Chapter 1: The Chemical World

True

"Matter does what molecules do" tells us that all properties of matter arise from molecular action. This means atoms and molecules determine how the matter of a substance behaves. True False

a) law

A body in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force. A) law B) theory C) observation

False

A hypothesis can never be proven wrong. True False

d) The remaining 1.8 grams was converted into gaseous compounds.

A sample of wood with a mass of 3.0 grams was burned in an open dish. The ashes weighed 1.2 grams. What happened to the rest of the wood? a) The remaining mass was destroyed. b) Nothing, the burned wood simply has a mass of 1.2 grams. c) The remaining 1.8 grams was converted into heat. d) The remaining 1.8 grams was converted into gaseous compounds. e) none of the above

True

A scientific law is a brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future observations. True False

c) observation

A stone dropped from an altitude of 450 m falls to the ground in 9.6 s. A) law B) theory C) observation

False

A theory is always true and can never be proven wrong. True False

False

A theory is the equivalent of an opinion. True False

a) A short statement that summarizes a large number of observations

According to the scientific method, what is a law? a) A short statement that summarizes a large number of observations b) A fact that can never be refuted c) An initial guess with explanatory power d) A model that gives insight into how nature is

A) True B) True C) False D) True The law of conservation of mass describes and generalizes the observation that a sample of matter will not change in mass, even if it undergoes a chemical reaction. However, the law does not explain why this phenomenon occurs.

An example of a scientific law is the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Based on what you know about scientific laws in general, classify the following statements regarding the law of conservation of mass as true or false. A) It was developed from past observations B) It is subject to experimentation and revision. C) It explains why mass is conserved. D) It predicts future observations.

A) True B) False C) False D) True E) True F) False Atomic theory provides an explanation of observations and laws, such as the law of conservation of mass.

An example of a theory is modern atomic theory, which states that all matter is composed of small particles called atoms.Based on what you know about scientific theories in general, classify the following statements regarding modern atomic theory as true or false. A) It is currently accepted as the most plausible explanation for the law of conservation of mass. B) It proves the existence of atoms. C) It is mere speculation. D) It is supported by data. E) It is subject to experimentation and revision. F) It is the only plausible explanation for the law of conservation of mass.

b) Combustion reactions; Incorrect

An example of the scientific method being used from this chapter is the discovery of what happens during ________, which required proving phlogiston theory as ________. a) Experiments; correct b) Combustion reactions; incorrect c) Quantifications; correct d) The Atomic theory; incorrect

C) how atoms and molecules behave

Chemistry is the science that tries to understand ______. A) living organisms B) the interactions between matter and energy C) how atoms and molecules behave D) the relationship between the mind and behavior

1) Hypothesis 2) Observation 3) Theory 4) Law

Determine if the following statements are describing a scientific observation, hypothesis, theory or law: 1) Since my watch is dead, the battery might be dead 2) The air feels cool outside 3) Complex life evolved on this planet from single celled organisms 4) Matter is conserved in chemical reactions

A) Sugar, carbon dioxide and water.

Give some examples of pure chemical substances. A) Sugar, carbon dioxide and water. B) Bronze and brass. C) Gasoline. D) Soda water and brass

A) Knowing some chemistry can help you make day to day decisions that affect your life. C) Everything is made of chemicals D) Many of the changes you observe in the world around you are caused by chemical reactions.

How is chemistry connected to everyday life?(Choose all that apply.) A) Knowing some chemistry can help you make day to day decisions that affect your life. B) Knowing some chemistry can help you breath C) Everything is made of chemicals D) Many of the changes you observe in the world around you are caused by chemical reactions

A) chemistry is not confined to a laboratory

How is chemistry relevant outside the chemistry laboratory? A) chemistry is not confined to a laboratory B) chemistry is important only in chemistry laboratory

a) law

Matter is conserved in chemical reactions. a) law b) theory c) observation

b) theory

Matter is made of atoms. a) law b) theory c) observation

a) Design an experiment; Collect Data; Analyze Data; Confirm or revise hypotheses

Scientific Method: organize the order from first to last. a) Design an experiment; Collect Data; Analyze Data; Confirm or revise hypotheses b) Collect Data; Design an experiment; Analyze Data; Confirm or revise hypotheses c) Collect Data; Confirm or revise hypotheses; Design an experiment; Analyze Data d) Confirm or revise hypotheses; Design an experiment; Collect Data; Analyze Data e) none of the above

d) Carbon dioxide; increased; carbon dioxide

Soda contains _________ molecules that are forced into a mixture with water molecules because of the _________ pressure. Opening the can of soda will release the pressure, which allows the _________ to escape from the mixture and form bubbles. a) Oxygen; decreased; liquid b) Carbon dioxide; decreased; oxygen c) Hydrogen; increased; carbon dioxide d) Carbon dioxide; increased; carbon dioxide e) none of the above

b) a number of similar observations generalized into a brief statement summarizing past observations and predicting new ones.

The definition of a scientific law is: a) the same as a hypothesis. b) a number of similar observations generalized into a brief statement summarizing past observations and predicting new ones. c) the underlying reason for a scientific theory. d) a way of learning that emphasizes observation and experimentation. e) none of the above

b) 7.0 inches

The graph below shows the area of a circle as a function of its radius. What is the radius of a circle that has an area of 155 square inches? a) 6.2 inches b) 7.0 inches c) 6.8 inches d) 6.5 inches

C) observation

The star closest to Earth is moving away from Earth at high speed. A) law B) theory C) observation

b) theory

The universe began as a cosmic explosion called the Big Bang. A) law B) theory C) observation

True

Theories can be tested and validated through experimentation. True False

C) Chemicals are what make up everything around us, including ourselves.

What are chemicals? A) Chemicals are inorganic substances. B) Chemicals are poisons (e. g. insecticides). C) Chemicals are what make up everything around us, including ourselves. D) Chemicals are the substances which are used in agriculture.

d) chemicals are virtually everything we come in contact with such as solids, liquids, and gasses

What are chemicals? Give some examples. a) chemicals are cleaning supplies such as bleach and ethanol b) chemicals are substances we can see such as solids and liquids c) chemicals are substances we cant see such as gas and particles d) chemicals are virtually everything we come in contact with such as solids, liquids, and gasses

c) chemist try to learn and explain microscopic events by understanding earth by the observed senses

What do chemists try to do? How do they understand the natural world? a) chemists try to create laws by understanding that knowledge is a result of thoughts b) chemists try to control science by understanding earth is made of manifested theories c) chemist try to learn and explain microscopic events by understanding earth by the observed senses d) chemists try to measure molecules by understanding broad theories

A) Before a scientific theory is well established, it is referred to as a hypothesis.

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? A) Before a scientific theory is well established, it is referred to as a hypothesis. B) Before a hypothesis is well established, it is referred to as a scientific theory. C) A scientific theory and a hypothesis are the same.

a) A theory is the best current explanation of a phenomenon that has been validated by years' worth of experiments.

What is wrong with the statement "it is just a theory"? a) A theory is the best current explanation of a phenomenon that has been validated by years' worth of experiments. b) A theory is the best explanation of a student who got answers right on the homework c) A theory is a chemist's first idea that must be formulated and added to a hypothesis to possibly prove something d) A theory is the test that's given to prove something wrong

c) scientific law

What term best describes a brief statement that summarizes many past observations and predicts new ones? a) theory b) hypothesis c) scientific law d) experiment e) none of the above

c) observation

When metal is burned in a closed container, the sum of the masses of the container and its contents do not change. a) law b) theory c) observation

c) observation

When wood is burned in a closed container, it's mass does not change. a) law b) theory c) observation

d) All of the above

Where can you find chemicals? a) In a hardware store b) In a chemical stockroom c) All around you and even inside of you d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which characteristic is necessary for success in understanding chemistry? a) Commitment b) Curiosity c) Calculation d) All of the above

a) In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Which of the following is an example of a scientific law? a) In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. b) Flammable objects contain phlogiston. c) When a can of soda pop is opened, a fizzing sound is heard. d) All matter is composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms. e) none of the above

a) When a can of soda pop is opened, a fizzing sound is heard.

Which of the following is an example of an observation? a) When a can of soda pop is opened, a fizzing sound is heard. b) All matter is composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms. c) Flammable objects contain phlogiston. d) Reactions occur due to the transfer of electrons. e) none of the above

a) The carbon dioxide is forced to mix with the water by the presence of sugars.

Which of the following statements about soda pop is FALSE? a) The carbon dioxide is forced to mix with the water by the presence of sugars. b) Soda pop is a chemical mixture of mostly sugar, water and carbon dioxide. c) When a can is opened, the pressure release allows carbon dioxide to form bubbles. d) The molecules important to fizzing are carbon dioxide and water. e) All of the above statements are true.

b) Helium balloons float because helium is less dense than air.

Which of the following would be considered a theory? a) Glass is fragile. b) Helium balloons float because helium is less dense than air. c) Gasoline has a very strong odor. d) Hot air rises.

e) All of the above steps are part of the scientific method.

Which of the statements below is NOT part of the scientific method? a) observation and measurement b) refinement of a hypothesis as needed c) formation of a hypothesis d) testing of a hypothesis by experimentation e) All of the above steps are part of the scientific method.

c) The scientific method emphasizes observation and experimentation as the way to understand the world.

Which statement about the scientific method is TRUE? a) The scientific method emphasizes reason as the way to understand the world. b) The scientific method emphasizes scientific laws as the way to understand the world. c) The scientific method emphasizes observation and experimentation as the way to understand the world. d) The scientific method emphasizes observation and reason as the way to understand the world. e) All of the above statements are false.

c) Experiments look for other observable predictions of a theory.

Which statement accurately describes the purpose of experiments? a) Experiments are designed to produce unexplainable results for further investigation. b) Experiments can be replaced by a simple, logical reasoning of known facts. c) Experiments look for other observable predictions of a theory. d) Experiments are designed to produce the results predicted by a theory. e) none of the above

c) The science that studies the connections between the properties of matter and the particles that compose that matter

Which statement best defines chemistry? a) The science that seeks to understand processes that occur only in chemical laboratories b) The science that studies air and water pollution c) The science that studies the connections between the properties of matter and the particles that compose that matter d) The science that studies solvents, drugs, and insecticides

b) When a given sample of gasoline is burned in a closed container, the mass of the container and its contents does not change.

Which statement is an example of an observation? a) In a chemical reaction, matter is conserved. b) When a given sample of gasoline is burned in a closed container, the mass of the container and its contents does not change. c) All matter is made of atoms. d) Atoms bond to one another by sharing electrons.

c) A gas is composed of small particles in constant motion.

Which statement most resembles a scientific theory? a) The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. b) A gas sample has a mass of 15.8 g and a volume of 10.5 L. c) A gas is composed of small particles in constant motion. d) When the pressure on a sample of oxygen gas is increased 10%, the volume of the gas decreases by 10%.

c) John Dalton

Who discovered the Atomic Theory? a) Nivaldo Tro b) Richard Feyman c) John Dalton d) Antoine Lavoisier e) none of the above

d) Antoine Lavoisier

Who discovered the law of conservation of mass? a) Nivaldo Tro b) Richard Feynman c) John Dalton d) Antoine Lavoisier e) none of the above

b) carbon dioxide is dissolved into a liquid

Why does soda pop fizz? a) it was shaken at high speeds creating permanent air bubbles b) carbon dioxide is dissolved into a liquid c) oxygen is trapped in the container when sealed d) sodium creates a gas under high pressure

a theory stating that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms

atomic theory

the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules

chemistry

a procedure that attempts to measure observable predictions to test a theory or law

experiment

a theory or law before it has become well established; a tentative explanation for an observation or a scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.

hypothosis

a law stating that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.

law of conservation of mass

one of the first steps in the scientific method. an observation must measure or describe something about the physical world.

observation

a statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones. scientific laws are usually formulated from a series of related observations

scientific law

the way that scientists learn about the natural world. the scientific method involves observations, laws, hypotheses, theories, and experimentation.

the scientific method

a proposed explanation for observations and laws. a theory presents a model of the way nature works and predicts behavior that extends well beyond the observations and laws from which it was formed.

theory