chapter 1

Countries with a per capita income of more than $40,000 (US) make up ___% of the world's population.

10

Islands such as Tobago and Mauritius successfully preserved natural areas in the ____, as scientists from colonizing nations understood their importance to environmental health.

1700s

Fertility rates have decreased in most areas of the world to less than ___ children per woman.

3

More than ___ of fish stocks have been severely depleted and are in need of better management to maintain sustainable global food supplies.

3/4

About __% of the world population lives in regions where water demand exceeds supplies.

40; this number could increase to 75% in the next 10 years

___ thinking (a type of critical thinking) occurs when a problem is broken down into its constituent parts.

Analytical

___ are those services and resources provided by environmental systems on earth

Ecosystem services

Uncertainty

Explanations and knowledge can do change with new evidence

True or false: The general public and the scientific community use the term "theory" in the same manner

False; these two groups tend to use the same term for two very different types of explanations

More than one billion people depend on resources from the ___ for their animal protein source. However, fish stocks are not doing well.

Ocean

This is the cumulative body of knowledge produced by scientists.

Science

Agricultural and rural development

Stewardship of the land is important for nonurban dwellers and agriculture

____ was one of the early initiators of the pragmatic utilitarian conservation movement, through which nature is preserved and managed for human use

Teddy Roosevelt + Gifford Pinchot

Combating deforestation and protecting biodiversity

These biomes play many roles including water cycling, resource creation, and being a home to diverse species.

Cultural

These services are recreational and have aesthetic benefits

Regulating

These services maintain conditions that make earth suitable for life

Supporting

These services might include water purification and waste decomposition

Provisioning

These services provide the resources, such a fuel, that we need to live

Combating desertification and drought

This is imperative as it associated with water resources essential to farming, ecosystems, and life.

contribute ideas and provide evidence:

biology geography chemistry

Researcher bias is an issue when the experiment has high stakes, such as drug evaluations; therefore, ____ experiments may be used to eliminate this problem.

blind and double-blind

A way to interpret a map or graph is to examine ___ values to identify patterns or trends

contrasting and extreme

You will be able to determine what aspects, opinions, and theories from environmental science to accept by using

critical thinking

Science is a ___ process with scientific innovation building on the discoveries of the past

cumulative

While the world population continues to grow, the rate of population growth is ___.

decreasing

Although both deductive and inductive reasoning are valid pathways in science, ______ reasoning uses a top down approach beginning with general verified laws to specific explanations.

deductive

help us understand resource use

economics political science communications

Since environmental issues require complex and novel ideas and technology, it is important to improve access to ____ to facilitate innovation.

education and information

__ is the study of the environment and our place in it

environmental science

True or false: air pollution remains within the region it is created

false

The primary reason hunger is still a global problem that is

food resources are not distributed evenly

Although relatively cheap, ____ fuels have high environmental costs in terms of air and water pollution.

fossil

Uniformitarianism

fundamental processes and patterns do not change over space and time

Sustainable development requires that the needs and welfare of future ___ are not compromised due to current development and progress.

generations

The most recent stage of the environmental movement has been referred to as environmentalism

global

A ____ is a testable explanation

hypothesis

Affluence tends to lead to a(n) ___ use of resources that tends to lead to higher environmental impacts.

increased

Understanding the customs of ____ peoples will increase our understanding of ecological processes and biodiversity.

indigenous

Probability

is the measure of how likely something is to occur

Critical thinking means that a person _____.

logically and analytically assesses new ideas and evidence

____ experiments occur when conditions are deliberately altered

manipulative

The population of earth is growing at approximately 80 ___ people per year.

million

Population growth

more people use more resources and make more waste

A __ experiment involves observations after an event

natural

John Muir argued that nature should be preserved because

nature deserves to exist

Sustainable cities

over 50% of people live in urban areas

A ___ shift is a great change in the explanatory framework of the scientific community.

paradigm

Rachel Carson helped usher in the modern environmental movement in he 1960s with her book Silent Spring, which alerted the public to threats from

pollution and toxic chemicals

Scientists often calculate how likely the outcome of their experiments may be due to chance. If this ____ is less than 5%, then the results may be considered reliable.

probability

Empiricism

real processes can be observed and understood

We critically analyze information in various ways such as using analytical, creative, ___, ___ and logical thinking.

reflective; logical

Before there is substantial evidence to support experimental results or claims, scientists________.

remain skeptical

___, which is the repeating of studies or tests, is an important part of sound scientific study.

reproducibility

Assuming that the world is knowable and observable,

science

The basic principles of ___ include the ideas that the world can be observed and understood with careful observations and explained with uncomplicated theories that can be repeatedly tested and eventually changed if new evidence become available.

science

Repeatability

scientific test results need to be reproducible

Ecosystem ___ refers to the resources provided by environmental systems, such as water and air purification.

services

___ progress addresses issues such as public health and sanitation that affect the poorest people, which in turn improves water quality and other environmental issues.

social

Sustainability is the search for ecological _____ and human progress that can last indefinitely.

stability

___ is the condition in which ecological stability and human progress can last over a long time.

sustainability

Earth is unique in the solar system because it has relatively stable and mild ____.

temperature

Protecting the atmosphere

the primary concerns are climate change and pollution

Parsimony

the simpler explanation of two usually is preferred.

To a scientist, this one word is an explanation of a phenomena based on multiple lines of data experience, whereas the general public tends to use this term as a substitute for something speculative.

theory

Environmental policy

this guides decisions on protecting and using resources wisely

Reducing resource consumption

this is especially significant for wealthy regions that use more than their fair share

Health care

this is essential for a productive life

Combating poverty

this reduces access to development essentials

___ is the amount of resources we use and dispose of.

throughput

Sustainability is hindered by the ___ distribution of resources as the poorest people are often both the victims and agents of environmental problems

uneven

Global wealth is ___ distributed

unevenly

Roosevelt's and Pinchot's view was that nature should be preserved and used to provide resources for humans. This is now known as pragmatic ___ conservation.

utilitarian

Steps that may be used in critical thinking include ___.

-clarifying uncertainties -distinguishing source reliability -distinguishing between facts and values

Which of the following are involved in the current, large-scale loss of native species on earth?

-habitat destruction -introduction of exotic species -water and air pollution

Scientific knowledge ______.

-is a cumulative effort -requires many people

Which of the following are current issues related to climate change?

-rising sea levels -more frequent flooding -melting sea ice

Which of the following are true regarding recent trends in global health?

-some diseases have been eradicated -millions have gained access to clean water -infant mortality has declined

Reaching a scientific consensus usually requires

-testing and retesting -debate

Ways to judge if a study is sound science include asking if ________.

-the claims have been reproduced by others -the study has gone through a impartial peer review process -the study agrees with the majority of the scientific community

Although hundreds of millions of people have better water supplies than they did 25 years ago, over ________ people still lack access to safe drinking water.

1 billion