenerational network of relatives

women with children under 5