CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS
Visit this PhET density simulation and select Mystery Blocks. (a) Pick one of the Mystery Blocks and determine its mass, volume, density, and its likely identity. (b) Pick a different Mystery Block and determine its mass, volume, density, and its likely identity. (c) Order the Mystery Blocks from least dense to most dense. Explain.
(a) (b) Answer is one of the following. A/yellow: mass = 65.14 kg, volume = 3.38 L, density = 19.3 kg/L, likely identity = gold. B/blue: mass = 0.64 kg, volume = 1.00 L, density = 0.64 kg/L, likely identity = apple. C/green: mass = 4.08 kg, volume = 5.83 L, density = 0.700 kg/L, likely identity = gasoline. D/red: mass = 3.10 kg, volume = 3.38 L, density = 0.920 kg/L, likely identity = ice; and E/purple: mass = 3.53 kg, volume = 1.00 L, density = 3.53 kg/L, likely identity = diamond. (c) B/blue/apple (0.64 kg/L) < C/green/gasoline (0.700 kg/L) < D/red/ice (0.920 kg/L) < E/purple/diamond (3.53 kg/L) < A/yellow/gold (19.3 kg/L)
Round off each of the following numbers to two significant figures: (a) 0.436 (b) 9.000 (c) 27.2 (d) 135 (e) 1.497 × 10−3 (f) 0.445
(a) 0.44; (b) 9.0; (c) 27; (d) 140; (e) 1.5 × 10−3; (f) 0.45
57. Write conversion factors (as ratios) for the number of: (a) yards in 1 meter (b) liters in 1 liquid quart (c) pounds in 1 kilogram
(a) 1.0936 yd/1 m ; (b) 0.94635 L/1 qt; (c) 2.2046 lb/1 kg
Use scientific (exponential) notation to express the following quantities in terms of the SI base units in Table 1.3: (a) 0.13 g (b) 232 Gg (c) 5.23 pm (d) 86.3 mg (e) 37.6 cm (f) 54 μm (g) 1 Ts (h) 27 ps (i) 0.15 mK
(a) 1.3 × 10−4 kg; (b) 2.32 × 108 kg; (c) 5.23 × 10−12 m; (d) 8.63 × 10−5 kg; (e) 3.76 × 10−1 m; (f) 5.4 × 10−5 m; (g) 1 × 1012 s; (h) 2.7 × 10−11 s; (i) 1.5 × 10−4 K
Perform the following calculations and report each answer with the correct number of significant figures. (a) 628 × 342 (b) (5.63 × 102) × (7.4 × 103) (c) 28.013.483 (d) 8119 × 0.000023 (e) 14.98 + 27,340 + 84.7593 (f) 42.7 + 0.259
(a) 2.15 × 105; (b) 4.2 × 106; (c) 2.08; (d) 0.19; (e) 27,440; (f) 43.0
Yeast converts glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic fermentation as depicted in the simple chemical equation here: glucose⟶ethanol+carbon dioxide (a) If 200.0 g of glucose is fully converted, what will be the total mass of ethanol and carbon dioxide produced? (b) If the fermentation is carried out in an open container, would you expect the mass of the container and contents after fermentation to be less than, greater than, or the same as the mass of the container and contents before fermentation? Explain. (c) If 97.7 g of carbon dioxide is produced, what mass of ethanol is produced?
(a) 200.0 g; (b) The mass of the container and contents would decrease as carbon dioxide is a gaseous product and would leave the container. (c) 102.3 g
Solve these problems about lumber dimensions. (a) To describe to a European how houses are constructed in the US, the dimensions of "two-by-four" lumber must be converted into metric units. The thickness × width × length dimensions are 1.50 in. × 3.50 in. × 8.00 ft in the US. What are the dimensions in cm × cm × m? (b) This lumber can be used as vertical studs, which are typically placed 16.0 in. apart. What is that distance in centimeters?
(a) 3.81 cm × 8.89 cm × 2.44 m; (b) 40.6 cm
Make the conversion indicated in each of the following: (a) the length of a soccer field, 120 m (three significant figures), to feet (b) the height of Mt. Kilimanjaro, at 19,565 ft, the highest mountain in Africa, to kilometers (c) the area of an 8.5- × 11-inch sheet of paper in cm2 (d) the displacement volume of an automobile engine, 161 in.3, to liters (e) the estimated mass of the atmosphere, 5.6 × 1015 tons, to kilograms (f) the mass of a bushel of rye, 32.0 lb, to kilograms (g) the mass of a 5.00-grain aspirin tablet to milligrams (1 grain = 0.00229 oz)
(a) 394 ft; (b) 5.9634 km; (c) 6.0 × 102; (d) 2.64 L; (e) 5.1 × 1018 kg; (f) 14.5 kg; (g) 324 mg
Calculate these volumes. (a) What is the volume of 25 g iodine, density = 4.93 g/cm3? (b) What is the volume of 3.28 g gaseous hydrogen, density = 0.089 g/L?
(a) 5.1 mL; (b) 37 L
Express each of the following numbers in exponential notation with correct significant figures: (a) 704 (b) 0.03344 (c) 547.9 (d) 22086 (e) 1000.00 (f) 0.0000000651 (g) 0.007157
(a) 7.04 × 102; (b) 3.344 × 10−2; (c) 5.479 × 102; (d) 2.2086 × 104; (e) 1.00000 × 103; (f) 6.51 × 10−8; (g) 7.157 × 10−3
Visit this PhET density simulation and select the Same Volume Blocks. (a) What are the mass, volume, and density of the yellow block? (b) What are the mass, volume and density of the red block? (c) List the block colors in order from smallest to largest mass. (d) List the block colors in order from lowest to highest density. (e) How are mass and density related for blocks of the same volume?
(a) 8.00 kg, 5.00 L, 1.60 kg/L; (b) 2.00 kg, 5.00 L, 0.400 kg/L; (c) red < green < blue < yellow; (d) If the volumes are the same, then the density is directly proportional to the mass.
Calculate these masses. (a) What is the mass of 6.00 cm3 of mercury, density = 13.5939 g/cm3? (b) What is the mass of 25.0 mL octane, density = 0.702 g/cm3?
(a) 81.6 g; (b) 17.6 g
Consider the results of the archery contest shown in this figure. (a) Which archer is most precise? (b) Which archer is most accurate? (c) Who is both least precise and least accurate? 4 targets are shown each with 4 holes indicating where the arrows hit the targets. Archer W put all 4 arrows closely around the center of the target. Archer X put all 4 arrows in a tight cluster but far to the lower right of the target. Archer Y put all 4 arrows at different corners of the target. All 4 arrows are very far from the center of the target. Archer Z put 2 arrows close to the target and 2 other arrows far outside of the target. (See #55 in the text)
(a) Archer X; (b) Archer W; (c) Archer Y
When elemental iron corrodes it combines with oxygen in the air to ultimately form red brown iron(III) oxide called rust. (a) If a shiny iron nail with an initial mass of 23.2 g is weighed after being coated in a layer of rust, would you expect the mass to have increased, decreased, or remained the same? Explain. (b) If the mass of the iron nail increases to 24.1 g, what mass of oxygen combined with the iron?
(a) Increased as it would have combined with oxygen in the air thus increasing the amount of matter and therefore the mass. (b) 0.9 g
Give the name of the prefix and the quantity indicated by the following symbols that are used with SI base units. (a) c (b) d (c) G (d) k (e) m (f) n (g) p (h) T
(a) centi-, × 10−2; (b) deci-, × 10−1; (c) Giga-, × 109; (d) kilo-, × 103; (e) milli-, × 10−3; (f) nano-, × 10−9; (g) pico-, × 10−12; (h) tera-, × 1012
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture: (a) iron (b) oxygen (c) mercury oxide (d) pancake syrup (e) carbon dioxide (f) a substance composed of molecules each of which contains one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom (g) baking soda (h) baking powder
(a) element; (b) element; (c) compound; (d) mixture; (e) compound; (f) compound; (g) compound; (h) mixture
Indicate whether each of the following can be determined exactly or must be measured with some degree of uncertainty: (a) the number of seconds in an hour (b) the number of pages in this book (c) the number of grams in your weight (d) the number of grams in 3 kilograms (e) the volume of water you drink in one day (f) the distance from San Francisco to Kansas City
(a) exact; (b) exact; (c) uncertain; (d) exact; (e) uncertain; (f) uncertain
Indicate the SI base units or derived units that are appropriate for the following measurements: (a) the mass of the moon (b) the distance from Dallas to Oklahoma City (c) the speed of sound (d) the density of air (e) the temperature at which alcohol boils (f) the area of the state of Delaware (g) the volume of a flu shot or a measles vaccination
(a) kilograms; (b) meters; (c) kilometers/second; (d) kilograms/cubic meter; (e) kelvin; (f) square meters; (g) cubic meters
Identify each of the following statements as being most similar to a hypothesis, a law, or a theory. Explain your reasoning. (a) The pressure of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. (b) Matter consists of tiny particles that can combine in specific ratios to form substances with specific properties. (c) At a higher temperature, solids (such as salt or sugar) will dissolve better in water.
(a) law (states a consistently observed phenomenon, can be used for prediction); (b) theory (a widely accepted explanation of the behavior of matter); (c) hypothesis (a tentative explanation, can be investigated by experimentation)
Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical: (a) condensation of steam (b) burning of gasoline (c) souring of milk (d) dissolving of sugar in water (e) melting of gold
(a) physical; (b) chemical; (c) chemical; (d) physical; (e) physical
Identify each of the underlined items as a part of either the macroscopic domain, the microscopic domain, or the symbolic domain of chemistry. For those in the symbolic domain, indicate whether they are symbols for a macroscopic or a microscopic feature. (a) A certain molecule contains one H atom and one Cl atom. (b) Copper wire has a density of about 8 g/cm3. (c) The bottle contains 15 grams of Ni powder. (d) A sulfur molecule is composed of eight sulfur atoms.
(a) symbolic, microscopic; (b) macroscopic; (c) symbolic, macroscopic; (d) microscopic
How many significant figures are contained in each of the following measurements? (a) 53 cm (b) 2.05 × 108 m (c) 86,002 J (d) 9.740 × 104 m/s (e) 10.0613 m3 (f) 0.17 g/mL (g) 0.88400 s
(a) two; (b) three; (c) five; (d) four; (e) six; (f) two; (g) five
A chemist's 50-Trillion Angstrom Run (see Exercise 1.78) would be an archeologist's 10,900 cubit run. How long is one cubit in meters and in feet? (1 Å = 1 × 10−8 cm)
0.46 m; 1.5 ft/cubit
A long ton is defined as exactly 2240 lb. What is this mass in kilograms?
1.0160 × 103 kg
The weather in Europe was unusually warm during the summer of 1995. The TV news reported temperatures as high as 45 °C. What was the temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?
113 °F
The label on a soft drink bottle gives the volume in two units: 2.0 L and 67.6 fl oz. Use this information to derive a conversion factor between the English and metric units. How many significant figures can you justify in your conversion factor?
2.0 L/67.6 fl oz=0.030 L/1 fl oz Only two significant figures are justified.
Calculate the density of aluminum if 27.6 cm3 has a mass of 74.6 g.
2.70 g/cm3
How many milliliters of a soft drink are contained in a 12.0-oz can?
355 mL
Gasoline is sold by the liter in many countries. How many liters are required to fill a 12.0-gal gas tank?
45.4 L
Many medical laboratory tests are run using 5.0 μL blood serum. What is this volume in milliliters?
5.0 × 10−3 mL
Convert the boiling temperature of gold, 2966 °C, into degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.
5371 °F, 3239 K
A chemistry student is 159 cm tall and weighs 45.8 kg. What is her height in inches and weight in pounds?
62.6 in (about 5 ft 3 in.) and 101 lb
Soccer is played with a round ball having a circumference between 27 and 28 in. and a weight between 14 and 16 oz. What are these specifications in units of centimeters and grams?
68-71 cm; 400-450 g
The diameter of a red blood cell is about 3 × 10−4 in. What is its diameter in centimeters?
8 × 10−4 cm
Many of the items you purchase are mixtures of pure compounds. Select three of these commercial products and prepare a list of the ingredients that are pure compounds.
Answers will vary. Sample answer: Gatorade contains water, sugar, dextrose, citric acid, salt, sodium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, and sucrose acetate isobutyrate.
The density (d) of a substance is an intensive property that is defined as the ratio of its mass (m) to its volume (V). density=mass/volumed=m/V Considering that mass and volume are both extensive properties, explain why their ratio, density, is intensive.
Being extensive properties, both mass and volume are directly proportional to the amount of substance under study. Dividing one extensive property by another will in effect "cancel" this dependence on amount, yielding a ratio that is independent of amount (an intensive property).
Prepare a list of the principal chemicals consumed and produced during the operation of an automobile.
Gasoline (a mixture of compounds), oxygen, and to a lesser extent, nitrogen are consumed. Carbon dioxide and water are the principal products. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are produced in lesser amounts.
How are the molecules in oxygen gas, the molecules in hydrogen gas, and water molecules similar? How do they differ?
In each case, a molecule consists of two or more combined atoms. They differ in that the types of atoms change from one substance to the next.
What properties distinguish solids from liquids? Liquids from gases? Solids from gases?
Liquids can change their shape (flow); solids can't. Gases can undergo large volume changes as pressure changes; liquids do not. Gases flow and change volume; solids do not.
The amount of heat required to melt 2 lbs of ice is twice the amount of heat required to melt 1 lb of ice. Is this observation a macroscopic or microscopic description of chemical behavior? Explain your answer.
Macroscopic. The heat required is determined from macroscopic properties.
How do molecules of elements and molecules of compounds differ? In what ways are they similar?
Molecules of elements contain only one type of atom; molecules of compounds contain two or more types of atoms. They are similar in that both are comprised of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
Explain how you could experimentally determine whether the outside temperature is higher or lower than 0 °C (32 °F) without using a thermometer.
Place a glass of water outside. It will freeze if the temperature is below 0 °C.
How does a homogeneous mixture differ from a pure substance? How are they similar?
The mixture can have a variety of compositions; a pure substance has a definite composition. Both have the same composition from point to point.
Explain the difference between extensive properties and intensive properties.
The value of an extensive property depends upon the amount of matter being considered, whereas the value of an intensive property is the same regardless of the amount of matter being considered.
As an instructor is preparing for an experiment, he requires 225 g phosphoric acid. The only container readily available is a 150-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Is it large enough to contain the acid, whose density is 1.83 g/mL?
Yes, the acid's volume is 123 mL.
Is a meter about an inch, a foot, a yard, or a mile?
about a yard
The volume of a sample of oxygen gas changed from 10 mL to 11 mL as the temperature changed. Is this a chemical or physical change?
physical
Is a 197-lb weight lifter light enough to compete in a class limited to those weighing 90 kg or less?
yes; weight = 89.4 kg
Convert the temperature of the coldest area in a freezer, −10 °F, to degrees Celsius and kelvin.
−23 °C, 250 K
Convert the boiling temperature of liquid ammonia, −28.1 °F, into degrees Celsius and kelvin.
−33.4 °C, 239.8 K
