Chapter 1 Quiz

Continuous Quantitative Variables

It can take on a value at any point along the interval. The exact values each of these variables could take on would have no gaps between them.

Ordinal Scale

Numbers represent greater than or less than measurements, such as preferences or rankings.

Hair Color

Qualitative, nominal

Regestered to vote

Qualitative, nominal

Right hand or left handedness

Qualitative, nominal

The Sorting Hat places young magicians into either the Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw or Slytherin house.

Qualitative. Nominal scale (magicians are placed into different categories).

Children in a playgroup prefer the color red to yellow, and yellow to blue.

Qualitative. Ordinal scale (rank or preference).

China won the most medals in the ice-skating tournament, followed by the United States, Russia and Canada.

Qualitative. Ordinal scale (rank or preference).

Height

Quantitative, continuous, ratio

Money spent on books

Quantitative, continuous, ratio

Time it takes to get to class

Quantitative, continuous, ratio

Volume of liquid in a bottle

Quantitative, continuous, ratio

Weight of your backback

Quantitative, continuous, ratio

Year of brith

Quantitative, discrete, interval (Year zero is not absolute)

Age

Quantitative, discrete, ratio

Number of movies watched over break

Quantitative, discrete, ratio

Number of siblings

Quantitative, discrete, ratio

Yesterday's temperature ranged from a high of 75º F to a low of 55º F.

Quantitative. Continuous (temperature is measured). Interval scale ("0" is arbitrary).

The winner clocked in at 2:13:45 at the city-wide marathon.

Quantitative. Continuous (time is measured). Ratio scale ("0" is meaningful).

George has $12.35 in his pocket.

Quantitative. Discrete (money is counted). Ratio scale ("0" is meaningful).

Olivia bought 1.5 gallons of cider at the market.

Quantitative. Discrete (sold in discrete units). Ratio scale ("0" is meaningful).

Bit by an asp, Cleopatra died in the year 30 BC.

Quantitative. Discrete (years are counted). Interval scale ("0" is arbitrary).

Ratio scale

Similar to the interval scale, but has an absolute zero and multiples are meaningful

Descriptive Statistics

Summarize and describe the data we've collected. Descriptive stats are only used to summarize or describe.

Nominal Scale

Uses numbers only for the purpose of identifying membership in a category. Aside from identification, these numbers have no arithmetic meaning Ie. men=0, women=1

Qualitative variables

Variables associated with people or objects. Often times only two categories (ex. male or female) Qualitative variables, also referred to as attributes, typically involve counting how many people or objects fall into each category.

Four types of measurement

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

The Research Process

(1) Defining the problem in specific terms that can be answered by research. (2) Deciding on the type of data required (3) Determining through what means the data will be obtained (4) Planning for the collection of data, and if necessary, selection of a sample (5) Collecting and analyzing the data (6) Drawing conclusions and reporting the findings (7) Following through with decisions that take the findings into consideration

Statistic

A measured characteristic of the sample. The sample statistic can be a measure of typicalness or central tendency, such as the mean, median, mode, or proportion, or it may be a measure of spread, or dispersion, such as the range and standard deviation

Parameter

A numerical characteristic of the population. If we were to take a complete census of the population, the parameter could actually be measured.

Sample

A portion or subset of the population. It is any set of observations or measurements that is short of complete enumeration.

Complete census

A sample that is so large that it completely includes all members of the population

Sample

A smaller number (a subset) of the people or objects that exist within the larger population

Parameter

A summary measure or characteristic of the population

Statistic

A summary measure or characteristic of the sample

Population

Aka the universe. The entire set of people or objects of interest

Inferential statistics

Also known as inductive statistics. We arrive at inferences regarding the phenomenon or phenomena for which sample data were obtained.

Measurement

Assuming a numerical value to a variable

a. A research firm observes that while men are as likely as women to watch the U.S. Open on television, they are twice as likely as women to watch the Super Bowl.

Inferential. The research, which is based on a sample of men and women, is being used to make an inference or generalization about the population (all men and women).

Discrete Quantitative Variables

Can only take on certain values along an interval, with the possible values having gaps between them

Practitioner

Collecting, analyzing, and presenting findings based on statistical data

Consumer

Consume statistical claims and findings offered by others, some of whom may be either incompetent or unethical

a. There are 10 brown-haired students in this class.

Descriptive. This is a statement of fact about the class.

Last year, the average SAT Math score for students newly enrolled at Fordham University was 636.

Descriptive. This is a statement of recorded fact about students at Fordham.

Interval scale

Includes greater than and less than relationships, as well as having a unit of measurement that permits users to describe how much more or less one object possesses than another. The unit of measurement is arbitrary on the interval scale. There is no absolute zero where none of a given characteristic is present.

a. According to a recent poll by Newsweek, the approval rate for President Trump is 36%.

Inferential. The poll, which is based on a sample, is being used to make an inference or generalization about the population.

Population

The collection of all people or objects that is of interest to the statistician or decision maker. It is the set of all possible recorded measurements or observations (aka the universe)

Business Statistic

The collection, summarization, analysis, and reporting of numerical findings relevant to a business decision or situation.

Quantitative Variables

Used to determine how much of something is possessed, not just whether it is possessed. Two types of quantitative variables: discrete and continuous