Chapter 10
keyword
(1) a specific word a user wishes to query (or look for) in an Internet search. (2) a specific word that has a predefined meaning in a particular programming languages
data type (field type)
(1) describes the kind of data being
comment
A note left a programmer in the program code to explain the purpose of a section of code, to indicate the date the program was written, or to include other important information about the code so that other programmers can more easily understand and update it
JavaScript
A scripting language that's often used to add interactivity to web pages; often used for creating Dynamic HTML effects
loop
A type fo decision point in an algorithm. In a loop, a question is asked, and if the answer is yes, a set of actions is performed. Once the set of actions has finished, the question is asked again, creating a loop. If the answer to the question is no, the algorithm breaks free of the loop and moves on to the first step that follows the loop
if else
In C++, a binary decision in the code where the program can follow one of two paths; If the decision is made one way, the program follows one path; if made the other way (else), the program follows another path
Next
In Visual Basic, programmers use the keyword Next to implement a loop; when the Next command is run, the program returns to the For statement and increments the value of the input or output item by 1 and then runs a test cycle
inheritance
In object-oriented analysis, the ability of a new class to automatically pick up all the data and methods of an existing class and then extend and customize those to fit its specific needs
For
In visual basic, programmers use the keyword For to implement a loop; after the keyword For, an input or output item is given a starting value, and then the statements in the body of the loop are executed
JavaServer Pages (JSF)
Programming language used to build websites with interactive capabilities; adapts the HTML page to the user's selections
machine language
Se first-generation language
C#
a Microsoft programming developed to complete with Java
initial value
a beginning point
class
a category of input in object-oriented analysis; classes are defined by information and actions
test condition
a check to see whether the loop in an algorithm is completed
program specification
a clear statement of the goals and objectives of the project
operator
a coding symbol that represents a fundamental action of the programming language
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
a collection of technologies that allow the creation of web applications that can update information on a page without requiring the user to refresh or leave the page
fifth-generation language (5GL)
a computer language in which a problem is presented as a series of facts or constraints instead of as a specific algorithm; the system of facts can then be queried; considered the most "natural" of lanugages
second-generation language (2GL)
a computer language that allows programmers to write programs using a set of short, English-like commands that speak directly to the central processing unit and that give the programmer direct control of hardware; also called assembly language
third-generation language (3GL)
a computer language that uses symbols and commands to help programmers tell the computer what to do, making 3GL languages easier for human to read and remember (Examples: BASIC, FORMAL, FORTRAN, COBOL, C/C++ and JAVA)
fourth-generation language (4GL)
a computer language type that includes database query languages and report generators
Structured Query Language (SQL)
a database programing language used to construct queries to extract data from relational databases; one example of fourth-generation language
integrated development environment (IDE)
a developmental tool that help programmers write and test their programs; one IDE can be configured to support many different languages
architecture neutral
a feature of Java whereby code needs to be compiled only once, after which the code can be run on many different CPU's
programming language
a kind of "code" for the set of instructions the central processing unit knows how to perform
eXtensible Makeup Language (XML)
a markup language that enables designers to define their own data-based tags, making is much easier for a website to transfer the key information on its page to another site; it defines what data is being described rather than how it's to be displayed
decision point
a place where a program must choose from a list of actions based on the value of a certain input
system development life cycle (SDLC)
a process used to develop information systems; it consists of the following six steps; problem and opportunity identification, analysis, design, development, testing and installation, and maintenance and evaluation
compiler
a program that understand both the syntax of the programming language and the exact structure of the central processing unit and its machine language
C
a programming language originally developed for system programmers
Visual Basic (VB)
a programming language used to build a wide range of Windows applications
C++
a programming language; takes C to an object-oriented level
Pascal
a programming language; the only modern language that was specifically designed as a teaching language
statement
a sentence in a code
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
a series of tags the define how elements on a website should be displayed in a browser
algorithm
a set of specific, sequential steps that describe exactly what the computer program must do to complete the required work
scripting language
a simple programming language that's limited to performing a set of specialized tasks
Java applet
a small Java-based program
prototype
a small model of a program built at the beginning of a large project
service pack
a software update
editor
a special tool in an integrated development environment (IDE) that helps programmers as they enter code
VBScript
a subset of Visual Basic, used to introduce dynamic decision making into web pages
information system
a system that includes data, people, procedures, hardware and software that help in planning and decision making; a software-based solution used to gather and analyze information
top-down design
a systematic approach in which a problem is broken into a series of high-level tasks
debugger
a tool in an integrated development environment tat helps programmers analyze a program as it runs
object-oriented analysis
a type of analysis in which programmers first identify all the categories of inputs that are part of the problem the program is meant to solve
binary decision
a type of decision point in algorithm that can be answered in one of only two ways: yes (true) or no (false)
beta version
a version of the software that's still under development. Many beta versions are available for a limited trial period and are used to help the developers correct any errors before they launch the software on the market
syntax error
a violation of the strict set of rules that define the programming language
syntax
an agreed-on-set of rules defining how a language must be structured
rapid application development (RAD)
an alternative program-development method; instead of developing detailed system documents before they produce the system, developers first create a prototype, then generate system documents as they use and remodel the product
runtime error
an error in a program that occurs when a programmer accidentally writes code that divides by zero, a mathematical error
logical error
an error in a program that produces unintended or undesired output, where the syntax is correct but some other human error has occurred
scope creep
an ever-changing of requests from clients for additional features as they wait longer and longer to see a working prototype
object
an example of a class in object-oriented analysis
Java
an object-oriented programming language that has a large set of existing classes
information
data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion; the result, or output that users require at the end of a job
documentation
description of the technical details of the software, how the code works, and how the user interacts with the program; in addition, all the necessary user documentation that will be distributed to the program's users
data-flow diagram
diagrams that trace all data in an information system from the point at which data enters the system to its final resting place (storage or output)
variable
each input and output item the program manipulates
interpreter
for a programming language, translates the source code in an intermediate form, line by line; each line is then executed as it's translated
control structure
general term used for a keyword in a programing language that allows the programmer to direct the flow of the program based on a deicsiion
reusability
in object-oriented analysis, the ability to reuse existing classes from one project for another project
derived class
in object-oriented analysis, the modified class
base class
in object-oriented analysis, the original class
visual programming languages
in programming languages that support Windows programming, programmers can use the moues to lay out on the screen where the scroll bars and buttons will be in the application; the code needed to explain this to the computer is then written automatically
data
numbers, words, pictures, or sounds that represent facts, figures, or ideas; the raw input that users have at the start of a job
web services
part of the Microsoft .NET Framework, program that a website uses to make information available to other websites
active server page (ASP)
programming language used to build websites with interactive capabilities; adapts an HTML page to the user's selections
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)
programming language used to build websites with interactive capabilities; adapts the HTML page to the user's selections
assembly language
see second-generation language
JSON
stands for Javascript Object Notation; a syntax for exchanging text information between computers
variable declaration
tells the operating system that the program needs to allocate storage space in RAM
dynamic decision making
the ability of a web page to decide hwo to display itself base on the choices the reader makes
executable program
the binary sequence that instructs the central processing unit to run the programmer's code
portability
the capability to move a completed solution easily from one type of computer to another
source code
the instructions programmers write in a higher-level language
first-generation language (1GL)
the machine language of a central processing unit (CPU); the sequence of bits that the CPU understands
error handling
the part of a problem statement where programmers describe what the program should do if the input data is invalid or just gibberish
testing plan
the part of the problem statement that lists specific input numbers the programmers would typically expect the user to enter; the plan then lists the precise output values that a perfect program would return for those input values
release to manufactures (RTM)
the point in the release cycle, where, after beta testing, a manufacturer makes changes to the software and releases it to other manufacturers, for installation on new machines, for example
general availability (GA)
the point in the release cycle, where, after release to manufacturers, software is available for purchase by the public
compilation
the process by which code is converted into machine language-the language the central processing unit can understand
method
the process of how a program converts inputs into the correct outputs
program development life cycle (FDLC)
the process of performing a programming project, which consists of five stages; describing the problem, making a plan, coding, debugging and testing and documentation
debugging
the process of running a program over and over to find and repair errors and to make sure the program behaves in the way it should
programming
the process of translating a task into a series of commands a computer will sue to perform that task
Objective C
the programming language most often used to program applications to run under OS X
problem statement
the starting point of programming work; a clear description of what tasks the computer program must accomplish and how the program will execute those tasks and respond to unusual situations
code editing
the step of programming in which a programmer types the code to be executed
coding
translating an algorithm into a programing language
flowchart
visual diagram of a process, including the decisions that need to be made along the way
