Chapter 10

Cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

Stimulus

Agent of change "light, sound, touch" that evokes a response

Gyri

Elevated portions of the cerebral cortex

Aphasia

Inability to speak

Radiculitis

Inflammation of a spinal nerve route

Leptomeningitis

Inflammation of membranes around the brain and spinal cord

Brainstem

Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

Stroma

The connective and framework tissue of any organ

Synapse

The space through which a nerve impulse passes from one nerve cell to amother

Dura mater

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges

Neurotransmitter

A brain chemical released into a synapse; acetylcholine is an example

Glioblastoma

A highly malignant brain tumor

Plexus

A network of interlacing fibers in the peripheral nervous system

Astrocyte

A type of glial cell

Parastheis

Abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling

Sympathetic nerves

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntary in times of stress

Meningioma

Benign tumor of the membranes around them

Blood brain barrier

Blood vessels selectively let certain substances enter brain tissue to keep others out

Dendrite

Branching fiber that is the first part of a neuron to receive a nervous impulse

Causalgia

Burning sensation of pain

Ventricles of the brain

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

Dendrite

Carries messages away from brain and spinal cord

Afferant nerve

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptors

Sensory nerve

Carries messages toward the brain from receptore

Cerebrovascular accident

Cerebrum aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage

Neutrotransmitter

Chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell

Cerebrospinal fluid

Circulates through brain and spinal cord

Subdural hematoma

Collection of blood within the meningeal layers

Ganglion

Collection of nerve cell bodies I. The pns

Cauda equina

Collection of spinal nerves below end of spinal cord

Anencephaly

Condition of absence of a brain

Anesthesia

Condition of no nervous sensation

Stroma

Connective and supporting tissue of an organ in the brain, the glial cells

Subarachnoid space

Contains cerebrospinal fluid

Autonomic nervous system

Contains nerves that controls involuntary body functions or muscles.

Sulcus

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex

Dyslexia

Disorder of reading, writing, and learning

Gyri

Elevations in cerebral cortex

Gyri

Elevations on the surface of cerebral cortex

Parenchymal cell

Essential cell of the nervous system; a neuron

Syncope

Fainting

Myelin sheath

Fatty tissue that surrounds and protects the axon of a nerve cell

Oligodendrogical cell

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

Ependymal cell

Glial cell that lines membrane within the brain and spinal cord

Oligodendroglial cell

Glial cell that produces myelin

Central nervous system

Includes the brain and spinal cord

Pis mater

Innermost meningeal membrane

Parasympathetic

Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and gastrointestinal muscles

Ataxia

Lack of muscle coordination

Plexus

Large, interlacing network of cells

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain

Efferent nerve

Macroscopic cord like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses

Thalamus

Main relay center of the brain

Glial cells

Make up supportive framework and help ward off infection

Glioma

Malignant brain tumor

Gait

Manner of walking

Meninges

Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Dendrite

Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first to receive a nervous impulse

Astrocyte

Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

Meninges

Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

Arachnoid membrane

Middle layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Efferent nerve

Motor nerve that carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord

Apraxia

Movements and behavior are not purposeful

Neuron

Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

Pons

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord including cranial and spinal nerves

Neurasthenia

Nervous exhaustion; "lack of nerve strength"

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the end of a nerve cell

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the end of nerve cells

Receptor

Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and pass it on to afforestation nerves

Cerebral cortex

Outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerves

Cerebral cortex

Outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter

Paraplegia

Paralysis of the lower part of the body

Brain tumor, malignant astrocytoma

Parkinson's disease

Cell body

Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

Cerebellum

Part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movement and maintaining balance

Medulla oblangata

Part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat and size of blood vessels

Hypothalamus

Part of the brain that controls the secretions of the pituitary gland

Dendrite

Part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impulse

Aura

Peculiar sensation appearing before more definite symptoms

Syncopal

Pertaining to fainting

Syncope

Pertaining to fainting

Myoneural

Pertaining to muscle and nerves

Microglial cell

Phagocytic glial cell

Cerebrum

Portion of brain just above spinal cord, controls breathing, heartbeat and size of blood vessels

Hypothalamus

Portion of the brain that controls sleep, appetite, body temperature

Hypothalamus

Portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and body temperature

Cerebellum

Posterior part of the brain; coordinates muscle movement and maintains balance

Cerrabellum

Posterior part of the brain; responsible for maintaining balance

Myelin sheath

Protective fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell

Gyrus

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the brain

Bradykinesia

Slow movement

Synapse

Space between nerve cells

Synapse

Space through in which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells in between nerve and muscle or glandular cells

Meningoceal

Spina bifida

Sciatic nerve

Spinal nerve extending from the base of the spinal cord down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

Comatose

State of unconsciousness from which a patients can't be aroused

Glial cell

Supportive and a connective type of a nerve cell, doesn't carry nerve impulse

Vagus nerve

Tenth cranial nerve

Parenchyma

Thin delicate inner membrane of the meninges

Mylen sheath

White fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell

Dura mater

Within the meninges

Magnetic resonance

X Ray imaging of spinal cord

Quadriplegia

paralysis of all four extremeties